Share：
Share this content in WeChat
X
[Chinese] [PDF] 29 1
• Review •
Advances in imaging studies of carotid plaque haemorrhage: From pathological mechanisms to clinical applications
ZHANG Meilan  LI Honghui  DU Hai 

Cite this article as ZHANG M L, LI H H, DU H. Advances in imaging studies of carotid plaque haemorrhage: From pathological mechanisms to clinical applications[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2026, 17(6): 205-214. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.06.026.


[Abstract] Intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) is a key pathological feature of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques and is closely associated with the risk of ischemic stroke. In recent years, rapid advances in imaging techniques have made noninvasive assessment of IPH feasible. However, existing reviews have largely focused on single imaging modalities or individual plaque components, lacking an integrated analysis of the interactions between IPH and the plaque microenvironment (e.g., inflammation, microcalcification), as well as systematic summaries of emerging technologies such as dual-energy CT (DECT), photon-counting CT (PCCT), ultrasound elastography, and artificial intelligence. Based on a systematic search of domestic and international databases, this review first outlines the pathophysiological mechanisms of IPH, then focuses on the research progress of various imaging techniques, including vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (VW-MRI), computed tomography angiography, ultrasound, nuclear medicine hybrid imaging, and artificial intelligence, in the detection and assessment of IPH. It analyzes the advantages and limitations of each technique, and summarizes current challenges including the lack of standardized diagnostic criteria, technical limitations, difficulties in multimodal integration, and insufficient clinical translation. This review aims to provide a reference for the precise assessment of carotid plaque vulnerability and stroke risk stratification, and to offer new insights for future research and clinical practice.
[Keywords] intraplaque hemorrhage；magnetic resonance imaging；computed tomography angiography；ultrasound imaging；nuclear medicine fusion imaging；artificial intelligence

ZHANG Meilan1   LI Honghui2   DU Hai1*  

1 Department of Radiology, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos 017000, China

2 Department of Ultrasound, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos 017000, China

Corresponding author: DU H, E-mail: nthaity@126.com

Conflicts of interest   None.

Received  2026-01-12
Accepted  2026-05-22
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.06.026
Cite this article as ZHANG M L, LI H H, DU H. Advances in imaging studies of carotid plaque haemorrhage: From pathological mechanisms to clinical applications[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2026, 17(6): 205-214. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.06.026.

