Share：
Share this content in WeChat
X
[Chinese] [PDF] 37 1
• Review •
Research advances in multimodal imaging techniques for the evaluation of multi-organ damage in chronic mountain sickness
ZOU Menglong  WEN Shengbao  LI Weixia  HOU Yuyin  YANG Zuqi  JI Buguogemo 

Cite this article as: ZOU M L, WEN S B, LI W X, et al. Research advances in multimodal imaging techniques for the evaluation of multi-organ damage in chronic mountain sickness[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2026, 17(4): 226-234. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.04.032.


[Abstract] Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) is recognized as a systemic metabolic network dysregulation syndrome resulting from prolonged hypoxic exposure. With the deepening of high-altitude medicine research, it has become a major public health challenge in this field requiring urgent attention. Currently, the mechanisms underlying the multi-organ damage caused by CMS are not fully understood, and imaging studies have yet to systematically elucidate the nature of its metabolic imbalance. In this context, the application of non-invasive imaging techniques to reveal these systemic functional and metabolic network alterations holds significant clinical value for achieving early diagnosis and intervention. In recent years, multimodal imaging technologies, represented by MRI and its derivative techniques as well as PET/CT, have provided systematic research tools for the multi-dimensional assessment of structural, functional, and metabolic abnormalities in multiple organs—including the brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and intestines—in CMS patients. This article systematically reviews the research progress of multimodal imaging techniques in studying the systemic alterations of CMS, with a focus on discussing their application value in revealing the mechanisms of multi-organ interactive injury, analyzing current research limitations, and proposing future research directions. The aim is to provide objective imaging evidence for the early identification, precise assessment, and treatment of CMS.
[Keywords] chronic mountain sickness；multimodal imaging techniques；magnetic resonance imaging；metabolic reprogramming；multi-organ damage；hypoxia

ZOU Menglong   WEN Shengbao   LI Weixia*   HOU Yuyin   YANG Zuqi   JI Buguogemo  

Medical Imaging Centre, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining 810000, China

Corresponding author: LI W X, E-mail: lwx3100@163.com

Conflicts of interest   None.

Received  2025-12-20
Accepted  2026-04-10
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.04.032
Cite this article as: ZOU M L, WEN S B, LI W X, et al. Research advances in multimodal imaging techniques for the evaluation of multi-organ damage in chronic mountain sickness[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2026, 17(4): 226-234. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.04.032.

