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MRI新技术在直肠癌临床应用研究进展
宋新红 王培源

宋新红,王培源. MRI新技术在直肠癌临床应用研究进展.磁共振成像, 2018, 9(7): 550-555 . DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2018.07.012.


[摘要] 直肠癌是最常见的胃肠道肿瘤。准确的TN分期不仅可以指导治疗方案的制订,还可以预测术后复发及评估预后。MRI是目前直肠癌最准确的术前分期影像检查手段。应用于胃肠道的MRI新扫描技术,如高分辨率MRI、体素内不相干运动扩散加权成像、动态增强磁共振成像等,可以提高直肠癌术前TN分期的准确性,降低术后复发率,改善患者预后。作者对这些新技术在直肠癌临床诊疗、疗效评价及预后评估方面的应用研究进行综述。
[Abstract] Rectal cancer is the most common gastrointestinal malignant tumors in China. At present, MRI is the most accurate method for rectal cancer staging. MRI new technology which is used on gastrointestinal, such as high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, have improved the diagnostic accuracy which can reduce recurrence and improve outcome. We in this article reviewed the clinical application of the above MRI new technology.
[关键词] 直肠肿瘤;磁共振成像
[Keywords] Rectal neoplasms;Magnetic resonance imaging

宋新红 滨州医学院烟台附属医院医学影像科,烟台 264100

王培源* 滨州医学院烟台附属医院医学影像科,烟台 264100

通讯作者:王培源,E-mail:wangpeiyuan1640@163.com


基金项目: 山东省医药卫生科技发展计划项目 编号:2016WS0055 山东省自然科学基金 编号:ZR2018MH034
收稿日期:2017-11-16
接受日期:2018-04-27
中图分类号:R445.2; R735.37 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2018.07.012
宋新红,王培源. MRI新技术在直肠癌临床应用研究进展.磁共振成像, 2018, 9(7): 550-555 . DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2018.07.012.

       结直肠癌已成为严重威胁我国人民健康和生活质量的主要疾病之一,在我国总发病率为第五位、总死亡率为第四位[1],其中直肠癌约占60%[2]。2012年第八届上海国际结直肠癌高峰论坛公布的权威数据显示:我国结直肠癌的发病率呈现逐年上升趋势并明显高于国际水平,且越来越多病例为年轻患者。直肠癌术前精准影像学评估、新辅助治疗(neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy,NCRT)及全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)在临床的广泛应用,明显提高了治疗效果,改善了患者预后及降低复发率[3]。目前的研究热点是如何准确术前评估、制订合理的个体化治疗方案,进一步提高手术效果。直肠内超声检查被认为是评估肿瘤浸润深度的参考标准,但声波穿透的深度限制使其对中晚期肿瘤分期价值有限[4];CT在直肠癌远处转移方面有明显优势,但在直肠壁结构及肿瘤周围浸润方面的作用有限[5]。MRI良好的组织分辨率能够更好地显示直肠壁及周围浸润性改变,尤其是高分辨率MRI(high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging,HR-MRI)、体素内不相干运动扩散加权成像(intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion weighted imaging,IVIM-DWI)、动态增强磁共振成像(dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging,DCE-MRI)、扩散峰度磁共振成像(diffusional kurtosis imaging,DKI)、磁共振波谱(magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS)及影像组学(radiomics)等成像技术的发展,使得MRI已成为直肠癌临床诊治及预后全面评估最有效的影像学手段。笔者就这些MRI新技术对直肠癌治疗前诊断、疗效评价及预后评估方面的临床应用研究进行综述。

1 MRI新技术对直肠癌治疗前诊断价值研究

       直肠癌的局部分期主要为评估肿瘤对肠壁的浸润程度、环状切缘的预测以及淋巴结受累情况。按照美国国立综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)指南2017版规定,不同TN分期的直肠癌患者治疗方案有显著的不同[6],最佳个体化治疗方案的制订均应以影像学提供的术前分期为依据。目前,临床上的直肠癌分期标准为国际抗癌联盟(International Union Against Cancer,UICC)和美国癌症联合委员会(American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC)于2010年联合制定的第7版TNM分期标准[7]。NCCN直肠癌诊疗指南还指出局部进展期直肠癌的患者,应在手术前接受新辅助放化疗[7],T1/T2分期直肠癌直接进行手术。有研究指出,TN分期不仅能决定是否进行辅助放化疗,还能判定患者术后疗效;随着T分期的增加及淋巴结转移数目增加患者生存率下降[8]。T分期中的环周切缘(circumferential resection margin,CRM)阳性可以预测直肠癌的局部浸润及术后复发[9,10]。1982年Heald提出全TME的概念,现TME已发展成了直肠癌手术的金标准[11]。由于TME存在许多术后并发症与并术后复发率有关,因此NCRT后再进行TN分期可为个性化治疗提供依据[12]

