Share：
Share this content in WeChat
X
[Chinese] [PDF] 33 1
• Review •
Research progress of phase-resolved functional lung MRI in clinical applications of pulmonary diseases
NIU Yuwen  YANG Tengyue  DANG Shan  YU Nan 

Cite this article as: NIU Y W, YANG T Y, DANG S, et al. Research progress of phase-resolved functional lung MRI in clinical applications of pulmonary diseases[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2026, 17(10): 202-210. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.10.025.


[Abstract] Phase-resolved functional lung MRI (PREFUL-MRI) is a recently developed magnetic resonance imaging technique that enables simultaneous assessment of regional ventilation and perfusion during free breathing without the need for contrast agents, offering the advantages of freedom from ionizing radiation and ease of operation. Conventional pulmonary function tests can only provide global measures of lung function and fail to reveal the spatial distribution of regional ventilation-perfusion abnormalities. Thus, there is an urgent clinical need for a non-invasive tool capable of obtaining regional functional information. PREFUL-MRI can simultaneously quantify regional ventilation and perfusion under free breathing, and clinical studies in various pulmonary diseases have been increasing in recent years. Moreover, existing reviews have predominantly focused on the technical principles and imaging methods of PREFUL-MRI, with a lack of systematic evaluation of its clinical application value across various pulmonary diseases. From a clinical application perspective, this article reviews the current research status and latest advances of PREFUL-MRI in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary thromboembolism/chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, restrictive ventilatory dysfunction, bronchial asthma, cystic fibrosis, lung transplantation, and post-COVID-19 condition, and explores its potential application in lung cancer. The review focuses on its application value in disease diagnosis, severity grading, therapeutic response monitoring, and prognostic prediction, while analyzing the limitations of current studies and future directions for development. This review aims to provide a systematic reference for the clinical translation of PREFUL-MRI.
[Keywords] magnetic resonance imaging；phase-resolved functional lung magnetic resonance imaging；ventilation；perfusion；pulmonary diseases；clinical applications

NIU Yuwen1   YANG Tengyue1   DANG Shan2   YU Nan1*  

1 School of Medical Technology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China

2 Department of Medical Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, China

Corresponding author: YU N, E-mail: yunan0512@sina.com

Conflicts of interest   None.

Received  2026-04-15
Accepted  2026-07-14
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.10.025
Cite this article as: NIU Y W, YANG T Y, DANG S, et al. Research progress of phase-resolved functional lung MRI in clinical applications of pulmonary diseases[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2026, 17(10): 202-210. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.10.025.