[1]
ZHENG G P, NIAN W SHI X F, et al. Progress in multiomics research on high altitude polycythemia[J]. Chin J Hematol, 2024, 45(8): 795-800. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121090-20240318-00100.
[2]
ZHONG Y, ZHANG F Y, LI Q Y, et al. Hematological characteristics, oxidative stress, and patient-reported symptoms in Tibetan patients with chronic mountain sickness at 4500 m altitude[J/OL]. Front Physiol, 2025, 16: 1661738 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41018020/. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1661738.
[3]
ZHANG X, ZHANG Z P, YE R Y, et al. Prevalence of hypertension and its relationship with altitude in highland areas: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Hypertens Res, 2022, 45(8): 1225-1239. DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-00955-8.
[4]
STORZ J F, BAUTISTA N M. Altitude acclimatization, hemoglobin-oxygen affinity, and circulatory oxygen transport in hypoxia[J/OL]. Mol Aspects Med, 2022, 84: 101052 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34879970/. DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101052.
[5]
PENG W L, LI H W, XIA C C, et al. Cardiovascular indicators associated with ventricular remodeling in chronic high-altitude disease: a cardiovascular MRI study[J]. Eur Radiol, 2023, 33(9): 6267-6277. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-09574-4.
[6]
CAO Y X, CAO S D, GE R L, et al. Brain-aging related protein expression and imaging characteristics of mice exposed to chronic hypoxia at high altitude[J/OL]. Front Aging Neurosci, 2023, 15: 1268230 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37849650/. DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1268230.
[7]
HOU Y Y, WEN S B, ZHOU B Q, et al. Research advances in multimodal magnetic resonance imaging for brain structural and functional alterations in chronic mountain sickness[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2025, 16(7): 140-146. DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2025.07.023.
[8]
MUSER D, CHAHAL A A, SELVANAYAGAM J B, et al. Clinical applications of cardiac magnetic resonance parametric mapping[J/OL]. Diagnostics (Basel), 2024, 14(16): 1816 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39202304/. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14161816.
[9]
QILE M G, XU Q Y, YE Y, et al. Erythrocytes display metabolic changes in high-altitude polycythemia[J]. High Alt Med Biol, 2023, 24(2): 104-109. DOI: 10.1089/ham.2022.0151.
[10]
MIDHA A D, ZHOU Y Y, QUELICONI B B, et al. Organ-specific fuel rewiring in acute and chronic hypoxia redistributes glucose and fatty acid metabolism[J/OL]. Cell Metab, 2023, 35(3): 504-516.e5 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36889284/. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.02.007.
[11]
HOU Y, FAN F H, XIE N, et al. Rhodiola crenulata alleviates hypobaric hypoxia-induced brain injury by maintaining BBB integrity and balancing energy metabolism dysfunction[J/OL]. Phytomedicine, 2024, 128: 155529 [2025-12-21]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711324001946via%3Dihub. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155529.
[12]
LIU J C, PENG S H, YE L S, et al. Neuroinflammation aggravated by traumatic brain injury at high altitude is reversed by L-serine via NFAT1-mediated microglial polarization[J/OL]. Front Cell Neurosci, 2023, 17: 1152392 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37124395/. DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1152392.
[13]
STACEY B S, HOILAND R L, CALDWELL H G, et al. Lifelong exposure to high-altitude hypoxia in humans is associated with improved redox homeostasis and structural-functional adaptations of the neurovascular unit[J]. J Physiol, 2023, 601(6): 1095-1120. DOI: 10.1113/JP283362.
[14]
JIANG Y, CAI K E, ZHU L L, et al. A meta-analysis of multidimensional cognitive functions changes in different intensities of high-altitude hypoxia[J/OL]. Brain Behav, 2025, 15(9): e70883 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40976994/. DOI: 10.1002/brb3.70883.
[15]
DOUTRELEAU S, ULLIEL-ROCHE M, HANCCO I, et al. Cardiac remodelling in the highest city in the world: effects of altitude and chronic mountain sickness[J]. Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2022, 29(17): 2154-2162. DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac166.
[16]
WILLIAMS A M, LEVINE B D, STEMBRIDGE M. A change of heart: Mechanisms of cardiac adaptation to acute and chronic hypoxia[J]. J Physiol, 2022, 600(18): 4089-4104. DOI: 10.1113/JP281724.
[17]
SU Z H, LIU Y W, ZHANG H. Adaptive cardiac metabolism under chronic hypoxia: mechanism and clinical implications[J/OL]. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2021, 9: 625524 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33604337/. DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.625524.
[18]
RICHALET J P, HERMAND E, LHUISSIER F J. Cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology at high altitude[J]. Nat Rev Cardiol, 2024, 21(2): 75-88. DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00924-9.
[19]