[1]
CHAN J S K, SHAFI A M A, GRAFTON-CLARKE C, et al. Concomitant severe carotid and coronary artery diseases: a separate management or concomitant approach[J]. J Card Surg, 2019, 34(9): 803-813. DOI: 10.1111/jocs.14145.
[2]
HACKAM D G. Optimal medical management of asymptomatic carotid stenosis[J]. Stroke, 2021, 52(6): 2191-2198. DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.033994.
[3]
ZHAO X Q, SUN J, HIPPE D S, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of intraplaque hemorrhage and plaque lipid content with continued lipid-lowering therapy: results of a magnetic resonance imaging substudy in AIM-HIGH[J/OL]. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2022, 15(11): e014229 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36378778/. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.122.014229.
[4]
SCHINDLER A, SCHINNER R, ALTAF N, et al. Prediction of stroke risk by detection of hemorrhage in carotid plaques meta-analysis of individual patient data[J]. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2020, 13(2): 395-406. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.03.028.
[5]
LARSON A S, BRINJIKJI W, SAVASTANO L, et al. Carotid intraplaque hemorrhage and stenosis: At what stage of plaque progression does intraplaque hemorrhage occur, and when is it most likely to be associated with symptoms [J]. AJNR Am JNeuroradiol, 2021, 42(7): 1285-1290. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7133.
[6]
SABA L, LOEWE C, WEIKERT T, et al. State-of-the-art CT and MR imaging and assessment of atherosclerotic carotid artery disease: the reporting-a consensus document by the European Society of Cardiovascular Radiology (ESCR)[J]. Eur Radiol, 2023, 33(2): 1088-1101. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-022-09025-6.
[7]
LI T T, LIU X L, ZHU H Y. Advances research on the role of intraplaque neovascularization in carotid atherosclerosis[J]. Chin J Cerebrovasc Dis, 2025, 22(5): 335-342. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5921.2025.05.007.
[8]
ZHOU T T, KANG L Q, SONG Y C. Study progress of MRI on vulnerable plaques in carotid arteries[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2024, 15(9): 167-171, 188. DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.09.029.
[9]
SUN Y M, YANG M, XU H Y, et al. Research progress in imaging of carotid calcified plaque[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2023, 14(1): 172-177. DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2023.01.032.
[10]
PAKIZER D, TAFFÉ P, KOZEL J, et al. Non-invasive imaging of individual histological carotid plaque characteristics: a diagnostic accuracy meta-analysis[J/OL]. Atherosclerosis, 2025, 408: 120391 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40494750/. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2025.120391.
[11]
PAKIZER D, KOZEL J, ELMERS J, et al. Carotid plaque characteristics by computed Tomography: a diagnostic accuracy systematic review[J/OL]. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc, 2025, 58: 101656 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40213415/. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2025.101656.
[12]
PARMA L, DUCHENE J, WEBER C. Breaking point: how intraplaque hemorrhage propels plaque rupture[J]. Circ Res, 2024, 135(2): 317-319. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.124.324795.
[13]
MICHEL J B, MARTIN-VENTURA J L, NICOLETTI A, et al. Pathology of human plaque vulnerability: mechanisms and consequences of intraplaque haemorrhages[J]. Atherosclerosis, 2014, 234(2): 311-319. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.020.
[14]
SABA L, MICHELETTI G, BRINJIKJI W, et al. Carotid intraplaque-hemorrhage volume and its association with cerebrovascular events[J/OL]. AJNR Am JNeuroradiol, 2019 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31558503/. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6189.
[15]
NIES K P H, AIZAZ M, VAN DAM-NOLEN D H K, et al. Signal intensity and volume of carotid intraplaque hemorrhage on magnetic resonance imaging and the risk of ipsilateral cerebrovascular events: The Plaque At RISK (PARISK) study[J/OL]. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 2024, 26(2): 101049 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38878969/. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocmr.2024.101049.
[16]
FAGHANI S, MOASSEFI M, ALBACH E, et al. Intraplaque hemorrhage volume and ischemic stroke risk[J]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2025, 46(11): 2215-2220. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A8889.
[17]
PISU F, WILLIAMSON B J, NARDI V, et al. Machine learning detects symptomatic plaques in patients with carotid atherosclerosis on CT angiography[J/OL]. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2024, 17(6): e016274 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38889214/. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.123.016274.
[18]
CANTON G, BAYLAM GELERI D, HIPPE D S, et al. Pathophysiology of carotid atherosclerosis: Calcification, intraplaque haemorrhage and pulse pressure as key players[J/OL]. Eur J Radiol, 2024, 178: 111647 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39068857/. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2024.111647.
[19]
RUBIN J, CAO Q, YU S K, et al. Association of carotid plaque calcification attenuation with intraplaque hemorrhage volume: 3D-segmentation analysis[J/OL]. J Neuroimaging, 2025, 35(4): e70071 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40658028/. DOI: 10.1111/jon.70071.
[20]
