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临床研究
Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI鉴别肝脏良恶性病灶的临床应用价值
许永生 刘海峰 黎金葵 王梦书 南江 郭奇虹 雷军强

许永生,刘海峰,黎金葵,等. Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI鉴别肝脏良恶性病灶的临床应用价值.磁共振成像, 2018, 9(7): 506-511. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2018.07.005.


[摘要] 目的 探究磁共振平扫成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)、高b值扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)、钆塞酸二钠(gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid,Gd-EOB-DTPA)动态增强MRI诊断肝脏良恶性病灶的价值,以期为临床精确诊断及治疗提供参考。材料与方法 回顾性分析68例患者的96个肝脏病灶,所有患者均接受上述检查,根据检查方式的组合分为3组:A组,MRI平扫+DWI;B组,MRI平扫+Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强;C组,MRI平扫+DWI+Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强+肝胆期图像,由2名研究人员独立分析肝脏病灶的信号及增强特点后,应用卡方检验比较A、B、C组诊断肝脏恶性病灶的敏感度、特异度。结果 (1)经病理证实良恶性病灶分别有32、64个,其中肝细胞肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC) 47个、不典型增生结节(dysplastic nodule,DN)12个、肝血管瘤10个、肝内胆管细胞癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC) 8个、混合型肝细胞-胆管癌(intrahepatocellular carcinoma cholangiocarcinoma,HCC-ICC) 6个、再生结节(regenerative nodule,RN)7个、恶性淋巴瘤2个,肝脏转移瘤、淋巴滤泡瘤样增生、肝脓肿、肝腺瘤各1个;(2) A、B、C组各检出61 (95.4%)、61 (95.4%)、64(100%)个恶性病灶,其诊断恶性病灶的敏感度、特异度分别为87.5% (56/64)、50.0% (16/32),71.9% (46/64)、75.0% (24/32)、96.9% (62/64)、75.0% (24/32),除B与C组之间诊断肝脏恶性病灶的特异度不存在差异外(P=1),A、B、C三组之间诊断肝脏恶性病灶的敏感度和特异度两两比较结果均具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论 Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强结合MRI平扫、DWI能显示肝脏恶性病灶的典型影像学特点,对诊断肝脏良恶性病灶具有较高的临床应用价值。
[Abstract] Objective: To evaluate the values of unenhanced MRI, high-b-value diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MRI in diagnosis of focal liver lesions.Materials and Methods: Sixty-eight patients with 96 focal hepatic lesions were enrolled in this study. The images were analyzed by three methods: method A included the combined reading of unenhanced, DWI images, method B considered unenhanced, dynamic enhanced phase images, method C considered unenhanced, DWI, dynamic enhanced phase and hepatobiliary phase images. Two experienced abdominal radiologists who were independent reviewed the images. Sensitivity and specificity were cmpared by χ2 test.Results: Histopathology of the lesions,there were hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, n=47), dysplastic nodule (DN, n=12), hemangioma (n=10), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC, n=8), intrahepatocellular carcinoma-cholangiocarcinoma (HCC-ICC, n=6), regenerative nodule (RN, n=7), malignant lymphoma (n=2) and metastases, lymphoid follicular hyperplasia, abscess, adenoma for one case each. 61, 61, 64 malignant neoplasms were characterized by methods A, B and C, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity was 87.5% (56/64), 50.0% (16/32), 71.9% (46/64), 75.0% (24/32), 96.9% (62/64), 75.0% (24/32) respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of diagnosing malignant lesions of liver in three groups were statistically different (P< 0.05) except for the difference in the specificity between group B and group C (P=1).Conclusions: Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MRI, unenhanced MRI and high-b-value diffusion-weighted imagings (DWI) showed typical imaging features, which were best sanning methods in diagnosis of focal liver lesions.
[关键词] 肝肿瘤;磁共振成像;造影剂
[Keywords] Liver neoplasms;Magnetic resonance imaging;Contrast media

许永生 兰州大学第一医院放射科,兰州 730000;兰州大学第一临床医学院,兰州 730000

刘海峰 兰州大学第一医院放射科,兰州 730000;兰州大学第一临床医学院,兰州 730000

黎金葵 兰州大学第一医院放射科,兰州 730000

王梦书 兰州大学第一医院放射科,兰州 730000

南江 兰州大学第一医院放射科,兰州 730000

郭奇虹 兰州大学第一医院放射科,兰州 730000

雷军强* 兰州大学第一医院放射科,兰州 730000

通讯作者:雷军强,E-mail :leijq1990@163.com


基金项目: 甘肃省科技厅自然科学基金项目 编号:1506RJZA265
收稿日期:2018-02-13
接受日期:2018-03-15
中图分类号:R445.2; R735.7 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2018.07.005
许永生,刘海峰,黎金葵,等. Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI鉴别肝脏良恶性病灶的临床应用价值.磁共振成像, 2018, 9(7): 506-511. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2018.07.005.