MARES A C, GUPTA R. Surviving and thriving: impact of altitude on cardiac remodelling[J]. Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2022, 29(17): 2152-2153. DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac225.
[20]
ROWAN S C, MCLOUGHLIN P. Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension: the paradigm is changing[J]. Exp Physiol, 2014, 99(6): 837-838. DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.078485.
[21]
YANG X T, LIU H, WU X H. High-altitude pulmonary hypertension: a comprehensive review of mechanisms and management[J/OL]. Clin Exp Med, 2025, 25(1): 79 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40063280/. DOI: 10.1007/s10238-025-01577-3.
[22]
MATHEW R, IACOBAS S, HUANG J, et al. Metabolic deregulation in pulmonary hypertension[J]. Curr Issues Mol Biol, 2023, 45(6): 4850-4874. DOI: 10.3390/cimb45060309.
[23]
CHEN M H, LI H, LI Y, et al. Glycolysis modulation: New therapeutic strategies to improve pulmonary hypertension (Review)[J/OL]. Int J Mol Med, 2024, 54(6): 115 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39422043/. DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2024.5439.
[24]
YUN E, KOOK Y, YOO K H, et al. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition in pulmonary vascular diseases[J/OL]. Biomedicines, 2020, 8(12): 639 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33371458/. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120639.
[25]
SLINGO M E. Oxygen-sensing pathways and the pulmonary circulation[J]. J Physiol, 2024, 602(21): 5619-5629. DOI: 10.1113/JP284591.
[26]
SYDYKOV A, MAMAZHAKYPOV A, MARIPOV A, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in acute and chronic high altitude maladaptation disorders[J/OL]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021, 18(4): 1692 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33578749/. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041692.
[27]
WANG S Y, GAO J, ZHAO J H. Effects of high altitude on renal physiology and kidney diseases[J/OL]. Front Physiol, 2022, 13: 969456 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36338473/. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.969456.
[28]
WU P W, LI X, LONG W J, et al. The gut-kidney axis in high-altitude hypoxia: pathophysiological mechanisms and the central role of hypoxia inducible factor[J/OL]. Ann Med, 2025, 57(1): 2557514 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40944332/. DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2025.2557514.
[29]
CHHABRA V, ANAND A S, BAIDYA A K, et al. Hypobaric hypoxia induced renal damage is mediated by altering redox pathway[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2018, 13(7): e0195701 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30005088/. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195701.
[30]
IBRAHIM E, SOHAIL S K, IHUNWO A, et al. Effect of high-altitude hypoxia on function and cytoarchitecture of rats' liver[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1): 12771 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40229399/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-97863-x.
[31]
PAPANDREOU I, BENEJ M, DENKO N C. Unanticipated metabolic plasticity in response to chronic hypoxia[J]. Cell Metab, 2023, 35(3): 381-383. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.02.011.
[32]
XU Z G, JIA Z L, SHI J L, et al. Transcriptional profiling in the livers of rats after hypobaric hypoxia exposure[J/OL]. PeerJ, 2019, 7: e6499 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30993032/. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6499.
[33]
SOLANKI S, SHAH Y M. Hypoxia-induced signaling in gut and liver pathobiology[J/OL]. Annu Rev Pathol, 2024, 19: 291-317 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37832943/. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-051122-094743.
[34]
KRÜGER J, OPFER R, SPIES L, et al. Voxel-based morphometry in single subjects without a scanner-specific normal database using a convolutional neural network[J]. Eur Radiol, 2024, 34(6): 3578-3587. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-10356-1.
[35]
CHEN J X, TIAN C, ZHANG Q, et al. Changes in volume of subregions within basal ganglia in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a study with atlas-based and VBM methods[J/OL]. Front Neurosci, 2022, 16: 890616 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35794954/. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.890616.
[36]
BOERWINKLE V L, NOWLEN M A, VAZQUEZ J E, et al. Resting-state fMRI seizure onset localization meta-analysis: comparing rs-fMRI to other modalities including surgical outcomes[J/OL]. Front Neuroimaging, 2024, 3: 1481858 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39742390/. DOI: 10.3389/fnimg.2024.1481858.
[37]
ZHU Q Q, TIAN S, ZHANG L, et al. Altered dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation in individuals at high risk for Alzheimer's disease[J]. Eur J Neurosci, 2024, 59(9): 2391-2402. DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16267.
[38]
HWANG Z A, LI C W, HSU A L, et al. Assessment of resting cerebral perfusion between methamphetamine-associated psychosis and schizophrenia through arterial spin labeling MRI[J]. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2025, 275(3): 873-883. DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01857-1.