SABA, NARDI V, CAU R, et al. Carotid artery plaque calcifications: lessons from histopathology to diagnostic imaging[J]. Stroke, 2022, 53(1): 290-297. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.035692.
[21]
KASHIWAZAKI D, YAMAMOTO S, HORI E, et al. Thin calcification (< 2 mm) can highly predict intraplaque hemorrhage in carotid plaque: the clinical significance of calcification types[J]. Acta Neurochir, 2022, 164(6): 1635-1643. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-022-05205-x.
[22]
BALMOS I A, HORVÁTH E, BRINZANIUC K, et al. Inflammation, microcalcification, and increased expression of osteopontin are histological hallmarks of plaque vulnerability in patients with advanced carotid artery stenosis[J/OL]. Biomedicines, 2023, 11(3): 881 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36979863/. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030881.
[23]
HISHIKAWA T, IIHARA K, YAMADA N, et al. Assessment of necrotic core with intraplaque hemorrhage in atherosclerotic carotid artery plaque by MR imaging with 3D gradient-echo sequence in patients with high-grade stenosis. Clinical article[J]. J Neurosurg, 2010, 113(4): 890-896. DOI: 10.3171/2010.3.JNS091057.
[24]
DAEMEN M J, FERGUSON M S, GIJSEN F J, et al. Carotid plaque fissure: an underestimated source of intraplaque hemorrhage[J/OL]. Atherosclerosis, 2016, 254: 102-108 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27718372/. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.09.069.
[25]
KASSEM M, GORISSEN T, ALBENWAN M, et al. The relationship between fibrous cap status or plaque surface morphology and intraplaque hemorrhage volume over time: The PARISK Study[J/OL]. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 2025, 34(5): 108283 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40081118/. DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2025.108283.
[26]
DILBA K, VAN DAM-NOLEN D H K, VAN DIJK A C, et al. Plaque composition as a predictor of plaque ulceration in carotid artery atherosclerosis: the plaque At RISK study[J]. AJNR Am JNeuroradiol, 2021, 42(1): 144-151. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6868.
[27]
U-KING-IM J M, FOX A J, AVIV R I, et al. Characterization of carotid plaque hemorrhage: a CT angiography and MR intraplaque hemorrhage study[J]. Stroke, 2010, 41(8): 1623-1629. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.579474.
[28]
XU J Y, LU X T, SHI G P. Vasa vasorum in atherosclerosis and clinical significance[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2015, 16(5): 11574-11608. DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511574.
[29]
MIGDALSKI A, JAWIEN A. Neovascularization as a leading mechanism of intraplaque hemorrhage and carotid plaque destabilization: a narrative review[J]. Curr Vasc Pharmacol, 2024, 22(6): 377-385. DOI: 10.2174/0115701611304241240523045704.
[30]
BOS D, VAN DAM-NOLEN D H K, GUPTA A, et al. Advances in multimodality carotid plaque imaging: AJR expert panel narrative review[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2021, 217(1): 16-26. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.20.24869.
[31]
SABA L, YUAN C, HATSUKAMI T S, et al. Carotid artery wall imaging: perspective and guidelines from the ASNR vessel wall imaging study group and expert consensus recommendations of the American society of neuroradiology[J/OL]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2018, 39(2): E9-E31 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29326139/. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A5488.
[32]
JOHRI A M, NAMBI V, NAQVI T Z, et al. Recommendations for the assessment of carotid arterial plaque by ultrasound for the characterization of atherosclerosis and evaluation of cardiovascular risk: from the American society of echocardiography[J]. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2020, 33(8): 917-933. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2020.04.021.
[33]
SABA L, SAAM T, JÄGER H R, et al. Imaging biomarkers of vulnerable carotid plaques for stroke risk prediction and their potential clinical implications[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2019, 18(6): 559-572. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30035-3.
[34]
SEZGIN M, YUSIFLI S, BARBUROĞLU M, et al. Intraplaque hemorrhage: a comparative study of vulnerable plaque with magnetic resonance imaging and Doppler ultrasonography[J]. J Clin Ultrasound, 2025, 53(4): 743-747. DOI: 10.1002/jcu.23923.
[35]
CAO J J, ZENG Y Q, ZHOU Y, et al. The value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in assessing carotid plaque vulnerability and predicting stroke risk[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1): 5850 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39966491/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-90319-2.
[36]
YAO Y J, ZHANG P Y. Novel ultrasound techniques in the identification of vulnerable plaques-an updated review of the literature[J/OL]. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2023, 10: 1069745 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37293284/. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1069745.
[37]
WANG B S, CHEN Y B, QIAO Q, et al. Evaluation of carotid plaque vulnerability with different echoes by shear wave elastography and CEUS[J/OL]. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 2023, 32(3): 106941 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36586243/. DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106941.
[38]