[1]
OH J, KIM S, YIM Y, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic respiratory diseases and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, 1990-2023: a Global Burden of Disease study[J]. Nat Med, 2026, 32(1): 197-223. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-025-04077-9.
[2]
BOERS E, BARRETT M, SU J G, et al. Global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through 2050[J/OL]. JAMA Netw Open, 2023, 6(12): e2346598 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38060225/. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.46598.
[3]
OLIVER A L. Lung cancer: epidemiology and screening[J]. Surg Clin North Am, 2022, 102(3): 335-344. DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2021.12.001.
[4]
ZHAO G X, LI X L, LEI S Y, et al. Prevalence of lung cancer in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J/OL]. Front Oncol, 2022, 12: 947981 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36185264/. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.947981.
[5]
GEFTER W B, LEE K S, SCHIEBLER M L, et al. Pulmonary functional imaging: part 2-state-of-the-art clinical applications and opportunities for improved patient care[J]. Radiology, 2021, 299(3): 524-538. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2021204033.
[6]
BIEDERER J, WIELPUETZ M O, PARRAGA G, et al. Functional thoracic MRI: recent advances in pulmonary assessment[J/OL]. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging, 2025, 7(5): e240492 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40905785/. DOI: 10.1148/ryct.240492.
[7]
BAILEY D L, ROACH P J. Contemporary SPECT/CT V/Q scanning: protocols, pearls and pitfalls[J]. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2026, 70(1): 25-32. DOI: 10.23736/S1824-4785.25.03688-X.
[8]
SCHMIDT A, LIGGINS J A, BHUTTA H, et al. Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI and spectroscopy: quantitative measurements, results, and emerging opportunities[J/OL]. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging, 2025, 7(4): e240562 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40772846/. DOI: 10.1148/ryct.240562.
[9]
JOSÉ ESTÉPAR R SAN, BARR R G, FAIN S B, et al. The use of computed tomography densitometry for the assessment of emphysema in clinical trials: a position paper from the fleischner society[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2025, 211(5): 709-728. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202410-2012SO.
[10]
AZOUR L, OHNO Y, BIEDERER J, et al. Lung MRI: indications, capabilities, and techniques-AJR expert panel narrative review[J/OL]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2025, 225(4): e2532637 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40397559/. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.25.32637.
[11]
BAUMAN G, PUDERBACH M, DEIMLING M, et al. Non-contrast-enhanced perfusion and ventilation assessment of the human lung by means of Fourier decomposition in proton MRI[J]. Magn Reson Med, 2009, 62(3): 656-664. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22031.
[12]
VOSKREBENZEV A, GUTBERLET M, KLIMEŠ F, et al. Feasibility of quantitative regional ventilation and perfusion mapping with phase-resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI in healthy volunteers and COPD, CTEPH, and CF patients[J]. Magn Reson Med, 2018, 79(4): 2306-2314. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26893.
[13]
YANG H Y, AN J, LIU M. Research progress of phase-resolved functional lung MRI[J]. Chin J Radiol, 2024, 58(8): 882-886. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112149-20231102-00339.
[14]
KLIMEŠ F, OBERT A J, SCHELLER J, et al. Comparison of free-breathing 3D phase-resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI with dynamic 19F ventilation MRI in patients with obstructive lung disease and healthy volunteers[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2024, 60(4): 1416-1431. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29221.
[15]
KLIMEŠ F, FOO C T, GUTBERLET M, et al. Dual-center repeatability, consistency, and comparison of 3D phase-resolved functional (PREFUL) ventilation MRI at 3 and 1.5 T in healthy volunteers[J/OL]. NMR Biomed, 2025, 38(9): e70101 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40662621/. DOI: 10.1002/nbm.70101.
[16]
KLIMEŠ F, VOSKREBENZEV A, GUTBERLET M, et al. Evaluation of image registration algorithms for 3D phase-resolved functional lung ventilation magnetic resonance imaging in healthy volunteers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients[J/OL]. NMR Biomed, 2023, 36(3): e4860 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36285811/. DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4860.
[17]
VOSKREBENZEV A, GUTBERLET M, KLIMEŠ F, et al. A synthetic lung model (ASYLUM) for validation of functional lung imaging methods shows significant differences between signal-based and deformation-field-based ventilation measurements[J/OL]. Front Med, 2024, 11: 1418052 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39296894/. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1418052.
[18]
KLIMEŠ F, PLUMMER J W, WILLMERING M M, et al. Quantifying spatial and dynamic lung abnormalities with 3d preful floret Ute imaging: a feasibility study[J]. Magn Reson Med, 2025, 93(5): 1984-1998. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.30416.
[19]
KLIMEŠ F, PLUMMER J W, VOSKREBENZEV A, et al. Comparison of Signal- and Volume-Based Ventilation-Weighted Assessment Using 3d floret Ute MRI in Patients With Various Pulmonary Disease[J]. Magn Reson Med, 2026, 95(5): 2814-2827. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.70239.
[20]