1.1 HR-MRI对直肠癌治疗前诊断价值

       HR-MRI是采用小视野、薄层、垂直或平行于肠管长轴扫描的T2WI成像,是国外临床患者术前评估的常规检查方式[13]。3.0 T HR-MRI技术明显提升空间分辨率,高信号的黏膜下层与低信号的肌层对比明显,使鉴别T1期与T2期成为可能[14],但是HR-MRI在诊断早期直肠癌,特别是T1期直肠癌仍存在局限性[15]。国内外研究表明HR-MRI对直肠癌T分期的准确率可达83.7%~90.54%[14,15,16]。Low等[16]对48例直肠癌患者回顾性研究显示,对于肿瘤浸润深度的判定,MRI与病理结果的一致性为86%。T分期存在的主要误区是T1/2期过分期、T3/4期分期不足,可能是因为影像医生对TN分期临界面(黏膜下层、肌层、肠周脂肪、周围器官及盆腔)的判断存在主观因素。T2及T3期的鉴别是能否进行NCRT的标准之一,同时也是目前影像学研究T分期鉴别的重点及难点[17]。MRI上T2和T3期分期错误主要由肠壁及周围结构改变类似肿瘤浸润引起,如:肿瘤周围局部纤维化、反应性炎症、继发性感染及血管病变等。孙应实等[17]与王晓阳等[18]研究结果显示,HR-MRI检查中肿瘤结节状突入肠周脂肪侧是直肠癌T3分期的可靠征象。T4期肿瘤信号在肠周脂肪对比下易于分辨,分期准确率为95%~100%。HR-MRI可以对肿瘤本身、肠壁外的浸润、淋巴结转移、直肠系膜筋膜受累和血管浸润等多个预后危险因素进行准确的评估。

       CRM阳性是直肠癌局部复发的独立危险因素[10]。CRM是指直肠癌肿瘤浸润最外缘到直肠系膜切缘间的最短距离,当此距离<1 mm为CRM阳性。HR-MRI垂直肿瘤方向扫描可以更准确地显示CRM,Tsai等[19]研究结果显示HR-MRI对CRM评估的准确性为92%。Beets-Tan等[20]认为体相位阵列线圈HR-MRI是对直肠癌进行直肠系膜筋膜和CRM评估的最可信赖的方法。

       直肠癌最重要的转移途径是淋巴结转移。美国癌症联合委员会(AJCC)推荐评估10~14或12~18个淋巴结以准确评估早期直肠癌。国内外多篇研究指出淋巴结本身大小、信号、边缘及淋巴结周围脂肪信号与淋巴结转移有相关性[21,22]。目前HR-MRI可显示短径≥2 mm的淋巴结,但对淋巴结转移的诊断准确率仍然较低。淋巴结的短径大小虽是最常用的淋巴结转移指标,单独以淋巴结短径评估淋巴结转移存在假阳性或假阴性诊断[21]。在HR-MRI T2WI上非转移性淋巴结多为高信号,转移性淋巴结多为低信号[21]。直肠周围的血管、淋巴管受到癌细胞的浸润产生的纤维增生炎性反应,导致局部肠周脂肪内信号混杂,可致使难以区分转移性淋巴结与炎性反应增生性淋巴结[22]。有研究指出在NCRT前,行HR-MRI检查对肿瘤浸润及淋巴结转移情况进行评估,可以更大限度地判断预后,为直肠癌患者的个体化治疗提供保障[23]

1.2 IVIM-DWI对直肠癌治疗前诊断价值

       IVIM是近年来发展的MR功能成像新技术,由Le Bihan等[24]在DWI的基础上提出。IVIM-DWI使用双指数扩散衰减模式,克服了活体组织的生物学行为不能通过DWI单指数模型计算出的ADC值完全体现[25,26]的缺点;通过计算得到三个定量参数,分别为反映慢扩散成分的D值、快灌注成分的D*值和微循环灌注相关扩散比例的f,D*和f值反映的是组织的灌注信息[27]。IVIM-DWI最早被用于脑部,随后逐渐应用于腹部,但相关空腔脏器的研究较少。杨严伟等[28]回顾性分析应用IVIM技术检查的直肠癌患者,结果显示ADC及D值的下降与T分期的增加具有相关性。Yu等[29]认为IVIM对于直肠癌具有提示作用,且以低D值的诊断效能最高。