[39]
LI H J, WANG R P. Research progress of 3D-ASL in small cerebral vascular diseases[J]. Chin Imaging J Integr Tradit West Med, 2025, 23(1): 117-120. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-0512.2025.01.024.
[40]
CHAKER S C, REDDY A P, KING D, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging: techniques and applications for peripheral nerve injury[J/OL]. Ann Plast Surg, 2024, 93(3S): S113-S115 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39230294/. DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000004055.
[41]
GHADERI S, MOHAMMADI S, FATEHI F. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) biomarker alterations in brain metastases and comparable tumors: a systematic review of DTI and tractography findings[J/OL]. World Neurosurg, 2024, 190: 113-129 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38986953/. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.07.037.
[42]
THOMSON A R, PASANTA D, ARICHI T, et al. Neurometabolite differences in Autism as assessed with Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J/OL]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2024, 162: 105728 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38796123/. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105728.
[43]
SUBAŞı TURGUT F, BULUT M, HATTAPOĞLU S, et al. The relationship between oxidative stress markers and 1H-Magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings in obsessive compulsive disorder[J/OL]. Brain Res, 2024, 1833: 148852 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38494099/. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148852.
[44]
BAO H H, HE X, WANG F F, et al. Study of brain structure and function in chronic mountain sickness based on fMRI[J/OL]. Front Neurol, 2021, 12: 763835 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35069409/. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.763835.
[45]
TROUDI HABIBI A, MICAUX J, MAUCONDUIT F, et al. Cerebrovascular autoregulation in hypoxia: quantitative insights from arterial spin labeling[J/OL]. Front Neurosci, 2025, 19: 1672726 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41035522/. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2025.1672726.
[46]
BAO H H, LI R Y, HE M L, et al. DTI study on brain structure and cognitive function in patients with chronic mountain sickness[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1): 19334 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31852992/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55498-9.
[47]
BAI X X, BAO H H, HE X. Study on multi-voxel 1H-MRS in brain of chronic mountain sickness[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2022, 13(2): 42-46. DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2022.02.009.
[48]
KAWEL-BOEHM N, HETZEL S J, AMBALE-VENKATESH B, et al. Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance reference values ("normal values") in cardiovascular magnetic resonance: 2025 update[J/OL]. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 2025, 27(1): 101853 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39914499/. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocmr.2025.101853.
[49]
CARRABBA N, AMICO M A, GUARICCI A I, et al. CMR mapping: the 4th-era revolution in cardiac imaging[J/OL]. J Clin Med, 2024, 13(2): 337 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38256470/. DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020337.
[50]
TSAMPASIAN V, CAMERON D, SOBHAN R, et al. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) and cardiovascular disease: the importance of energy[J/OL]. Medicina (Kaunas), 2023, 59(1): 174 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36676798/. DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010174.
[51]
PENG J, SUN P, LIAN J X, et al. Myocardial energy metabolism in heart failure: Systematic review and meta-analysis of Phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy phosphocreatine/adenosine triphosphate ratio[J/OL]. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 2026, 28(1): 101993 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41318032/. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocmr.2025.101993.
[52]
SUN Y Q, ZHANG C H, TIAN D F, et al. Application of 7.0 T ultra-high-field MRI in evaluating the structure and function of the right ventricle of the heart in rats under a chronic hypoxic environment at high altitude[J/OL]. Ann Transl Med, 2021, 9(20): 1585 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34790791/. DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-5078.
[53]
ANDO K, NAGAO M, WATANABE E, et al. Association between myocardial hypoxia and fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: analysis by T2* BOLD and T1 mapping MRI[J]. Eur Radiol, 2020, 30(8): 4327-4336. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-020-06779-9.
[54]
YUAN X H, ZHU X M, CHEN Y, et al. Cardiac energetics alteration in a chronic hypoxia rat model: a non-invasive in vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy study[J]. J Xray Sci Technol, 2022, 30(1): 165-175. DOI: 10.3233/XST-210985.