KLIMEŠ F, VOSKREBENZEV A, GUTBERLET M, et al. Free-breathing quantification of regional ventilation derived by phase-resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI[J/OL]. NMR Biomed, 2019, 32(6): e4088 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30908743/. DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4088.
[21]
KJØRSTAD Å, CORTEVILLE D M R, FISCHER A, et al. Quantitative lung perfusion evaluation using Fourier decomposition perfusion MRI[J]. Magn Reson Med, 2014, 72(2): 558-562. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24930.
[22]
BONDESSON D, SCHNEIDER M J, GAASS T, et al. Nonuniform Fourier-decomposition MRI for ventilation- and perfusion-weighted imaging of the lung[J]. Magn Reson Med, 2019, 82(4): 1312-1321. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27803.
[23]
KAIREIT T F, KERN A, VOSKREBENZEV A, et al. Flow volume loop and regional ventilation assessment using phase-resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI: comparison with 129Xenon ventilation MRI and lung function testing[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2021, 53(4): 1092-1105. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27452.
[24]
ASTLEY J R, BIANCARDI A M, HUGHES P J C, et al. Implementable deep learning for multi-sequence proton MRI lung segmentation: a multi-center, multi-vendor, and multi-disease study[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2023, 58(4): 1030-1044. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28643.
[25]
PÖHLER G H, KLIMEŠ F, BEHRENDT L, et al. Repeatability of phase-resolved functional lung (PREFUL)-MRI ventilation and perfusion parameters in healthy subjects and COPD patients[J]. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2021, 53(3): 915-927. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27385.
[26]
BEHRENDT L, SMITH L J, VOSKREBENZEV A, et al. A dual center and dual vendor comparison study of automated perfusion-weighted phase-resolved functional lung magnetic resonance imaging with dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cystic fibrosis[J/OL]. Pulm Circ, 2022, 12(2): e12054 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35514781/. DOI: 10.1002/pul2.12054.
[27]
GLANDORF J, BRUNZEMA F, KLIMEŠ F, et al. Influence of gadolinium, field-strength and sequence type on quantified perfusion values in phase-resolved functional lung MRI[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2023, 18(8): e0288744 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37527251/. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288744.
[28]
HAHN J J, VOSKREBENZEV A, BEHRENDT L, et al. Sequence comparison of spoiled gradient echo and balanced steady-state free precession for pulmonary free-breathing proton MRI in patients and healthy volunteers: Correspondence, repeatability, and validation with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI[J/OL]. NMR Biomed, 2024, 37(11): e5209 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38994704/. DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5209.
[29]
MOHER ALSADY T, RUSCHEPAUL J, VOSKREBENZEV A, et al. Estimating ventilation correlation coefficients in the lungs using PREFUL-MRI in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and healthy adults[J]. Magn Reson Med, 2024, 91(5): 2142-2152. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29982.
[30]
KLIMEŠ F, KERN A L, VOSKREBENZEV A, et al. Free-breathing 3D phase-resolved functional lung MRI vsbreath-hold hyperpolarized 129Xe ventilation MRI in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseand healthy volunteers[J]. Eur Radiol, 2025, 35(2): 943-956. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-024-10893-3.
[31]
VOSKREBENZEV A, KAIREIT T F, KLIMEŠ F, et al. PREFUL MRI depicts dual bronchodilator changes in COPD: a retrospective analysis of a randomized controlled trial[J/OL]. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging, 2022, 4(2): e210147 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35506142/. DOI: 10.1148/ryct.210147.
[32]
VOSKREBENZEV A, KAIREIT T F, KLEIN M M, et al. Phase-resolved functional lung MRI detects single-dose and sustained bronchodilator responses in COPD in a randomized crossover trial[J/OL]. Eur Radiol, 2026 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42159704/. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-026-12604-6.
[33]
WERNZ M M, VOSKREBENZEV A, MÜLLER R A, et al. Feasibility, repeatability, and correlation to lung function of phase-resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI-derived pulmonary artery pulse wave velocity measurements[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2024, 60(5): 2216-2228. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29337.
[34]
PÖHLER G H, LÖFFLER F, KLIMEŠ F, et al. Validation of phase-resolved functional lung (PREFUL) magnetic resonance imaging pulse wave transit time compared to echocardiography in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2022, 56(2): 605-615. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28016.
[35]
VOSKREBENZEV A, GUTBERLET M, KLIMEŠ F, et al. Comparison of phase-resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI and CT parametric response mapping (PRM) in COSYCONET COPD[J]. Eur Radiol, 2026, 36(7): 5454-5468. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-026-12429-3.
[36]
VOSKREBENZEV A, KLIMEŠ F, WACKER F, et al. Phase-resolved functional lung MRI for pulmonary ventilation and perfusion (V/Q) assessment[J/OL]. J Vis Exp, 2024(210) [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39185874/. DOI: 10.3791/66380.
[37]
BEHRENDT L, VOSKREBENZEV A, KLIMEŠ F, et al. Validation of automated perfusion-weighted phase-resolved functional lung (PREFUL)-MRI in patients with pulmonary diseases[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2020, 52(1): 103-114. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27027.