1.3 DCE-MRI对直肠癌治疗前诊断价值

       DCE-MRI是最常用的MR灌注成像技术[30]。MR灌注成像分为动态磁敏感对比增强MR成像、动态对比增强MR成像、动脉自旋标记MR成像三种类型。动态磁敏感对比增强MR成像不能反映首过效应之后的血管通透性及组织交换情况;动脉自旋标记MR成像信噪比、时间和空间分辨率均较低,因此这两种很少用于脑外的其他器官[31]。DCE-MRI能够充分反映组织结构的形态学及生理学(组织灌注,毛细血管通透性、细胞外血管外间隙等)特性,其MR微循环灌注成像可以准确定量评估肿瘤分化程度。

       运用Tofts模型分析所采集DCE-MRI数据,可获得动态灌注的时间-信号强度曲线,容积转运常数Ktrans、速率常数Kep、细胞外血管外间隙容积比Ve等定量参数,以及曲线下初始面积iAUC、达峰时间(time to peak,TTP)等半定量参数;其中,Ktrans是DCE-MRI反映血管通透性最常用的参数[32]。Ktrans反映对比剂从血管进入EES的速率,Kep反映对比剂从EES回流入微血管内的速率,iAUC综合反映肿瘤血流、灌注以及间质空间指数。Tofts等[32]指出随着肿瘤T分期增加,肿瘤组织的Ktrans及Kep明显增加。转移性淋巴结以轻度不均匀强化为主,非转移性淋巴结以中度强化为主。杨晓棠等[33]研究显示DCE-MRI在直肠癌T分期中的Ktrans敏感性为84.6%、特异性为100%,而Kep敏感性为100%、特异性为57%;在N分期中Ve敏感性为91.7%、特异性为80.0%。淋巴结的恶性程度越高,其微血管管壁越不完整,反映每单位ROI组织中的细胞外血管外间隙容量的Ve越高。另有报道指出HR-MRI联合DCE-MRI对术前直肠癌分期的准确性高,并能够准确判断NCRT后癌周切缘情况[34]

1.4 其他MRI新技术对直肠癌治疗前诊断价值

       DKI是一种基于活体组织内非高布斯分布的水分子扩散成像,是通过其定量参数反映水分子扩散运动能力及方向的新MR成像技术,可反映组织结构及病理生理的细微变化[35]。通过软件分析得出平行于扩散敏感梯度方向上扩散系数MD(平均表观扩散系数)及MK(平均峰度系数)。Yu等[36]指出这两组DKI参数在淋巴结转移至均低于无淋巴结转移者,其敏感度为96.97%,特异度为91.82%。有研究指出直肠癌MD明显低于正常组织,而MK明显高于正常组织,但对T分期无统计学意义;而Cui等[37]研究结果指出T3~4期的MK值明显高于T1/2期。

       影像组学(radiomics)指在采集的大量影像学图像中提取图像特征并量化、整合图像、通过多学科合作建立包含特征数据及个体数据等资料的数据库。提取的图像特征包括:(1)部位、大小、形态等传统的影像学定性术语;(2)病变组织内不可视的异质性。在直肠癌领域影像组学临床相关研究主要集中于纹理分析。纹理分析是量化图像像素的灰度统计、组织空间分布及结构等信息的一种工具,可突破肉眼观察病变的局限性,通过所得参数反映病变内部异质性。通过软件分提取图像粗细不同的纹理,得出mean(感兴趣区内像素灰度值均值)、entropy(混杂程度反应值)、Kurtosis(直方图峰态)等参数。多篇报道指出T2WI及ADC图的entropy为直肠癌壁外浸润的独立预测因子[38,39],Liu等[39]指出ADC图的entropy还是淋巴结转移的独立预测因子;钟红霞[38]指出ADC图的mean为淋巴结及神经脉管侵犯的独立预测因子。ADC图的mean值与ADC值呈正相关,mean值越小者易于达到CR,有研究指出男性较女性已达到CR。De Cecco[40]等指出Kurtosis值与ADC值呈负相关,Kurtosis值未达到CR组显著高于达到CR组。

