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综述
心肌纤维化心脏磁共振及在糖尿病心肌病的应用进展
梁久平 曾小林 徐溪 朱燕杰

Cite this article as: Liang JP, Zeng XL, Xu X, et al. Myocardial fibrosis CMR and its application progress in diabetic cardiomyopathy[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2022, 13(11): 145-148.本文引用格式:梁久平, 曾小林, 徐溪, 等. 心肌纤维化心脏磁共振及在糖尿病心肌病的应用进展[J]. 磁共振成像, 2022, 13(11): 145-148. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2022.11.029.


[摘要] 糖尿病心肌病(diabetic cardiomyopathy, DbCM)早期采取干预措施,能够阻止甚至逆转DbCM改变,预防心脏结构的重塑并改善心脏舒张功能,因此,通过对心脏功能、心肌微循环灌注状态和心肌纤维化的检测评估,实现对DbCM精确诊断、危险分级及预后评估具有重要的临床意义。心脏磁共振(cardiac magnetic resonance, CMR)具有良好的软组织分辨率和多序列、多参数成像的优势,不仅可以准确评估心脏解剖结构和功能改变,还能够无创性观察心肌的组织学特征,对心肌纤维化的精确诊断及危险分级具有重要临床价值。本文就MR心肌延迟强化、T1 mapping、T2 mapping、扩散张量成像及T1ρ mapping技术在心肌纤维化临床应用的前沿进展予以综述,并展望未来该技术的发展应用。
[Abstract] Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DbCM) early intervention measures can prevent or even reverse the changes in DbCM, prevent the remodeling of the heart structure and improve the diastolic function of the heart. Therefore, through the detection and evaluation of cardiac function, myocardial microcirculation perfusion status and myocardial fibrosis. It has important clinical significance for accurate diagnosis, risk classification and prognosis assessment of DbCM. cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has the advantages of good soft tissue resolution and multi-sequence and multi-parameter imaging, which can not only accurately assess cardiac anatomy and function, but also non-invasively observe the histological characteristics of the myocardium, and have important value for early diagnosis and grading of myocardial fibrosis. This article reviews the advances in the clinical application of MR late gadolinium enhancement, T1 mapping, T2 mapping, diffusion tensor imaging and T1ρ mapping in myocardial fibrosis, and looks forward to the development and application of these technologies in the future.
[关键词] 糖尿病心肌病;糖尿病;心肌病;心肌纤维化;心肌延迟强化;扩散张量成像;T1 mapping;T2 mapping;T1ρ mapping;心脏磁共振;磁共振成像
[Keywords] diabetic cardiomyopathy;diabetes mellitus;myocardiosis;myocardial fibrosis;late gadolinium enhancement;diffusion tensor imaging;T1 mapping;T2 mapping;T1ρ mapping;cardiac magnetic resonance;magnetic resonance imaging

梁久平 1, 2   曾小林 3   徐溪 2   朱燕杰 2*  

1 深圳市宝安区松岗人民医院放射科,深圳 518105

2 中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院,深圳 518071

3 深圳大学总医院心血管内科,深圳 518071

朱燕杰,E-mail:yj.zhu@siat.ac.cn

作者利益冲突声明:全体作者均声明无利益冲突。


基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目 81971611
收稿日期:2022-04-08
接受日期:2022-10-06
中图分类号:R445.2  R542.2 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2022.11.029
本文引用格式:梁久平, 曾小林, 徐溪, 等. 心肌纤维化心脏磁共振及在糖尿病心肌病的应用进展[J]. 磁共振成像, 2022, 13(11): 145-148. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2022.11.029.

       糖尿病心肌病(diabetic cardiomyopathy, DbCM)是一种发生于糖尿病患者,且不能用冠心病、高血压、心脏瓣膜疾病及其他病因明确的心脏疾病来解释病因的心肌病变,其发生是由于糖尿病相关的糖和脂质代谢异常,导致氧化应激增加和多种炎症途径的激活,介导心肌细胞肥大、凋亡和心肌间质弥漫性纤维化、病理性心脏重构、舒张和收缩功能障碍;糖尿病患者早期一般无心功能障碍等临床症状,但即使在无症状、血压正常且控制良好的糖尿病患者中,约50%的患者仍有不同程度的心肌损伤,实际上心肌损伤的发生明显早于可测量的心功能障碍发作之前[1, 2, 3]。DbCM早期为可逆性病变,早期采取血糖控制、靶向抗纤维化等干预措施能够阻止甚至逆转DbCM改变,预防心脏结构的重塑并改善心脏舒张功能[2, 4, 5]。因此,通过对心脏功能、心肌微循环灌注状态和心肌纤维化的检测评估,实现对DbCM精确诊断、危险分级及预后评估具有重要的临床意义。