PITROS C F, MANAKI V, KAKISIS J D, et al. The role of shear wave elastography in the assessment of carotid plaque vulnerability: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Int Angiol, 2025, 44(5): 415-425. DOI: 10.23736/S0392-9590.25.05427-6.
[39]
WANG Y, QIU J H, LUO S S, et al. High shear stress induces atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque formation through angiogenesis[J]. Regen Biomater, 2016, 3(4): 257-267. DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbw021.
[40]
CHEN T, ZHAO Y B, CAO J L, et al. Computed tomography angiography "rim sign" for detecting carotid intraplaque hemorrhage: a computed tomography angiography-magnetic resonance imaging-histology correlation study[J/OL]. J Am Heart Assoc, 2026, 15(10): e044753 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42132200/. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.125.044753.
[41]
SABA L, FRANCONE M, BASSAREO P P, et al. CT attenuation analysis of carotid intraplaque hemorrhage[J]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2018, 39(1): 131-137. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A5461.
[42]
WENG S T, LAI Q L, CAI M T, et al. Detecting vulnerable carotid plaque and its component characteristics: Progress in related imaging techniques[J/OL]. Front Neurol, 2022, 13: 982147 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36188371/. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.982147.
[43]
TAKAGI H, LEIPSIC J A, INDRARATNA P, et al. Association of tube voltage with plaque composition on coronary CT angiography: results from PARADIGM registry[J]. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2021, 14(12): 2429-2440. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.07.011.
[44]
AIZAZ M, BIERENS J, GIJBELS M J J, et al. Differentiation of atherosclerotic carotid plaque components with dual-energy computed tomography[J]. Invest Radiol, 2025, 60(8): 508-516. DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000001153.
[45]
SHAMI A, SUN J M, GIALELI C, et al. Atherosclerotic plaque features relevant to rupture-risk detected by clinical photon-counting CT ex vivo: a proof-of-concept study[J/OL]. Eur Radiol Exp, 2024, 8(1): 14 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38286959/. DOI: 10.1186/s41747-023-00410-4.
[46]
SHAMI A, SUN J M, CELANDER M, et al. Clinical photon-counting computed tomography in living patients detects intra-plaque haemorrhage and thrombus in carotid plaques[J]. Eur Heart J, 2025, 46(46): 5045-5048. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf707.
[47]
KRALER S, GONCALVES I. Photon-Counting CT for Vulnerable Plaque Detection: A Step Toward Precision Imaging in Atherosclerosis[EB/OL]. (2025-10-01) [2026-03-28]. https://www.escardio.org/Working-groups/Working-Group-on-Atherosclerosis-and-Vascular-biology/Publications/photon-counting-ct-for-vulnerable-plaque-detection-a-step-toward-precision-imaging-in-atherosclerosis.
[48]
LIU J C, NING Z H, DU C L, et al. Histological validation of three-dimensional variable flip angle turbo spin echo multi-contrast magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging in characterizing carotid vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques[J/OL]. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 2024, 26(2): 101112 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39442673/. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocmr.2024.101112.
[49]
KIM S E, ROBERTS J A, HADLEY J R, et al. Optimizing MPRAGE for enhanced blood suppression and intraplaque hemorrhage detection in carotid artery imaging[J/OL]. Magn Reson Imaging, 2025, 124: 110531 [2026-01-11]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0730725X25002152via%3Dihub. DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2025.110531.
[50]
YAMADA K, SONG Y, HIPPE D S, et al. Quantitative evaluation of high intensity signal on MIP images of carotid atherosclerotic plaques from routine TOF-MRA reveals elevated volumes of intraplaque hemorrhage and lipid rich necrotic core[J/OL]. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 2012, 14(1): 81 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23194180/. DOI: 10.1186/1532-429X-14-81.
[51]
XIAO J Y, PADRICK M M, JIANG T, et al. Acute ischemic stroke versus transient ischemic attack: Differential plaque morphological features in symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic lesions[J/OL]. Atherosclerosis, 2021, 319: 72-78 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33486353/. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.002.
[52]
ZHAO X H, LI R, HIPPE D S, et al. Chinese Atherosclerosis Risk Evaluation (CARE II) study: a novel cross-sectional, multicentre study of the prevalence of high-risk atherosclerotic carotid plaque in Chinese patients with ischaemic cerebrovascular events-design and rationale[J]. Stroke Vasc Neurol, 2017, 2(1): 15-20. DOI: 10.1136/svn-2016-000053.
[53]
LI D Y, QIAO H Y, HAN Y J, et al. Histological validation of simultaneous non-contrast angiography and intraplaque hemorrhage imaging (SNAP) for characterizing carotid intraplaque hemorrhage[J]. Eur Radiol, 2021, 31(5): 3106-3115. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-020-07352-0.
[54]
WANG K, JIA L, WANG Y L, et al. The preliminary study of quantitative analysis intraplaque hemorrhage of carotid atherosclerotic plaque by MR SNAP sequence[J]. J Pract Radiol, 2018, 34(8): 1172-1175, 1182. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-1671.2018.08.005.
[55]