       肝脏恶性病灶居世界恶性肿瘤发病率第五位[1],占肿瘤相关性死亡率第三位,肝脏恶性病灶5年生存率仅有10%,而且其发病率和死亡率呈逐年增长的趋势[2],因此肝脏恶性、良性肿瘤的正确鉴别对临床治疗方式的选择及患者预后判断具有极其重要的意义。大量研究表明[3,4,5],磁共振成像平扫、MRI动态增强及扩散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)越来越多应用于肝脏病灶的诊断。近年来钆塞酸二钠(gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid ,Gd-EOB-DTPA)作为新型肝脏特异性增强对比剂能够评估病灶血供情况[5],同时其特有的肝胆期能通过肝内病灶的对比剂摄取情况鉴别诊断肝脏病灶良恶性[6,7],因此Gd-EOB-DTPA越来越广泛应用于临床诊断。本研究探究MRI平扫、高b值DWI成像及Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强MRI诊断肝脏良恶性病灶的准确性,以期为临床诊断及治疗提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 临床资料

       纳入2015年5月至2017年10月在本院行MRI平扫、DWI (b=800 s/mm2)、Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强及肝胆期扫描的68例患者共计96个病灶,其中男48例、女20例,年龄29~83岁,平均(52.3± 10.2)岁,肝内病灶直径0.6~12.8 cm,平均(3.35± 2.14) cm ,85例经手术、11例经穿刺活检证实肝脏病灶良恶性。由2名放射科医师分析其影像学表现,并与病理结果对照,如产生分歧,则通过讨论解决。

1.2 检查设备及参数

       采用Siemens Skyra 3.0 T扫描仪,表面阵相控阵线圈。被检查者取仰卧位,头先进。扫描范围从膈顶至肝下缘,对比剂为Gd-EOB-DTPA(商品名Primovist,普美显,德国拜耳先灵公司),规格为10 ml/瓶,浓度为0.25 mol/l,68例患者依次行MRI平扫、DWI、Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强和延迟20 min扫描。MRI平扫采用脂肪抑制(fat suppression,FS)技术行TSE T2WI和三维容积内插屏气检查(three-dimensional volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination,3D VIBE)。Gd-EOB-DTPA增强扫描:经外周静脉团注Gd-EOB-DTPA,剂量0.1 ml/kg体重,注射流率2 ml/s,随后立即用20 ml生理盐水以相同注射流率冲洗,以保证所用对比剂全部进入患者体内。注射后15~20 s(动脉期)、60~70 s(门静脉期)和180 s(平衡期)分别行3D FS VIBE全肝扫描,参数同平扫。注射后3~20 min之间行TSE T2WI和DWI扫描。注射后20 min行横轴面及冠状面脂肪抑制3D VIBE和全肝扫描。扫描序列及参数见表1

表1  磁共振扫描序列及参数
Tab. 1  Magnetic resonance imaging pulse sequence parameters

1.3 图像分析

       由2名从事腹部影像诊断的医师独立分析图像,有争议经讨论达成共识,并与病理结果对照。根据检查方式的组合分为3组:A组,MRI平扫+DWI;B组,MRI平扫+Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强;C组,MRI平扫+DWI+Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强+肝胆期图像。

       肝脏病灶诊断为恶性的标准:A组,病灶弥散受限,即病灶DWI信号高于周围肝实质,同时ADC图呈低信号;B组,病灶强化模式符合"快进快出"表现,动脉期病灶信号高于周围肝实质(快进),门脉期或延迟期病灶信号低于周围的肝实质(快出);C组,在A组与B组的基础上,结合Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强MRI相关文献[7,8],诊断标准为(四者符合其中之一):(1)满足A组条件;(2)病灶强化模式符合"快进快出"表现;(3)病灶动脉期强化,门静脉期或平衡期等信号,肝胆期低信号;(4)病灶动脉期无明显强化,门静脉期或平衡期低信号,肝胆期低信号。