[38]
DUAN J H, XIE S, SUN H L, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of perfusion-weighted phase-resolved functional lung magnetic resonance imaging in patients with chronic pulmonary embolism[J/OL]. Front Med, 2023, 10: 1256925 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37822465/. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1256925.
[39]
DUAN J H, LIU L Y, GUO S J, et al. Evaluation of pulmonary perfusion and ventilation in suspected chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension via phase-resolved functional lung magnetic resonance imaging: correlations with hemodynamics and cardiopulmonary function[J]. Quant Imaging Med Surg, 2025, 15(8): 7169-7182. DOI: 10.21037/qims-2024-2750.
[40]
PÖHLER G H, KLIMES F, VOSKREBENZEV A, et al. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension perioperative monitoring using phase-resolved functional lung (PREFUL)-MRI[J]. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2020, 52(2): 610-619. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27097.
[41]
MOHER ALSADY T, VOSKREBENZEV A, BEHRENDT L, et al. Multicenter standardization of phase-resolved functional lung MRI in patients with suspected chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2024, 59(6): 1953-1964. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28995.
[42]
BARKOUS B, BRIKI C, BOUBAKRI S, et al. Routine pulmonary lung function tests: Interpretative strategies and challenges[J/OL]. Chron Respir Dis, 2024, 21: 14799731241307252 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39644209/. DOI: 10.1177/14799731241307252.
[43]
OUYANG T, CAO H J, YANG Q. The value of phase-resolved functional lung MRI in the quantitative assessment of pulmonary perfusion and ventilation defects in restrictive ventilatory dysfunction[J]. Chin J Radiol, 2025, 59(7): 757-764. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112149-20250205-00065.
[44]
OUYANG T, LIU Q M, ZHANG H M, et al. Quantitative phase-resolved functional lung MRI prediction of disease progression in connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease[J/OL]. Radiology, 2026, 319(1): e253337 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42048592/. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.253337.
[45]
MUECKE R, SHAHZADI I, ASSMANN G, et al. Diagnostic significance of phase-resolved functional lung low-field magnetic resonance imaging in comparison to photon-counting CT and pulmonary function tests in connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung diseases[J/OL]. J Thorac Imaging, 2026, 41(3): e0872 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41486483/. DOI: 10.1097/RTI.0000000000000872.
[46]
OUYANG T, WANG Y R, ZHANG H M, et al. Ventilation and perfusion defects on phase-resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI predict silicosis progression: a prospective pilot study[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2026, 63(4): 1177-1187. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.70183.
[47]
MATHESON A M, JOHNSTONE J, NIEDBALSKI P J, et al. New frontiers in asthma chest imaging[J/OL]. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2025, 155(2): 241-254.e1 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39709032/. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.12.1067.
[48]
FRIEDLANDER Y, MUNIDASA S, THAKAR A, et al. Phase-resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI to quantify ventilation: feasibility and physiological relevance in severe asthma[J]. Acad Radiol, 2024, 31(8): 3416-3426. DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2024.01.039.
[49]
FOO C T, LANGTON D, DONOVAN G M, et al. Assessment of ventilation heterogeneity in severe asthma using phase-resolved functional lung magnetic resonance imaging[J/OL]. Physiol Rep, 2025, 13(12): e70423 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40534189/. DOI: 10.14814/phy2.70423.
[50]
MCINTOSH M J, BIANCANIELLO A, KOONER H K, et al. 129Xe MRI ventilation defects in asthma: what is the upper limit of normal and minimal clinically important difference [J]. Acad Radiol, 2023, 30(12): 3114-3123. DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2023.03.010.
[51]
MUNIDASA S, ZANETTE B, DUMAS M P, et al. Comparison of 3D UTE free-breathing lung MRI with hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI in pediatric cystic fibrosis[J]. Magn Reson Med, 2025, 93(2): 775-787. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.30299.
[52]
ESCOBAR N S, RATJEN F. An update on multiple breath washout in children with cystic fibrosis[J]. Expert Rev Respir Med, 2024, 18(12): 1061-1071. DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2024.2445683.
[53]
MUNIDASA S, ZANETTE B, COUCH M, et al. Inter- and intravisit repeatability of free-breathing MRI in pediatric cystic fibrosis lung disease[J]. Magn Reson Med, 2023, 89(5): 2048-2061. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29566.
[54]
KLIMEŠ F, VOSKREBENZEV A, GUTBERLET M, et al. Effect of CFTR modulator therapy with elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor on pulmonary ventilation derived by 3D phase-resolved functional lung MRI in cystic fibrosis patients[J]. Eur Radiol, 2024, 34(1): 80-89. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-09912-6.
[55]
MUNIDASA S, ALAM F, ZANETTE B, et al. Comparison of phase-resolved functional lung (PREFUL) and hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI for longitudinal monitoring of lung function in pediatric cystic fibrosis following elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor[J]. Pediatr Radiol, 2025, 55(13): 2800-2812. DOI: 10.1007/s00247-025-06390-4.
[56]
