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临床研究
磁共振血氧水平依赖成像在鼻咽癌化放疗近期疗效评估中的价值
张培贤 俞胜男 丁玖乐 邢伟

Cite this article as: Zhang PX, Yu SN, Ding QL, et al. Value of BOLD-MRI for the evaluation of short-term chemoradiotherapy efficacy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2019, 10(3): 190-194.本文引用格式:张培贤,俞胜男,丁玖乐,等.磁共振血氧水平依赖成像在鼻咽癌化放疗近期疗效评估中的价值.磁共振成像, 2019, 10(3): 190-194. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.03.006.


[摘要] 目的 探讨磁共振血氧水平依赖成像(blood oxygenation level-dependent MRI,BOLD-MRI)预测鼻咽癌化放疗近期疗效的可行性。材料与方法 收集我院经病理证实的鼻咽癌患者41例,所有患者接受诱导化疗(induction chemotherapy,IC)、同步放化疗(concurrent chemoradiotherapy,CCRT)和辅助化疗(adjuvant chemotherapy,AC)三个阶段治疗。分别利用IC前和CCRT+AC后的MRI常规成像测量原发肿瘤长径、病理淋巴结短径和转移灶长径,计算病灶的退缩率;利用IC前、后的BOLD成像测量肿瘤的T2*值(T2*baseline和T2*IC)。参照实体瘤疗效评价标准1.1,将患者分为完全缓解组(complete response,CR组)及非完全缓解组(non-CR组)。采用卡方检验或两独立样本t检验比较CR组和non-CR组的T分期、T2*baseline和T2*IC。将T分期、T2*baseline和T2*IC分别与退缩率进行相关性分析。采用ROC曲线分析T分期、T2*baseline和T2*IC预测鼻咽癌化放疗近期完全缓解的诊断价值。结果 T分期、T2*baseline和T2*IC在CR组与non-CR组间存在差异(P均<0.05)。T分期、T2*baseline和T2*IC分别与退缩率呈不同程度相关(r分别依次为-0.481、0.748和0.617,P均<0.05)。T分期、T2*baseline和T2*IC预测鼻咽癌CR的受试者特征曲线下面积分别依次为0.778、0.903和0.763,其中T2*baseline的受试者特征曲线下面积最大(P<0.05),T2*baseline诊断肿瘤完全缓解的最佳阈值为37.5 ms。结论 鼻咽癌治疗前BOLD的定量参数T2*baseline值能够预测鼻咽癌化放疗的早期疗效,可作为传统T分期疗效预测的有益补充。
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the feasibility of blood oxygenation level-dependent MRI (BOLD-MRI) for evaluating short-term therapeutic effect of chemoradiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).Materials and Methods: Forty-one cases with NPC confirmed by pathological biopsy exposed to the chemoradiotherapy being the induction chemotherapy (IC) followed by the concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) therapy. The conventional MRI was performed pre-IC and after CCRT + AC. They were used to measure the maximal length of the primary and metastatic tumors, and the diameter of the pathological lymph node, and then the regression rate of lesions was calculated for each patient. BOLD was performed pre- and post- IC, then the corresponding T2* value of tumor was measured (T2*baseline and T2*IC), respectively. According to the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (Version 1.1), the patients were divided into the complete response (CR group) and not (non-CR) groups. The T stage, T2*baseline, and T2*IC were compared between the CR and non-CR groups. The correlation of the regression rate of tumor with the T stage, T2*baseline, and T2*IC was tested, respectively. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to compare the capacity of T stage, T2*baseline, and T2*IC in predicting complete response to the chemoradiotherapy for the cases with NPC.Results: T stage, T2*baseline, and T2*IC were statistically different between CR and non-CR groups (P<0.05), and they showed a linear correlation with the regression rate of tumor (r=-0.481, 0.748, and 0.617, all P<0.05). For predicting the complete response of the cases with NPC post-chemoradiotherapy, the area under ROC was 0.778, 0.903, and 0.763 for T stage, T2*baseline, and T2*IC, respectively (all P<0.05). T2*baseline was the best one that can predict the complete response for the cases with NPC while it is larger than 37.5 ms (P<0.05).Conclusions: The BOLD- based T2*baseline can predict the short-term chemoradiotherapy efficacy in NPC and can be used as a useful supplement to the conventional T stage.
[关键词] 鼻咽肿瘤;磁共振成像;化学放射疗法
[Keywords] nasopharyngeal neoplasms;magnetic resonance imaging;chemoradiotherapy

