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临床研究
基于IVIM对急性缺血性脑卒中血管再通治疗后出血转化的预测
张华文 周欣 刘同辉 李朋 周琳

Cite this article as: Zhang HW, Zhou X, Liu TH, et al. Prediction of hemorrhagic transformation after revascularization in patients with acute ischemic stroke based on IVIM. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2019, 10(2): 110-114.本文引用格式:张华文,周欣,刘同辉,等.基于IVIM对急性缺血性脑卒中血管再通治疗后出血转化的预测.磁共振成像, 2019, 10(2): 110-114. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.02.007.


[摘要] 目的 探讨体素内不相干运动(introvoxel incoherent motion,IVIM)成像对预测急性缺血性脑卒中(acute ischemic stroke,AIS)血管再通治疗后出血转化(hemorrhagic transformation,HT)的意义,为临床个体化治疗提供依据。材料与方法 收集经临床/影像确诊的AIS患者60例,在血管再通治疗前行磁共振多b值扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)扫描,应用IVIM成像技术重建患侧梗死区及对侧镜像区的慢速表观扩散系数(diffusion coefficient of pure diffusion,D)、快速表观扩散系数(pseudo-diffusion coefficient、D*)、灌注分数(perfusion fraction,f)值,计算各参数的相对值(rD、rD*、rf);在治疗后3 d内行磁共振磁敏感加权成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)扫描,观察患者HT发生的情况;分析AIS患者治疗前IVIM参数与治疗后HT的关系。结果 AIS患者血管再通治疗前患侧梗死区的D、D*、f值均低于对侧镜像区,双侧比较差异有统计学意义(t=12.934、12.234、24.069,P<0.01);HT组患者治疗前梗死区的rD、rD*、rf均值低于非HT组,两者比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.982、3.090、4.656,P<0.01);应用受试者工作特性曲线分析HT组与非HT组rD、rD*、rf值的曲线下面积分别为0.798、0.822、0.883;rD最佳阈值为0.527,敏感度为76.9%,特异性为73.7%;rD*最佳阈值为0.519,敏感度为84.6%,特异性为78.9%;rf最佳阈值为0.495,敏感度为84.6%,特异性为89.5%。结论 AIS患者血管再通治疗后有HT的风险,治疗前梗死区的IVIM参数可以预测治疗后发生HT的风险,以rf值的预测效能最高。
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the significance of introvoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) imaging in predicting the hemorrhagic transformation (HT) of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) after revascularization and provide theoretical basis for individualized therapy.Materials and Methods: 60 patients with AIS confirmed by clinical or imaging examination were studied and all the patients were scanned with multi-b diffusion-weighted imaging (muti-b DWI) before revascularization. We used IVIM imaging technique to measure the three coefficients inclouding diffusion coefficient of pure diffusion (D), pseudo-diffusion coefficient (D*) and perfusion fraction (f) in infarct value and mirror region and then we calculated the relative values of each parameter (rD, rD*, rf). Further, we performed susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) within 3 days after treatment, to observe the hemorrhagic transformation and analyze the relationship between IVIM parameters and HT after treatment in patients with AIS.Results: The D, D*, f values of the infarct area on the affected side of AIS patients before revascularization were lower than those of the contralateral mirror area, even there was a significant difference between the two sides (t=12.934, 12.234, 24.069, P<0.01). the rD, rD*, rf values of the infarct area in the HT group before treatment were lower than those in the non-HT group, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (t=2.982, 3.090, 4.656, P<0.01). After taking the optimal threshold of rD 0.527, rD* 0.519 and rf 0.495, the sensitivity and the specificity were 76.9%, 73.7%; 84.6%, 78.9%; 84.6%, 89.5% respectively.Conclusions: IVIM parameters of infarct area before treatment can predict a risk of HT in patients with AIS after revascularization, even having the highest value of rf.
[关键词] 卒中;出血转化;血管再通;体素内不相干运动;机械溶栓;磁敏感加权成像;磁共振成像
[Keywords] stroke;hemorrhagic transformation;revascularization;intravoxel incoherent motion;mechanical thrombolysis;susceptibility weighted imaging;magnetic resonance imaging

张华文* 陕西省核工业二一五医院医学影像科,咸阳 712000

周欣 陕西省核工业二一五医院医学影像科,咸阳 712000

刘同辉 陕西省核工业二一五医院医学影像科,咸阳 712000

李朋 陕西省核工业二一五医院医学影像科,咸阳 712000

周琳 陕西省核工业二一五医院医学影像科,咸阳 712000

通信作者:张华文,E-mail:1579226281@qq.com

利益冲突:无。


基金项目: 陕西省科技攻关计划项目 编号:2016FS-199
收稿日期:2018-08-21
接受日期:2018-10-18
中图分类号:R445.2; R743.3 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.02.007
本文引用格式:张华文,周欣,刘同辉,等.基于IVIM对急性缺血性脑卒中血管再通治疗后出血转化的预测.磁共振成像, 2019, 10(2): 110-114. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.02.007.