       现有的心脏影像学技术中,心脏磁共振(cardiac magnetic resonance, CMR)具有良好的软组织分辨率和多序列多参数成像的优势,不仅可以准确评估心脏解剖结构和功能改变,还能够无创性观察心肌的组织学特征,且没有X线辐射等副作用,对心肌纤维化的精确诊断和危险分级具有重要价值[6, 7, 8, 9]。目前心肌纤维化磁共振评价手段主要包括MR心肌延迟强化(late gadolinium enhancement, LGE)和T1 mapping,此外,T2 mapping、扩散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging, DTI)及T1ρ mapping等技术用于心肌纤维化的检测也有报道[10, 11, 12]。本文就心肌纤维化CMR及其在DbCM应用进展展开综述。

1 LGE

       LGE是检测心肌间质纤维化最常用的CMR成像技术,目前被认为是检测局限性心肌纤维化的“金标准”。其原理是基于胶原纤维代替坏死的心肌而形成瘢痕,其间隙较正常细胞外间隙扩大,对比剂廓清时间延长,延迟扫描时纤维瘢痕组织弛豫时间缩短呈高信号,目前广泛用于心肌梗死、扩张型心肌病及肥厚型心肌病等心肌病变的诊断和纤维瘢痕组织范围的评估[13]。LGE在DbCM的应用已有报道,对猴的2型糖尿病(diabetes mellitus type 2, T2DM)模型研究[14]结果显示,所有研究对象的心肌均未见局灶性延迟强化;而对糖尿病前期患者、糖尿病患者及健康对照组的对比研究[15, 16]结果显示,虽然在所有纳入研究的对象中,心肌增强延迟强化显示率较低(2.4%,2.9%),但糖尿病前期患者及糖尿病患者心肌延迟强化率显著高于健康对照组(P<0.05),并且主要表现为心内膜下和肌壁间延迟强化或心肌透壁延迟强化。然而,糖尿病患者常伴有肾功能不全,钆对比剂有诱发肾源性系统性纤维化,导致肾功能损害及过敏等风险。此外,由于糖尿病患者心肌纤维化呈弥散分布,缺乏正常心肌对比,LGE对弥漫性心肌纤维化的量化评估价值有限。

2 T1 mapping

       T1 mapping技术是基于不同组织具有不同的T1弛豫时间来定量评估组织,根据是否应用钆对比剂又分为非增强T1和增强T1,而心肌细胞外容积分数(extracellular volume fraction, ECV)是基于T1 mapping获得的定量指标,反映的是细胞外间质容积与心肌组织容积的比值,能够准确实现细胞外基质或间质纤维化的组织学定量[7,17]。T1 mapping检测心肌纤维化已有大量临床研究,已证实T1 mapping可量化评估肥厚型心肌病、扩张型心肌病(dilated cardiomyopathy, DCM)及DbCM等患者心肌弥漫性纤维化程度,对心脏功能障碍程度及疾病发展阶段的评估具有重要价值[18, 19, 20]。在DbCM的应用中,研究[17,21]发现糖尿病心肌弥漫性间质纤维化的严重程度及心肌ECV值均与糖尿病持续时间呈正相关,ECV值与心肌舒张功能损害具有相关性;对猴T2DM模型研究[14]结果亦显示,中度左室舒张功能障碍组的ECV值显著高于轻度左室舒张功能障碍组;并且研究[6,18,22]发现糖尿病患者ECV值与糖化血红蛋白定量呈正相关性,ECV升高的糖尿病患者预后明显较ECV正常的患者差。因此,认为ECV是检测心肌弥漫性纤维化的最有效方法。但目前尚无明确统一的心肌弥漫性纤维化ECV诊断阈值[23],而增强T1值受增强扫描的时间、对比剂注射流率及浓度等影响,并且存在肾功能损害及过敏等风险。

3 T2 mapping

       T2 mapping技术是通过T2弛豫时间来定量分析心肌组织含水量;目前主要用于急性心肌梗死、心肌炎、应激性心肌病、结节病和心脏移植排斥反应等患者心肌水肿的检测[24, 25, 26]。Bun等[10]采用11.75 T磁共振成像仪对鼠的DbCM模型进行研究,结果显示实验组心肌T2弛豫时间显著短于对照组(P<0.001),并且糖尿病小鼠心肌T2弛豫时间与心肌纤维化面积密切相关;冯根义等[27]研究结果显示,T2DM组磁共振钆剂延迟增强扫描中未强化的左心室各节段心肌的平均T2值显著高于健康对照组心肌T2值,并与纽约心脏病协会(NYHA)心功能分级呈正相关;上述研究表明T2 mapping可以间接评估T2DM心肌纤维化的程度和早期预测糖尿病心肌损害;但由于目前T2 mapping用于心肌纤维化检测的相关研究较少,其在心肌纤维化量化评估的临床价值有待更多的研究,而5.0 T等更高场强MRI进入临床应用,有望进一步促进T2 mapping在定量评估心肌纤维化的临床研究。