张培贤 苏州大学附属第三医院影像科,常州 213003;常州市钟楼区邹区镇卫生院影像科,常州 213144

俞胜男 苏州大学附属第三医院影像科,常州 213003

丁玖乐 苏州大学附属第三医院影像科,常州 213003

邢伟* 苏州大学附属第三医院影像科,常州 213003

通讯作者:邢伟,E-mail:suzhxingwei@126.com

利益冲突:无。


基金项目: 常州市卫生计生委重大科技项目 编号:ZD201509 常州市科技局应用基础研究项目 编号:CJ20160038
收稿日期:2018-09-20
接受日期:2018-11-20
中图分类号:R445.2; R739.6 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.03.006
本文引用格式:张培贤,俞胜男,丁玖乐,等.磁共振血氧水平依赖成像在鼻咽癌化放疗近期疗效评估中的价值.磁共振成像, 2019, 10(3): 190-194. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.03.006.

       鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC)是中国南方地区高发的头颈部恶性肿瘤。其恶性程度较高,易发生颈部淋巴结转移。目前,同步放化疗(concurrent chemoradiotherapy,CCRT)联合辅助化疗(adjuvant chemotherapy,AC)已经成为进展期NPC的常规治疗方案,但仍有部分病例治疗后不能完全退缩。因此在治疗前预测NPC的放化疗敏感性,对于制订个性化治疗方案、提高治疗效果有重要意义。

       组织乏氧是实体肿瘤普遍存在的现象[1],降低了恶性肿瘤对放化疗敏感性,即治疗抵抗[2,3]。通过监测肿瘤的乏氧状态可能实现预测肿瘤对放化疗的敏感性,从而为肿瘤患者制订个体化治疗方案提供重要的参考依据。磁共振血氧水平依赖成像(blood oxygenation level-dependent MRI,BOLD-MRI)序列具有无创评估肿瘤整体乏氧状态的潜力,其量化指标为表观横向弛豫时间(T2*值)。但是,BOLD在NPC治疗的评价及预测中的报道较少。该研究探索BOLD预测NPC化放疗近期疗效的可行性。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究对象

       收集2015年6月至2018年3月于苏州大学附属第三医院放疗科接受常规化放疗治疗的鼻咽癌初诊初治患者41例,均经活检病理证实。其中男性33例,女性8例;年龄22~76岁,平均(54.5±12.2)岁。按照2008分期标准,分为T1期2例,T2期4例,T3期19例和T4期16例。

1.2 治疗方案

       所有患者接受化放疗治疗,共分为诱导化疗(induction chemotherapy,IC)、同步放化疗(concurrent chemoradiotherapy,CCRT)和辅助化疗(adjuvant chemotherapy,AC)三个阶段,共计120~150 d。IC采用紫杉醇与顺铂联合化疗(TP)方案,具体用药为:21 d为一个疗程,第1天给予紫杉醇(200~300) mg,第1~2天给予奈达铂(60~80) mg;静脉注射,两个疗程。CCRT中的放射性治疗采用医科达Axesse直线加速器6 MV光子线,采用容积调强放射治疗技术,1次/日,每周连续照射6次,约30~40次,肿瘤总放射剂量为60~75 Gy;在放射性治疗同期每周奈达铂50 mg增敏化疗一次;CCRT结束1个月后继续TP方案辅助化疗2个疗程。

1.3 MRI检查

       所有患者均在德国Siemens Verio 3.0 T超导型磁共振设备上完成成像检查。患者IC前、后(一周内)均行鼻咽部及颈部常规MRI扫描及BOLD扫描;CCRT+AC后(1周内)行鼻咽部及颈部常规MRI扫描。常规MRI扫描包括:(1)横轴位T1WI (TR 830 ms,TE 13 ms,视野230 mm×256 mm,矩阵320×224,翻转角150° );(2)横轴位T2WI (TR 3500 ms,TE 79 ms,视野230 mm×230 mm,矩阵384×288,翻转角150° );(3)冠状位T2WI抑脂成像(TR 4000 ms,TE 75 ms,视野230 mm× 230 mm,矩阵320×240,翻转角150° );(4)矢状位T1WI (TR 440 ms,TE 2.48 ms,视野230 mm×230 mm,矩阵256×179,翻转角90° );(5) CE-T1WI采用钆喷酸葡胺注射液,剂量为0.2 ml/kg. BOLD图像(10个回波的mGRE序列,TR 336 ms,TE 6~39.84 ms,视野360 mm×270 mm,矩阵256×218,翻转角30° ),根据多回波的T2*加权成像,采用T2*加权信号-回波时间的线性拟合,自动生成T2*map。所有检查层厚均为5.0 mm,层间距1.0 mm。