       血管再通在急性缺血性脑卒中(acute ischemic stroke,AIS)治疗中起到关键的作用,特别是近年来重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(recombinant tissue plasminogen activator,rt-PA)在临床静脉溶栓中的广泛使用,明显提高了动脉血管的再通率,有效挽救了缺血区脑组织[1]。血管再通治疗会伴发严重的出血转化(hemorrhagic transformation,HT),导致患者出现不良预后[2]。HT的相关预测因素包括临床、影像和生化等指标。有研究表明[3],溶栓治疗前患者的美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(national institutes of health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分与HT的发生有一定的相关性,但其他特异性指标尚未确立。如果有影像的方法能预测AIS治疗后发生HT的风险大小,对于早期施行血管再通,减小患者的病死率和致残率有极大的临床意义。本研究基于磁共振体素内不相干运动(introvoxel incoherent motion,IVIM)成像技术,旨在预测血管再通治疗后出现HT的风险,为临床早期治疗方案的选择提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究对象

       选取2016年1月至2017年12月在我院脑卒中中心施行血管再通治疗的AIS患者60例,其中男性36例,女性24例,平均年龄(66.19±9.78)岁。纳入标准:发病时间4.5 h内,扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)单侧急性缺血性脑卒中,NIHSS评分4~25分,磁敏感加权成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)无伴发出血。排除双侧多发脑卒中、NIHSS评分大于25分、自发性出血、MRI检查禁忌证和临床指征不适合溶栓治疗的患者;剔除血管再通治疗后死亡的病例。根据血管再通治疗后SWI图像有无出血分为HT组和非HT组。本研究获得我院伦理委员会批准,所有患者于检查前签署知情同意书。

1.2 临床资料

       60例AIS患者中,发病至MRI检查平均时间为(3.45±0.28) h,发病至溶栓平均时间为(3.95±0.35) h,治疗前平均NIHSS评分为(14.56±7.63)分,治疗后NIHSS评分变化小于4分,符合2018年中华医学会卒中学会指南。病变发生于颈内动脉供血区43例,其中大脑中动脉28例;发生于椎-基底动脉供血区17例,其中大脑后动脉9例。血管再通治疗方式分为静脉溶栓36例(rt-PA 0.9 mg/kg),动脉溶栓9例(尿激酶30~50万IU/人次),机械取栓+溶栓15例。

1.3 影像学检查

       使用GE Discovery MR 750 3.0 T超导MR扫描仪,8通道头颈联合线圈。所有患者急诊行MRI扫描,包括常规轴位T1WT、T2WI、DWI (b值为1000 s/mm2)。影像确定AIS后加扫SWI、多b值DWI;血管再通治疗后患者3 d内行SWI复查。SWI/GRE参数:TR 37 ms,TE 22 ms,翻转角200° ,FOV 24 cm×24 cm,矩阵384×320,NEX 3次,层厚2 mm,层间距0 mm。多b值DWI/SE-EPI参数:TR 4000 ms,TE 90 ms,FOV 24 cm×24 cm,矩阵128×128,层厚5 mm,层间距1 mm,12个b值分别为20、50、80、100、150、200、400、800、1000、1500、2000、3000 s/mm2

1.4 图像分析

       使用GE公司AW4.6工作站,治疗前/后SWI的薄层图像经过MinIP重建,得到层厚10 mm图像;多b值DWI图像经functool软件MADC双指数模型后处理,在患侧梗死区及对侧镜像区放置感兴趣区(region of interest,ROI),ROI范围包括病变最大区域,每部位测量3次,取平均值,得到患侧及健侧选定区域的慢速表观扩散系数(diffusion coefficient of pure diffusion,D)、快速表观扩散系数(pseudo-diffusion coefficient、D*)、灌注分数(perfusion fraction,f)值,并计算相对rD、rD*、rf值(相对值=患侧值/对侧值)。

1.5 HT标准

       在AIS患者治疗前后,由2名主治医师采用双盲法对SWI重建图像进行分析,判断AIS病灶区有无低信号出血并分型,结果不一致时经协商达成一致意见。按照欧洲急性卒中协会(european cooperative acute stroke study,ECASS)标准,把HT分为出血性梗死(hemorrhagic infarction,HI)和脑内血肿(parenchymal hemorrhage,PH),其中HI-1型为梗死灶边缘点片状出血;HI-2型为梗死区域内片状出血,不伴占位效应;PH-1型为血肿小于梗死面积的30%,伴轻度占位效应;PH-2型为血肿超过梗死面积的30%,伴明显占位效应[4]