[55]
MATUSOV Y, KOLAITIS N A, GEFT D, et al. Best practices for right heart catheterization in the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension[J]. Chest, 2025, 168(3): 763-779. DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2025.05.009.
[56]
TELLO K, NAEIJE R, DE MAN F, et al. Pathophysiology of the right ventricle in health and disease: an update[J]. Cardiovasc Res, 2023, 119(10): 1891-1904. DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad108.
[57]
CHEN J, BAO H H, ZHOU Z. Pathophysiology and imaging diagnosis of main pulmonary artery dilatation in patients with chronic mountain sickness[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2017, 8(9): 711-715. DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2017.09.013.
[58]
SHIMA H, TSUJINO I, NAKAYA T, et al. Right ventricular dysfunction in lung disease/hypoxia-associated pulmonary hypertension[J/OL]. J Am Heart Assoc, 2025, 14(16): e042186 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40792592/. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.125.042186.
[59]
FADÓN-PADILLA L, MIRANDA-PÉREZ DE ALEJO C, MIGUEL-COELLO A B, et al. Magnetic nanoradiotracers for targeted neutrophil detection in pulmonary arterial hypertension[J/OL]. J Nanobiotechnology, 2024, 22(1): 709 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39543655/. DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-03000-7.
[60]
WANG Q, YU G H, QIU J F, et al. Application of intravoxel incoherent motion in clinical liver imaging: a literature review[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2024, 60(2): 417-440. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29086.
[61]
COPUR S, YAVUZ F, SAG A A, et al. Future of kidney imaging: Functional magnetic resonance imaging and kidney disease progression[J/OL]. Eur J Clin Invest, 2022, 52(5): e13765 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35267195/. DOI: 10.1111/eci.13765.
[62]
DONG W L, XIAO L Y, LUO Z W, et al. Assessment of hypoxia status in a rat chronic liver disease model using IVIM and T1 mapping[J/OL]. Front Med, 2024, 11: 1477685 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39906347/. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1477685.
[63]
ZHANG X Y, YE C Y, LU F, et al. Evaluation of renal oxygenation and perfusion in patients with chronic kidney disease: a preliminary prospective study based on functional magnetic resonance[J/OL]. Ren Fail, 2024, 46(2): 2428337 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39584486/. DOI: 10.1080/0886022X.2024.2428337.
[64]
XU Y Z, YANG J, LU F, et al. Correlation of renal oxygenation with renal function in chronic kidney disease: a preliminary prospective study[J]. Kidney Blood Press Res, 2023, 48(1): 175-185. DOI: 10.1159/000529165.
[65]
SHARMA P, CHATTERJEE P, ALVARADO L A, et al. Standardized uptake value of normal organs on routine clinical [18F] FDG PET/CT: impact of tumor metabolism and patient-related factors[J/OL]. Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur, 2023, 26: 1-10 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36286203/. DOI: 10.5603/NMR.a2022.0036.
[66]
REED M B, PONCE DE LEÓN M, VRAKA C, et al. Whole-body metabolic connectivity framework with functional PET[J/OL]. NeuroImage, 2023, 271: 120030 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36925087/. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120030.
[67]
ZIAI P, HAYERI M R, SALEI A, et al. Role of optimal quantification of FDG PET imaging in the clinical practice of radiology[J]. Radiographics, 2016, 36(2): 481-496. DOI: 10.1148/rg.2016150102.
[68]
HIRATA K, WATANABE S, KITAGAWA Y, et al. A review of hypoxia imaging using 18F-fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography[J/OL]. Methods Mol Biol, 2024, 2755: 133-140 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38319574/. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3633-6_9.
[69]
PALARD-NOVELLO X, VISSER D, YAQUB M, et al. Whole-body [18F] DPA-714 kinetic assessment using PET/CT scanner with long axial field of view[J]. J Nucl Med, 2025, 66(7): 1142-1148. DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.124.268979.
[70]
MONFORT-PIRES M, U-DIN M, DE MELLO V, et al. Cold-induced serum short-chain fatty acids act as markers of brown adipose tissue metabolism in humans[J/OL]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2025: dgaf607 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41206219/. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaf607.
[71]
XIE Y H, HUANG B S, LI F. UnetTransCNN: integrating transformers with convolutional neural networks for enhanced medical image segmentation[J/OL]. Front Oncol, 2025, 15: 1467672 [2025-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40708942/. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1467672.

PREV Zero echo time magnetic resonance imaging in the skeletal system: Advances in clinical application
NEXT Development status and prospect of liquid helium-free superconducting MRI technology: From resource dependence to independent controllability
  


LINK


Tel & Fax: +8610-67113815    E-mail: editor@cjmri.cn