4 DTI

       DTI是基于水分子扩散运动的成像技术反映活体组织微结构的一种功能成像方法,利用扩散张量的特征向量获得平均扩散系数(mean diffusivity, MD)、分数各向异性(fractional anisotropy, FA)、螺旋角(helix angle, HA)和次级特征向量角(second eigenvector angle, E2A),可获取心脏周期多个阶段的数据,提供动态信息,提高对心肌微观结构及其与功能力学复杂相互作用的认识[28, 29]。由于受硬件和成像技术的限制,DTI在心脏成像应用开展较晚,近年才逐步应用于心脏成像研究。文献[30, 31]报道DTI可以观察心肌淀粉样变及心肌梗死后心肌纤维空间排列位置、完整性及走行方向的心肌微结构改变,MD值和FA值可以有效地鉴别心肌淀粉样变性与和肥厚型心肌病,并可早期预测心肌梗死患者左心室重构。Osama等[32]研究结果显示扩张型心肌病心衰患者的FA值较健康对照组下降了22%,而MD值、二级扩散系数(D2值)和三级扩散系数(D3值)分别增加了12%、14%和24%,并且DTI指标定量与组织间胶原含量存在显著的相关性。Rina等[33]及Das等[34]研究发现,肥厚型心肌病患者舒张期FA值低于健康对照组,在对照组心肌中壁可见环状的高FA值区,但在HCM中,由于心肌组织结构紊乱和纤维化导致心肌中壁FA值减低或中断,DTI显示的HCM心肌微结构变化与组织学一致。上述研究表明DTI技术可以通过检测心肌纤维方向来观察心肌微结构变化,可用于评估心肌纤维化程度。目前DTI在DbCM的临床应用未见报道,随着心脏DTI技术不断进步,特别是更高梯度场强MR成像仪的应用将进一步促进心脏DTI的临床应用[35, 36, 37];并且DTI技术无需使用钆对比剂,不存在过敏及肾功能损害的风险[35,38],尤其适用于具有肾功能不全等钆对比剂禁忌证患者,在量化评估糖尿病弥漫性心肌纤维化中具有潜在的重要临床价值。

5 T1ρ mapping

       T1ρ mapping是近年出现的一种MRI技术,指旋转坐标系下的纵向弛豫时间,它能够反映组织内化学物质的变化[39]。T1ρ mapping在关节软骨病变[40]及肝纤维化[41]的研究较为深入,目前普遍认为T1ρ值与软骨中的蛋白多糖含量密切相关;而心肌纤维化发展过程中可导致细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM)过度沉积,ECM中含有大量的胶原和蛋白多糖等[1, 2],因此,T1ρ mapping在心肌纤维化的检测中具有很大潜力。研究报道心肌梗死纤维化区的T1ρ弛豫时间显著长于远端健康心肌和健康对照组心肌[42];并且非增强T1值、T1ρ值和基于T1ρ的心肌纤维化指数(myocardial fibrosis, mFI)随着心肌纤维化等级(Grade 1~3)的上升而增大[43];Thompson等[42]及Wang等[44]研究结果显示,肥厚型心肌病患者的心肌T1ρ值显著高于健康对照组,T1ρ mapping对患者心肌纤维化评估范围与心肌LGE显示的范围高度一致;在对扩张型心肌病的研究中亦发现,DCM患者心肌纤维化区域的T1ρ值显著高于健康对照组,并与组织纤维化分数及T1 mapping ECV值存在显著的相关性[45]。上述研究结果显示T1ρ mapping作为安全、灵敏、无创的成像方法,可以检测心肌弥漫性心肌纤维化的程度,能够提供心肌组织特征的额外定量信息。目前,T1ρ mapping在DbCM的应用研究报道甚少。Zhang等[14]对猴T2DM模型研究结果显示,中度心脏舒张功能障碍的猴T2DM模型心肌间质可见明显纤维化改变,而与病理切片对应的纤维化区域的T1ρ值、mFI和ECV值显著升高;左室舒张功能正常组(组1)、轻度左室舒张功能障碍组(组2)、中度左室舒张功能障碍组(组3)的mFI值呈逐渐升高的趋势;并且组2及组3的T1ρ弛豫时间显著长于组1;上述动物实验研究表明T1ρ mapping可用于评估糖尿病弥漫性心肌纤维化。而新的快速T1ρ mapping技术在短时间内实现高分辨率心肌T1ρ mapping成像,具有成像时间短、稳定性好等特性,使T1ρ mapping在评估心肌弥漫性纤维化等心肌病变的临床应用更为可靠,并且T1ρ mapping同样无需使用钆对比剂,不存在过敏及肾功能损害的风险[46, 47, 48, 49, 50],在定量评估糖尿病弥漫性心肌纤维化具有很大的潜力。

6 总结及展望

       LGE是检测局限性心肌纤维化的“金标准”,但由于缺乏正常心肌对比,对糖尿病弥漫性心肌纤维化的量化评估价值有限;T1 mapping技术对糖尿病患者心肌弥漫纤维化的精确诊断及危险分级具有重要价值,ECV可量化评估患者心肌弥漫性纤维化程度;但钆对比剂可导致肾功能损害及过敏等风险。随着技术进步及更高梯度场强扫描仪进入临床应用,T2 mapping、DTI及T1ρ mapping等新技术成像时间缩短、图像质量进一步提高,并且无需使用钆对比剂,无肾功能损害及过敏等风险,在量化评估糖尿病弥漫性心肌纤维化方面具有巨大的潜力。

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