1.4 统计学分析

       采用SPSS 22.0统计分析软件,采用Mann-Whitney U检验分析肝脏良恶性病灶在T1WI、T2WI、DWI及肝胆期图像上信号差异,同时分析良恶性病灶Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强特点,P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义;分别计算A、B、C组诊断肝脏恶性病灶的敏感度、特异度、诊断准确率,对A、B、C组的敏感度、特异度采用卡方检验进行比较。

2 结果

2.1 68例患者共96个病灶病理结果

       恶性病灶64个,其中肝细胞肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)47个、肝内胆管细胞癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC)8个、混合型肝细胞癌-胆管癌(intrahepatocellular carcinoma cholangiocarcinoma,HCC-ICC)6个、恶性淋巴瘤2个,肝转移瘤1例;良性病灶32个,其中不典型增生结节(dysplastic nodule,DN)12个、肝血管瘤10个、再生结节(regenerative nodule,RN)7个,肝脓肿、淋巴滤泡瘤样增生、肝腺瘤各1个。

2.2 病灶的影像特点

       病灶在MRI平扫、DWI、肝胆期图像上的信号及Gd-EOB-DRPA动态增强特点见表2图1图2),57 (89%)个恶性和30 (94%)个良性病灶在T1WI上呈低信号,差异不具有统计学意义(P=0.494);在T2WI上呈高信号的恶性和良性病灶分别有57 (89%)个、32 (100%)个,差异无统计学意义(P=0.053);Gd-EOB-DRPA动态增强表现为"快进快出"的病灶51(80%)个为恶性,7 (22%)个为良性,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000) ;62(97%)个恶性和26(81%)个良性病灶在DWI图像上为高信号,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.009);在肝胆期图像上呈低信号的恶性和良性病灶分别有63 (98%)个、26 (100%)个,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.002)。A、B、C组诊断肝脏恶性病灶的敏感度、特异度、准确率见表3,除B与C组诊断肝脏恶性病灶的特异度差异无统计学意义外(P=1),其余三组之间诊断肝脏恶性病灶的敏感度和特异度两两比较差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

图1  患者男,52岁。A:T1WI示病灶呈低信号;B:T2WI示病灶呈高信号;C:Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强动脉期示病灶明显强化;D:门脉期示病灶呈相对低信号;E:肝胆期病灶呈低信号;F:DWI示病灶呈高信号;G:病理诊断为肝细胞肝癌(HE ×100倍)
图2  患者男,63岁。A:T1WI示病灶呈等信号;B:T2WI示病灶呈高信号;C: Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强动脉期示病灶明显强化;D:门脉期示病灶呈相对低信号;E:肝胆期病灶呈低信号,与周围高信号肝实质对比明显;F:DWI示病灶呈稍高信号;G:病理诊断为不典型增生结节(dysplastic nodule,DN)(HE ×100)
Fig. 1  52-year-old man with hepatocellular carcinom. A, B: On T1-(A) and T2-weighted (B) images, lesion shows hypo- and hyperintensity, respectively, compared with surrounding liver parenchyma in right liver. C: On gadoxetic acid-enhanced arterial phase image, lesion shows hypervascular enhancement. D, E: On portal venous phase hypointensity (D) and hepatobiliary phase image (E), lesion shows hypointensity compared with surrounding liver parenchyma. F: On high-b-value diffusion-weighted imaging (b value, 800 s/mm2), lesion shows hyperintensity compared with surrounding liver parenchyma. G: Histologic slice reveals early HCC. (HE ×100).
Fig. 2  63-year-old man with dysplastic nodule. A, B: On T1-(A) and T2-weighted (B) images, lesion shows iso- and hyperintensity, respectively, compared with surrounding liver parenchyma in right liver. C: On gadoxetic acid-enhanced arterial phase image, lesion shows hypervascular enhancement. D, E: On portal venous phase hypointensity (D) and hepatobiliary phase image (E), lesion shows hypointensity compared with surrounding liver parenchyma. F: On high-b-value diffusion-weighted imaging (b value, 800 s/mm2), lesion shows hyperintensity compared with surrounding liver parenchyma. G: Histologic slice reveals dysplastic nodule (HE ×100).
表2  肝脏局灶性病灶的平扫、DWI、肝胆期信号强度及Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强MRI特点
Tab. 2  Signal intensity of focal liver lesions compared with liver parenchyma on unenhanced, diffusion-weighted imaging (b value, 800 s/mm2), hepatobiliary phase images, gadoxetic acid dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI
表3  三组图像诊断肝脏局灶性病灶的敏感度、特异度、准确率
Tab. 3  sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for diagnosing focal liver lesions in three groups of images