1.4 观察指标及疗效评价

       MRI扫描完成后,将图像经PACS系统传入工作站,由2名连续从事MRI诊断5年以上的医师在不了解患者临床资料及疗效的情况下,在SESAN RIS系统上进行数据测量,意见不统一时经协商达成一致,并将两组测量数据做一致性检验,具体操作如下:IC前、后在T2*map伪彩图上选择肿瘤中心及其上、下层3个层面,参考平扫T1WI、T2WI及增强扫描图像,除外出血、坏死、囊变区域后,手动勾画整个鼻咽癌病灶区域为兴趣区(region of interest,ROI),取3次测量的平均值作为肿瘤的T2*值。IC前、后测得数值分别记为T2*baseline和T2*IC。IC前、CCRT+AC后在横轴位CE-T1WI图像病灶中心层面分别测量原发灶、转移灶的长径和最大病理淋巴结(短径≥15 mm)的短径,每组数据测量三次取平均值。

       依据实体瘤疗效评价标准1.1[4],以鼻咽癌原发灶、最大病理性淋巴结、转移灶为靶病灶,其余病灶为非靶病灶。分别计算所有靶病灶的基线直径总和、治疗后直径总和。根据公式[退缩率=(基线直径总和-治疗后直径总和)/基线直径总和×100%]计算退缩率;同时观察非靶病灶、新发病灶情况。根据RECIST 1.1整体疗效评价标准,分为两组:(1)完全缓解组(complete response,CR组),鼻咽癌原发灶、转移灶全部消失,病理性淋巴结短径<10 mm;没有新发病灶;(2)非完全缓解组(non-CR组),包括部分缓解组(病灶退缩≥30%)、稳定组(病灶退缩<30%或病灶增大<20%)、进展组(病灶增大≥20%且绝对值增加>5 mm;或出现新发病灶)。

1.6 统计学方法

       在SPSS 19.0软件上进行统计学分析,计量资料采用均数±标准差或中位数(P25~P75)表示。计数资料的比较采用χ2检验,计量资料的比较采用t检验或非参数检验(Mann-Whitney U检验),等级资料的比较采用秩和检验。采用Spearman相关性分析肿瘤T分期、T2*baseline和T2*IC与退缩率的相关性。在MedCalc 15.6.1软件上采用受试者工作特性曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)比较T分期、T2*baseline和T2*IC预测鼻咽癌放化疗疗效的价值。均以P<0.05为有显著性差异。

2 结果

2.1 一般情况

       CR组中男性20例,女性7例,平均年龄(52.15± 11.94)岁;non-CR组中男性13例,女性1例,平均年龄(58.93±11.72)岁。两组间性别比例、年龄无统计学差异(χ2=2.071,P=0.151;F=3.011,P=0.001)。CR组的退缩率为100.00% (100.00%~100.00%),non-CR组的退缩率为26.50% (5.00%~45.50%),两组间存在明显的统计学差异(U= 0,P<0.001)。

2.2 T分期、T2*baseline和T2*IC与鼻咽癌退缩率的相关性

       CR组中T1期2例,T2期4例,T3期15例,T4期6例;non-CR组中T1期0例,T2期0例,T3期4例,T4期10例,T分期在两组间有统计学差异(χ=9.915,P=0.002)。CR组的T2*baseline和T2*IC均高于non-CR组,存在统计学差异(表1)。CR组病例经化放疗后肿瘤均明显缓解(图1),non-CR组病例经放化疗后肿瘤仅部分缓解,甚至体积增大(图2)。CR组和non-CR组中,T2*IC均低于T2*baseline,差异有统计学意义(z=-5.796,P<0.001;t=5.342,P<0.001)。同时研究还发现,T分期、T2*baseline和T2*IC均与鼻咽癌退缩率呈线性相关,r分别为-0.481、0.748、0.617(P=0.001,P<0.001,P<0.001)。