1.6 统计学方法

       采用SPSS 24.0统计软件,所有计量资料采用均数±标准差表示。AIS患者治疗前双侧D、D*、f值采用配对t检验进行分析;HT组和非HT组患者治疗前的rD、rD*、rf值采用两独立样本t检验进行分析;采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析rD、rD*、rf值对AIS患者治疗后HT风险的敏感性、特异性及最佳阈值。检验水准为α=0.05,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

       本组60例AIS患者中,血管再通治疗前均未见出血;治疗后未出血组33例(55%),出血组27例(45%)。在SWI重建图像上,HT表现为点状、线条状及团状显著低信号。依据ECASS标准,HI-1型8例,HI-2型11例,PH-1型5例,PH-2型3例。见图1

2.1 AIS患者血管再通治疗前双侧IVIM参数比较

       AIS患者血管再通治疗前患侧梗死区的D、D*、f值均低于对侧镜像区,双侧比较差异有显著统计学意义(t=12.934、12.234、24.069,P<0.01)。见表1

表1  AIS患者血管再通治疗前双侧D、D*、f值比较
Tab. 1  Comparison of D, D* and f values in AIS patients before vascular recanalizatio

2.2 HT组和非HT组AIS患者IVIM参数比较

       HT组患者治疗前梗死区的rD、rD*、rf均值低于非HT组,两者比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.982、3.090、4.656,P<0.01)。见表2

表2  HT组和非HT组AIS患者rD、rD*、rf值比较
Tab. 2  Comparison of RD, rD* and rf values of AIS patients in HT group and non-HT group

2.3 HT组和非HT组AIS患者IVIM参数与HT的关系

       应用IVIM参数预测AIS患者血管再通治疗后HT的风险,其指标rD、rD*、rf值的ROC曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)分别为0.798(P<0.05)、0.822(P<0.05)、0.883(P<0.05),95%的CI值分别为0.643~0.952、0.660~0.984、0.756~0.998。

       选择约登指数最大时对应的IVIM参数为最佳阈值,rD最佳阈值为0.527,敏感度为76.9%,特异度为73.7%;rD*最佳阈值为0.519,敏感度为84.6%,特异度为78.9%;rf最佳阈值为0.495,敏感度为84.6%,特异度为89.5%。见图2

图2  AIS患者治疗前rD、rD*、rf值预测HT的ROC曲线
Fig. 2  The ROC curves of HT were predicted by pretreatment rD, rD* and rf values of AIS patients.
图1  男,65岁,言语不利伴左侧肢体无力2 h,急性缺血性脑卒中行rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗,术后3 d SWI复查梗死区见PH-2型出血。A:T2WI示病灶显示不明显;B:常规DWI示右侧脑室体旁大片扩散受限略高信号;C:IVIM-DWI示右侧梗死区及对侧镜像区测量ROI;D:IVIM-ADC示右侧脑室体旁大片状低信号;E:IVIM-D示右侧脑室体旁低信号境界较清(D=0.28×10-3 mm2/s,rD=0.71);F:IVIM-D*示右侧脑室体旁混杂低信号境界不清(D*=2.77×10-3 mm2/s,rD*=0.53);G:IVIM-f示右侧脑室体旁低信号范围较小(f=0.34,rf=0.60);H:治疗后常规DWI示右侧脑室体旁扩散受限高信号范围增大,内伴大片状低信号;I:治疗后SWI复查示右侧脑室体旁梗死区见团片状低信号
Fig. 1  Male, 65 years old, poor speech with left sudden limb weakness for 2 hours, received rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke, the infarction area of SWI was re-examined 3 days after the treatment and there was PH-2 hemorrhage. A: The lesions on T2WI were not obvious; B: Conventional DWI showed slightly higher signal of diffusion limitation in the right paraventricular mass; C: IVIM-DWI showed the right infarct area and contralateral mirror area to measure ROI; D: IVIM-ADC showed large flaky low signal near the right ventricle body; E: IVIM-D showed that the level of low signal near the right ventricle was clear (D=0.28×10-3 mm2/s, rD=0.71); F: IVIM-D* showed unclear state of low signal in right paraventricular confounders (D*=2.77×10-3 mm2/s, rD* =0.53); G: IVIM-f showed a small range of right paraventricular low signal (f=0.34, rf=0.60); H: Conventional DWI indicated that the high signal range of right paraventricular diffusion limitation was increased and accompanied by large flaky low signal after treatment; I: SWI re-examination showed that there was a patchy low signal in the paravertebral infarction area on the right side of the ventricle after the treatment.