LEE U Y, KWAK H S. Evaluation of plaque vulnerability via combination of hemodynamic analysis and simultaneous non-contrast angiography and intraplaque hemorrhage (SNAP) sequence for carotid intraplaque hemorrhage[J/OL]. J Pers Med, 2021, 11(9): 856 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34575633/. DOI: 10.3390/jpm11090856.
[56]
SABA L C, CAU R, MURGIA A, et al. Carotid plaque-RADS[J]. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2024, 17(1): 62-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2023.09.005.
[57]
LIU W C, ZHENG Z J, ZHANG W B, et al. Distribution of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging-based carotid Plaque-RADS subtypes among patients with acute cerebral infarction[J]. Neuroradiology, 2026, 68(3): 717-725. DOI: 10.1007/s00234-025-03837-1.
[58]
STEMMLER S, VON ELVERFELDT D, WEINBECK M, et al. Volumetric diffusion and fat imaging of symptomatic carotid plaques on seven tesla magnetic resonance imaging[J/OL]. Magn Reson Imaging, 2026, 130: 110676 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41921597/. DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2026.110676.
[59]
FU F, ZHU J, MENG H P, et al. Molecular imaging of fibroblast activation protein on PET/MRI association with carotid-ulcerated plaques and cerebrovascular risk factors[J]. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2026, 19(1): 79-90. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2025.09.020.
[60]
MECHTOUFF L, SIGOVAN M, DOUEK P, et al. Simultaneous assessment of microcalcifications and morphological criteria of vulnerability in carotid artery plaque using hybrid 18F-NaF PET/MRI[J]. J Nucl Cardiol, 2022, 29(3): 1064-1074. DOI: 10.1007/s12350-020-02400-0.
[61]
MCCABE J J, EVANS N R, GOREY S, et al. Imaging carotid plaque inflammation using positron emission tomography: emerging role in clinical stroke care, research applications, and future directions[J/OL]. Cells, 2023, 12(16): 2073 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37626883/. DOI: 10.3390/cells12162073.
[62]
RIKSEN J J M, CHANDRAMOORTHI S, VAN DER STEEN A F W, et al. Near-infrared multispectral photoacoustic analysis of lipids and intraplaque hemorrhage in human carotid artery atherosclerosis[J/OL]. Photoacoustics, 2024, 38: 100636 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39139613/. DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100636.
[63]
KARLAS A, KALLMAYER M, BARIOTAKIS M, et al. Multispectral optoacoustic tomography of lipid and hemoglobin contrast in human carotid atherosclerosis[J/OL]. Photoacoustics, 2021, 23: 100283 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34381689/. DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100283.
[64]
FENG Y Y, XU L Y, SHAO J, et al. Artificial intelligence diagnostic performance in image-based vulnerable carotid plaque detection: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J/OL]. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, 2025, 25(1): 419 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41219882/. DOI: 10.1186/s12911-025-03227-w.
[65]
VACCA S, SCICOLONE R, GUPTA A, et al. Atherosclerotic carotid artery disease Radiomics: a systematic review with meta-analysis and radiomic quality score assessment[J/OL]. Eur J Radiol, 2024, 177: 111547 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38852329/. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2024.111547.
[66]
BUCKLER A J, SAKAMOTO A, PIERRE S ST, et al. Virtual pathology: Reaching higher standards for noninvasive CTA tissue characterization capability by using histology as a truth standard[J/OL]. Eur J Radiol, 2023, 159: 110686 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36603478/. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2022.110686.
[67]
WANG H Z, XU J K, YE C G, et al. Impact of deep learning based reconstruction algorithms on CT radiomic features of carotid plaques[J/OL]. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 2025, 26(11): e70346 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41239182/. DOI: 10.1002/acm2.70346.
[68]
ZHANG W X, LIN M Q, CHAN K L, et al. Adversarial training with misaligned label correction for carotid segmentation from simultaneous non-contrast angiography and intraplaque hemorrhage MRI[J/OL]. Med Phys, 2025, 52(7): e17952 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40665520/. DOI: 10.1002/mp.17952.
[69]
GAO S, QU J P, WU R, et al. A study on the value of ultrasound imaging features in predicting intraplaque hemorrhage in carotid arteries[J]. J Clin Ultrasound, 2026, 54(1): 53-63. DOI: 10.1002/jcu.70026.
[70]
ZHANG S, GAO L, KANG B, et al. Radiomics assessment of carotid intraplaque hemorrhage: detecting the vulnerable patients[J/OL]. Insights Imaging, 2022, 13(1): 200 [2026-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36538100/. DOI: 10.1186/s13244-022-01324-2.
[71]
SABA L, BRINJIKJI W, SPENCE J D, et al. Roadmap consensus on carotid artery plaque imaging and impact on therapy strategies and guidelines: an international, multispecialty, expert review and position statement[J]. AJNR Am JNeuroradiol, 2021, 42(9): 1566-1575. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7223.
[72]
MANDELL D M, MOSSA-BASHA M, QIAO Y, et al. Intracranial vessel wall MRI: principles and expert consensus recommendations of the American society of neuroradiology[J]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2017, 38(2): 218-229. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A4893.

PREV Advances in spinal cord diffusion tensor imaging and its clinical applications
NEXT CMR radiomics research progress in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy
  


LINK


Tel & Fax: +8610-67113815    E-mail: editor@cjmri.cn