       磁共振波谱(magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS)目前常用于研究活体组织中具有病生理作用的代谢物。目前研究最多的为1H,其随体外磁场频率分布易受胃肠道运动及腔内气体的影响,因此,MRS在直肠癌的研究较少。

2 MRI新技术对直肠癌新辅助化疗后疗效评估研究进展

       NCRT可以提高手术切除率、保肛率、局部控制率和延长无病生存期,已成为局部进展期直肠癌的标准治疗模式。根据目前直肠癌治疗原则,排除治疗禁忌证后,初治诊断为T3/4期或N+期直肠癌患者术前应接受NCRT。NCRT能够使肿瘤体积缩小并降期,有研究报道治疗后患者的病理学完全缓解(pathologic complete response,pRC)率最高可达40%[41,42]。由于NCRT后直肠黏膜下层、肌层及直肠周围筋膜放化疗损伤、邻近组织的牵拉或挤压直肠致使再分期困难。国内外多篇报道指出,DCE-MRI可以克服NCRT后再分期困难,有助于提高直肠癌放化疗后再分期的准确性[41,43,44]

       目前,对NCRT后效果评估方式主要有:依据AJCC的TNM分期标准对NCRT后病灶进行病理学再分期;根据术后标本中有无肿瘤细胞残留分为pRC和非pRC;肿瘤退缩评分(tumor regression grade,TRG)[45]系统,其中TRG在临床上应用较多。有研究指出HR-MRI T2WI联合IVIM判断达到pRC图像表现为,平扫T2WI及DWI瘤床区域未见明确肿瘤信号或高信号;HR-MRI可能将NCRT后炎性水肿T2WI高信号错判为肿瘤,但IVIM可以鉴别肿瘤与非肿瘤病变,从而提高pCR的敏感度[46]。van den Broek等[47]根据TRG评分系统对NCRT后患者行术前MRI检查并得出TN分期总体准确性为28%~47%,其中T分期的准确性为47%~68%;根据淋巴结的形态及短径对NCRT后再评估N分期的准确性较高,为68%~77%。有学者认为NCRT后达pCR的患者可免于手术治疗[8]。Hu等[48]的研究指出NCRT后pCR组的MD及MK明显低于non-pCR组,且MK的敏感度为92.9%,特异度为83.3%。张晓燕等[49]利用影像组学构建了新的NCRT后淋巴结在体评价模型,其诊断的AUC为0.795、敏感度为81.3%,特异度为69.3%,明显优于传统的评价指标。Kim等[50]研究结果显示NCRT后患者Cho峰降低。

3 MRI新技术对直肠癌预后评估价值研究进展

       目前直肠癌术后5年生存率为64.5%至68%[11,12,42,51,52,53,54]。Yuan等[42]对837例直肠癌患者术后分析得出直肠壁浸润深度、淋巴结转移数目与肿瘤预后相关。直肠癌术后生存率与肿瘤的T分期呈负相关,且T4期较其他T分期的生存率下降更显著[12]。肿瘤分期为T1/2期时患者生存率下降明显,T3/4期患者生存率明显下降[42]。随着淋巴结转移数目增多患者的生存率下降,刘启志等[53]指出当淋巴结转移数目大于4枚时,生存率明显下降。

       NCRT及TME使直肠癌的局部复发率降低,但直肠癌的5年生存率仍较低[54]。由于新辅助放化疗的直肠癌患者术后5年后仍然有部分患者会出现局部复发和远处转移,局部进展期直肠癌NCRT结束6~8周后再行TME,有助于提高手术治疗效果及减少局部复发率。这个间隔时间存在肿瘤TN分期继续下降的可能,肿瘤体积缩小,T分期降低,从而增加了肿瘤治愈的机会。有研究指出,NCRT后术前再分期的患者手术切除无肿瘤残留占15%~20%,这些患者可选择保肛手术[11]。因此NCRT后尽量采用非姑息切除术治疗,患者术后5年内仍需要定期进行HR-MRI检查。

       综上所述,治疗前准确评估直肠癌肿瘤对肠壁侵犯、淋巴结受累及环周切缘等情况不仅可以指导临床个性化治疗方案的制订,还可以评估患者预后及复发。HR-MRI、IVIM-DWI及DCE-MRI三者结合更有利提高直肠癌的术前诊断;HR-MRI结合DCE-MRI对NCRT后疗效评价及术前再分期提供重要影像依据。此外,影像组学的不断发展必将为直肠癌的诊治及预后评估提供全新的评价体系。

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