图1  T2*baseline和T2*IC均较高的鼻咽癌化放疗后肿瘤完全退缩。男,60岁,T3N3M0。图A (T1WI)、B (T2WI)、C (T2WI抑脂)、D (T2*map)、E (CE-T1WI)为治疗前图像,左侧鼻咽部病灶呈均匀长T1、长T2信号,长径37.5 mm,T2*baseline为41.8 ms,增强后明显均匀强化;两侧颈部淋巴结肿大,左侧最大一枚短径21.4 mm。图F (T2*map)、G (CE-T1WI)为诱导化疗后图像,病灶较前缩小,强化程度稍减低,T2*IC为24.8 ms。图H (CE-T1WI)、I (T2WI)、J (T2WI抑脂)为化放疗后图像,原发肿瘤消失,左侧淋巴结明显缩小,短径5.1 mm (<10 mm),退缩率为91.34%
Fig. 1  The tumor with relatively high T2*baseline and T2*IC completely responds to a chemoradiation. A 60 years old man with nasopharyngeal carcinoma at the stage of T3N3M0. A (T1WI), B (T2WI), C (fat-suppression T2WI), D (T2*map), E (CE-T1WI) was the pre-treatment images, where the left nasopharynx tumor with a maximal diameter of 37.5 mm, being hypo-intense on T1WI and hyper-intense on T2WI, and it's T2*baseline was 41.8 ms. The tumor enhanced obviously following an intravenous administration of contrast agent. The lymph nodes at bilateral neck were swollen and the largest one at the left neck was 21.4 mm in minimal diameter. F (T2*map) and G (CE-T1WI) were the images acquired after the induction chemotherapy (IC), where the tumor size was reduced and the tumor enhancement was slightly reduced. T2*IC was 24.8 ms. H (CE-T1WI), I (T2WI) and J (fat-suppression T2WI) were the images acquired after the chemoradiation, the primary tumor disappeared; and the left lymph node was significantly reduced to 5.1 mm (<10 mm) at minimal diameter. Therefore, the retraction rate of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma was 91.34% after the chemoradiation.
图2  T2*baseline和T2*IC均较低的鼻咽癌化放疗后肿瘤仅部分退缩。男,47岁,T4N3M0。图A (T1WI)、B (T2WI)、C (T2WI抑脂)、D (T2*map)、E (CE-T1WI)为治疗前图像,左侧鼻咽部病灶呈不均匀长T1、稍长T2信号,长径47.9 mm, T2*baseline为27.8 ms,增强后明显欠均匀强化;左侧颈部淋巴结肿大,短径26.4 mm。图F (T2*map)、G (CE-T1WI)为诱导化疗后图像,病灶稍减小,强化程度与治疗前相仿,T2*IC为20.7 ms。图H (CE-T1WI)、I (T2WI)、J (T2WI抑脂)为化放疗后图像,原发肿瘤略缩小,长径41.9 mm,左侧颈部病理淋巴结坏死、融合,短径14.3 mm,退缩率为24.36%
Fig. 2  The tumor with relatively low T2*baseline and T2*IC partially responds to a chemoradiation. A 47 years old man with nasopharyngeal carcinoma at the stage of T4N3M0. A (T1WI), B (T2WI), C (fat-suppression T2WI), D (T2*map), E (CE-T1WI) were the pre-treatment images, where the left nasopharynx tumor with a maximal diameter of 47.9 mm, being hypo-intense on T1WI and hyper-intense on T2WI, and it's T2*baseline was 27.8 ms. The tumor enhanced obviously following an intravenous administration of contrast agent. The lymph nodes at the left neck were swollen and the largest one was 26.4 mm in minimal diameter. F (T2*map) and G (CE-T1WI) were the images acquired after the induction chemotherapy (IC), where the tumor size was slightly reduced, and the tumor enhancement was similar to that before treatment. The T2*IC was 20.7 ms. H (CE-T1WI), I (T2WI), and J (fat-suppression T2WI) were the images acquired after the chemoradiation, the primary tumor was slightly reduced to 41.9 mm, and the lymph node necrosis and fusion at the left neck, with a minimal diameter of 14.3 mm. Therefore, the retraction rate of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma was 24.36% after the chemoradiation.
表1  CR组和non-CR组鼻咽癌的BOLD参数比较
Tab. 1  Comparison of BOLD-based parameters of nasopharyngeal carcinoma between CR and non-CR group

2.3 T分期、T2*baseline和T2*IC对鼻咽癌化放疗近期疗效的判别效能

       分别以T分期、T2*baseline和T2*IC判别鼻咽癌是否完全缓解,ROC曲线下面积分别为0.778(z=4.167,P<0.001)、0.903(z=7.428,P<0.001)和0.763(z=3.054,P=0.002),其中T2*baseline的ROC曲线下面积最大,与T2*IC和T分期ROC曲线下面积均存在统计学差异(z=2.635,P=0.008;z=2.732,P=0.006),T2*baseline ≥ 37.5 ms时判别鼻咽癌完全缓解的敏感度为81.48%,特异度为85.71%;T分期和T2*IC的ROC曲线下面积无统计学差异(z=0.311,P=0.756)。