GREENLAND J R, PERCH M, HALLORAN K, et al. Considerations for endpoints in lung transplant clinical trials: an ISHLT consensus statement[J/OL]. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2026, 45(2): e104-e128 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41400593/. DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2025.09.017.
[57]
VOSKREBENZEV A, GREER M, GUTBERLET M, et al. Detection of chronic lung allograft dysfunction using ventilation-weighted Fourier decomposition MRI[J]. Am J Transplant, 2018, 18(8): 2050-2060. DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14759.
[58]
MOHER ALSADY T, VOSKREBENZEV A, GREER M, et al. MRI-derived regional flow-volume loop parameters detect early-stage chronic lung allograft dysfunction[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2019, 50(6): 1873-1882. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26799.
[59]
VOGEL-CLAUSSEN J, KAIREIT T F, VOSKREBENZEV A, et al. Phase-resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI-derived ventilation and perfusion parameters predict future lung transplant loss[J/OL]. Radiology, 2023, 307(4): e221958 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37070996/. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.221958.
[60]
BRUNELLI A, HARDAVELLA G, HUBER R M, et al. European Respiratory Society and European Society of Thoracic Surgeons clinical practice guideline on fitness for curative intent treatment of lung cancer[J/OL]. Eur Respir J, 2025, 66(5): 2500156 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41232938/. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00156-2025.
[61]
KWON O B, LEE H U, PARK H E, et al. Predicting postoperative lung function in patients with lung cancer using imaging biomarkers[J/OL]. Diseases, 2024, 12(4): 65 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38667523/. DOI: 10.3390/diseases12040065.
[62]
JIA Y Z, HAO Q M, WANG F, et al. Dual-phase computed tomography imaging for lung function assessment in patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2025, 14(2): 480-490. DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-24-871.
[63]
SOMMER G, BAUMAN G, KOENIGKAM-SANTOS M, et al. Non-contrast-enhanced preoperative assessment of lung perfusion in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer using Fourier decomposition magnetic resonance imaging[J/OL]. Eur J Radiol, 2013, 82(12): e879-e887 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24041434/. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.06.030.
[64]
KLAAR R, RABE M, GAASS T, et al. Ventilation and perfusion MRI at a 0.35 T MR-Linac: feasibility and reproducibility study[J/OL]. Radiat Oncol, 2023, 18(1): 58 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37013541/. DOI: 10.1186/s13014-023-02244-1.
[65]
KLAAR R, RABE M, STÜBER A T, et al. MRI-based ventilation and perfusion imaging to predict radiation-induced pneumonitis in lung tumor patients at a 0.35T MR-Linac[J/OL]. Radiother Oncol, 2024, 199: 110468 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39111637/. DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2024.110468.
[66]
BI S Y, YUAN Q Q, DAI Z T, et al. Advances in CT-based lung function imaging for thoracic radiotherapy[J/OL]. Front Oncol, 2024, 14: 1414337 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39286020/. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1414337.
[67]
NEUPANE T, CASTILLO E, CHEN Y X, et al. Predicting radiation pneumonitis in lung cancer patients using robust 4DCT-ventilation and perfusion imaging[J/OL]. Radiother Oncol, 2025, 212: 111110 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40902906/. DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2025.111110.
[68]
WANG C, LI H D, XIAO S, et al. Abnormal dynamic ventilation function of COVID-19 survivors detected by pulmonary free-breathing proton MRI[J]. Eur Radiol, 2022, 32(8): 5297-5307. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-022-08605-w.
[69]
LÉVY S, HEISS R, GRIMM R, et al. Free-breathing low-field MRI of the lungs detects functional alterations associated with persistent symptoms after COVID-19 infection[J]. Invest Radiol, 2022, 57(11): 742-751. DOI: 10.1097/RLI.0000000000000892.
[70]
OUYANG T, TANG Y C, KLIMES F, et al. Phase-resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI may reveal distinct pulmonary perfusion defects in postacute COVID-19 syndrome: sex, hospitalization, and dyspnea heterogeneity[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2025, 61(2): 851-862. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29458.
[71]
OUYANG T, HUANG Z H, WEI S X, et al. Longitudinal assessment of pulmonary perfusion and ventilation defects in long COVID: a one-year study using phase-resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI[J/OL]. Comput Biol Med, 2025, 199: 111316 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41253056/. DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.111316.
[72]
PÖHLER G H, VOSKREBENZEV A, HEINZE M L, et al. Phase-resolved functional lung MRI reveals distinct lung perfusion phenotype in children and adolescents with post-COVID-19 condition[J/OL]. Radiology, 2025, 314(2): e241596 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39998374/. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.241596.
[73]
KRAUS C, TAN L N, HINSEN M, et al. Longitudinal functional lung imaging in children with Post-COVID-19 syndrome[J/OL]. Mol Cell Pediatr, 2026, 13(1): 4 [2026-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41618035/. DOI: 10.1186/s40348-025-00216-x.

PREV Advances in magnetic resonance imaging research on the "epileptic heart" based on the brain-heart axis
NEXT Advances in the application of radiomics and deep learning in inflammatory bowel disease
  


LINK


Tel & Fax: +8610-67113815    E-mail: editor@cjmri.cn