3 讨论

       在本研究中,57 (89%)个恶性和30 (94%)个良性病灶在T1WI图像上呈低信号,肝内良恶性病灶T1WI图像特点差异不具有统计学意义(P=0.494) ;恶性和良性病灶在T2WI图像呈高信号分别有57(89%)个、32 (100%)个,其T2WI表现无显著差异(P=0.053),结果表明MR平扫T1WI、T2WI有助于发现病灶,但对病灶的定性价值有限。

3.1 DWI鉴别诊断肝脏良恶性病灶的临床应用价值

       DWI可反映水分子扩散能力的大小,大量研究证实,恶性肿瘤的平均ADC值明显低于良性肿瘤,DWI呈高信号,可能与其组织病理学特征有关:恶性肿瘤细胞密集,胞外基质少,且细胞核大、深染、异型性高,从而使胞内和胞外水分子扩散空间减少,ADC值降低,在DWI呈高信号,而良性病变则相反,水分子扩散受限程度较低,因此有助于肝脏良恶性病灶的鉴别[9]。本研究的结果DWI诊断恶性病灶的敏感度为87.5%,特异度为50%,均低于Chen等[10]Meta分析结果(敏感度93%,特异度87%),笔者认为造成这种差异是由于纳入病例、扫描机器和序列参数等不同,导致纳入典型病灶多少及获得图像质量不同所致。同时Jiang等[11]的研究发现不同分化程度的肝细胞肝癌的ADC值具有显著差异,证明了DWI有助于术前评估肝细胞肝癌的病理分级。

3.2 Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强MRI鉴别诊断肝脏良恶性病灶的价值

       Gd-EOB-DTPA增强动态期与常规钆对比剂相同,可用于评估病灶血供情况;在肝胆期正常功能肝细胞选择性摄取Gd-EOB-DTPA,而肝细胞功能减退或缺失的病灶不摄取或少量摄取,肝胆期表现为低或稍低信号,因此其对肝脏病灶的检出及定性诊断具有重要价值[12]。Guo等[13]Meta分析比较了动态增强CT和Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI诊断肝细胞肝癌的临床价值,其中Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI诊断肝细胞肝癌的敏感度为86% (P<0.05),特异度均为94%;而本研究发现Gd-EOB-DRPA动态增强诊断恶性病灶的敏感度(71.5%)、特异度(75%)均比Guo等[13]的研究结果低(P <0.05),可能与国内应用Gd-EOB-DTPA经验较国外少有关,但结果均表明Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI对诊断肝脏病灶具有较高的临床价值。

3.3 Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强MRI联合DWI鉴别诊断肝脏良恶性病灶的价值

       尽管Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI肝胆期成像对肝脏恶性病灶具有较高的诊断符合率,但应用肝胆期低信号诊断肝脏恶性病灶的特异性不高[14]。囊肿、血管瘤、肝腺瘤、转移瘤等在肝胆期均可表现为低信号;肝胆期高信号病变包括肝脏局灶增生性结节、肝腺瘤、再生结节、高分化肝癌等[15]。而单独应用DWI鉴别诊断肝脏良恶性病灶也有缺陷,与颅脑相比,肝脏DWI的质量往往较低,所获得DWI的信噪比低;其次在肝脏与气体的界面上有明显的磁敏感伪影[16]。Li等[17]Meta分析合并的Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强MRI联合DWI诊断肝细胞肝癌的敏感度(88%)、特异度(96%),本研究同样扫描组合的敏感度(96.9%)比Li等[17]的研究结果高,但特异度(75%)低于其研究结果。本研究中3个肝细胞肝癌病灶(最大直径<2.0 cm)在应用MRI平扫、DWI及Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强时未发现,而在肝胆期发现,表明其肝胆期成像在减少肝脏病灶漏诊方面具有较高的临床价值。

3.4 本研究的局限性

       (1)仅纳入了同时行MRI、DWI、Gd-EOB-DTPA增强及延迟20 min肝胆期扫描并经手术或穿刺获取病理组织的患者,因此在纳入患者时存在选择性偏倚。(2)样本量小,未进行不同肝脏病灶信号强度的比较。(3)本研究尚未进一步研究及解释导致影像学表现重叠的病灶的病理生理机理。虽然存在上述问题,但笔者认为并不影响本研究的主要结果。同时,上述不足也是笔者所在团队下一步研究的主要方向。

       综上所述,Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强结合MRI平扫、DWI图像能显示肝脏恶性病灶的典型影像学特点,且诊断准确率较单独的MRI平扫和DWI成像高,具有较高的临床应用价值,从而有助于制定更精确和更合理的治疗方案。

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