3 讨论

3.1 诱导化疗对鼻咽癌T2*值的影响

       在理论上,IC可杀灭血液中及其他远处组织的微小转移病灶(亚临床病灶),减小远处转移风险,提高了中晚期鼻咽癌患者的生存率;同时IC可减轻肿瘤负荷,改善肿瘤的乏氧状态,增强放射性治疗的敏感性,减少放射性治疗的不良反应[5]。但IC方案较多,治疗周期长短不一。王涛等[6]采用(顺铂+5-氟尿嘧啶)诱导化疗,结果认为2~3个疗程最为合适。该研究也是采用2个疗程的诱导化疗方案。此外,该研究显示,CR组和non-CR组的肿瘤T2*IC较T2*baseline均减低,反映了IC可能未改善肿瘤的乏氧状态。原因可能是,BOLD成像中T2*值非常容易受组织血容量(灌注)的干扰。Zheng等[7]研究显示,在鼻咽癌早期的诱导化疗后,部分缓解组中原发灶的血流灌注值明显减低,稳定组中原发灶的血流灌注值未见明显变化,提示部分缓解组中原发肿瘤中血容量和(或)血流量的减低。因此,该研究中IC后NPC的T2*值的减低主要是由于肿瘤血容量和(或)血流量的减低所致。

3.2 肿瘤T分期与放化疗疗效

       影响鼻咽癌化放疗近期疗效的因素很多,比如肿瘤大小、病理类型、临床分期、淋巴结转移、全身状况等,但是T分期是影响鼻咽癌预后的独立因素之一[8]。鼻咽癌原发灶及治疗后残留灶随T分期增高而增大[9]。鼻咽癌T分期与病灶缓解率也具有一定相关性(χ2= 7.547,P=0.037),T2期、T3期、T4期的缓解率分别为30.0%、68.8%、29.4%[10]。本研究亦显示,鼻咽癌T分期与退缩率具有一定负相关性(r=-0.481)。鼻咽癌T分期与退缩率相关性的原因可归结为:随着T分期的增高,肿瘤生长分数降低,处于静止期的细胞所占比例增加,降低了肿瘤对放化疗的敏感性;其次,T分期较高的肿瘤多伴有不同程度缺血、坏死,可能导致肿瘤抑癌基因、细胞凋亡抑制基因的异常表达[11],表现为对放疗和化疗的敏感性降低;最后,T分期较高的肿瘤更容易发生淋巴结转移或者远处转移,肿瘤的异质性越明显,影响最终的疗效。

3.3 BOLD与肿瘤化放疗疗效

       在恶性肿瘤的动物模型中,BOLD在评估大鼠肝细胞肝癌进展或疗效上具有可行性,T2* (T2*=1/R2*)是预测肿瘤疗效的可靠指标[12];在恶性肿瘤的患者中,BOLD也可监测到肝细胞肝癌在化学栓塞术后的变化[13]。本次研究表明BOLD评估鼻咽癌化放疗早期疗效优于T分期,原因可能是T分期仅能反映肿瘤的体积变化及邻近组织的受累情况,无法反映肿瘤细胞生理状态的改变。本研究中T2*baseline和T2*IC均与鼻咽癌退缩率存在相关性,均可预测鼻咽癌放化疗早期疗效,但T2*baseline综合性能更好,原因可能是大部分肿瘤的乏氧程度与其预后有明显的负相关性[14]。缺氧状态下,缺氧诱导因子异常高表达,导致肿瘤内血管的结构及通透性发生改变,肿瘤细胞摄取化疗药物减少[15];同时,药耐药基因异常表达,生成的P糖蛋白与化疗耐药性密切相关[16]。此外,乏氧严重的肿瘤细胞需要2~3倍的放疗剂量才达到同样的疗效[17]。所以T2*值可能与肿瘤退缩率存在关联性。

3.4 不足与展望

       本研究也存在一些不足之处。首先,non-CR组的样本量相对较小,T1、T2期病例相对不足;其次,本研究受病例数的限制未能根据N和M分期进行分析;最后,BOLD还存在一些技术局限性,如:容易受血液pH值、血容量、温度等因素的影响;mGRE扫描序列磁敏感伪影较重,可能对T2*造成污染。这些不足之处尚有待于进一步研究。

       综上所述,治疗前BOLD能够预测鼻咽癌放化疗早期疗效,可作为传统T分期疗效预测的有益补充,为个性化治疗方案的制订提供了新的参考依据。

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