3 讨论

3.1 影像学对急性缺血性脑卒中出血转化的评估

       AIS为常见多发病,临床上首要的治疗方案是血管再通(即溶栓治疗),其方法有动脉溶栓、静脉溶栓及机械再通术等[5]。各种治疗方法血管再通率不同,但均会引起出血风险[6,7]。HT的评估对于AIS患者的治疗决策至关重要,如果临床未经筛选即施行血管再通治疗,部分患者会出现继发性HT[8,9,10]。以往影像学对于HT的判断大多数应用CT扫描,本研究在AIS治疗前/后评判HT的金标准为SWI,这是一项新的可以反映组织磁敏感差异的对比增强技术,对出血的显示尤为敏感[11]。本组AIS病例血管再通后HT的发生率高于文献报道,主要与入组病例中大面积梗死多、NIHSS评分高及机械取栓治疗方法等因素有关[12],也与SWI技术对出血的高敏感性有关。

3.2 磁共振不同灌注成像技术对出血转化的价值

       磁共振灌注成像(perfusion weighted imaging,PWI)可以用来评估AIS血管再通治疗后的HT情况[12,13]。不论是动态磁敏感性对比剂增强(dynamic susceptibility contrast,DSC),还是动脉自旋标记成像(arterial spin labeling,ASL),其脑血流量(cerebral blood flow,CBF)和脑血容量(cerebral blood volume,CBV)均能反映AIS患者梗死区血流灌注减低和血脑屏障破坏的严重性,进而预测AIS患者血管再通治疗后发生HT的风险[14]。但是ASL只能得到CBF一个参数,DSC需要注射对比剂,在急诊AIS患者中应用有一定的局限性。IVIM成像技术运用足够多的b值进行采样,并应用双指数模型分析,可以分开组织的扩散和微循环灌注信息,从而更好地描述生物体内复杂的信号衰减方式[15,16,17]。IVIM的参数D值反映相对真实的组织中水分子的扩散状态,D*值代表毛细血管网的微循环灌注相关情况,f值代表体素内毛细血管容积占整个组织容积的比值。其中D*值反映主要毛细血管水分子扩散,但由于测量可重复性差,量化不如D值和f值[18]

3.3 IVIM成像技术对出血转化的预测作用

       国外研究发现[19,20],AIS患者梗死区的IVIM参数与CBF值有明显相关性,以f值为著,证实两者诊断脑灌注效能一致,f值可用来反映微血管灌注。另有研究证实,AIS梗死范围内IVIM灌注分数f值明显降低,可以评估临床结果和治疗反应[21]。本研究应用IVIM成像技术发现AIS患者血管再通治疗前梗死区的D、D*、f值均较对侧不同程度减低,与文献报道一致,其主要原因是梗死核心区的血管通透性发生变化,而这种变化表现为微循环灌注的异常[22]。HT组AIS患者梗死区的rD、rD*、rf值小于非HT组,两者比较差异有统计学意义,说明继发HT的AIS患者在血管再通治疗前,梗死区脑组织微循环灌注损伤更为严重,提示临床慎重选择溶栓治疗方法。虽然本研究发现AIS血管再通治疗后IVIM各项参数值有变化,而且与传统PWI比较得到印证,但目前国内外报道中IVIM参数与AIS治疗后HT的关系尚不明确。本研究应用ROC曲线发现rf阈值在0.495时,预测HT的敏感性和特异性均接近于90%,明显优于rD值和rD*值的预测作用。因此,笔者认为IVIM技术f值更有利于反映病灶内微血管灌注特性,进而预测AIS患者血管再通治疗后HT的风险。

3.4 本研究的不足

       IVIM成像无需注射对比剂,所得D、D*、f参数可直接反映脑组织的灌注信息,用来评估AIS后病变区微循环灌注异常,从而预测血管再通治疗后HT的风险,应该在AIS急诊检查中推广应用。但在实际工作中,因为不同AIS患者临床各项指标各异,直接影响溶栓治疗的疗效,也对继发HT的风险带来很大不确定因素。另外,本研究受样本量、选择偏倚和治疗方式等混杂因素的影响,有一定的局限性,所以对AIS个体的预测效果尚处于初步探索阶段,需要更大样本量的数据来进一步验证。后期,随着样本量的增加,会关注患者临床指标对HT的影响以及不同血管再通治疗方式继发HT的影像学特征。

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