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技术研究
颅脑集成MRI与常规MRI图像质量的对比研究
郑作锋 张东坡 毛磊 耿艳杰 梁枫 赵洪静 张璐

Cite this article as: Zheng ZF, Zhang DP, Mao L, et al. Comparative study of image quality between synthetic MRI and conventional MRI. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2019, 10(5): 361-365.本文引用格式:郑作锋,张东坡,毛磊,等.颅脑集成MRI与常规MRI图像质量的对比研究.磁共振成像,2019,10(5):361-365. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.05.009.


[摘要] 目的 将颅脑集成MRI与常规MRI图像对比分析,观察两种图像对比度、噪声水平、伪影的差异,以及对病变的检出能力是否存在差异。材料与方法 回顾性分析2018年4月至2018年11月于我院同时行常规MRI和集成MRI扫描的患者30例。对扫描所得T1FLAIR、T2WI、T2FLAIR图像采用观察与测量相结合的方法进行对比。观察内容包括:灰白质界限、病变边界、图像噪声及图像伪影。图像对比度采取测量计算的方法,选取包括脑灰质、脑白质及脑脊液在内的12个感兴趣区,分别测量其信号强度,并计算脑灰质与脑白质,脑灰质与脑脊液,脑白质与脑脊液的相对对比度。结果 Syn MRI信号强度普遍高于Con MRI (P<0.01);Syn T1FLAIR脑灰质、白质及脑脊液的对比度均高于Con T1FLAIR (P<0.01);Syn T2WI灰白质对比度与Con T2WI比较无明显差异,灰质与脑脊液、白质与脑脊液对比度低于Con T2WI (P<0.01);Syn T2FLAIR灰白质对比度与Con T2FLAIR比较无明显差异,灰质与脑脊液、白质与脑脊液对比度高于Con T2FLAIR (P<0.01)。Syn MRI噪声和伪影水平较Con MRI显著,以Syn T2FLAIR图像明显;Syn MRI对脑白质缺血灶边界的显示优于Con MRI,但对灰白质界限清晰度的显示不及Con MRI。结论 集成MRI图像灰白质对比度不低于常规扫描,对病变边界显示优于常规扫描;集成MRI与常规MRI相比图像质量下降;集成MRI图像中T2FLAIR伪影严重,日常工作中可加扫常规T2FLAIR以弥补其不足。
[Abstract] Objective: Compare the image quality between Synthetic MRI and conventional MRI of the brain by assessment of image contrast, noise level and artifact, and further investigate the differences of diagnostic quality.Materials and Methods: Retrospectively reviewed 30 patients who had synthetic MRI added to conventional MRI scan from Apr to Nov 2018. Images of T1FLAIR, T2WI, T2FLAIR were compared in two different ways: visual grading scale and measurement. Visual imaging quality were rated in 5 scales according to the 4 criteria: gray and white matter interface, margin of the lesion, noise level and artifact. In each patient, 12 regions of interest were placed in the brain image, which included the gray matter, white matter and cerebral spinal fluid. The image contrasts were calculated and compared from the differences of signal intensities measured from 12 different ROIs.Results: Synthetic T1FLAIR, T2WI and T2FLAIR generally had higher signal intensity than conventional MRI (P<0.01). Synthetic T1FLAIR had higher contrast between gray matter, white matter and cerebral spinal fluid than conventional T1FLAIR (P<0.01). Synthetic T2WI had similar contrast between gray matter and white matter with conventional T2WI (P<0.01), and had lower contrast between gray matter and cerebral spinal fluid (P<0.01) as well as white matter and cerebral spinal fluid (P<0.01). Synthetic T2FLAIR had similar contrast between gray matter and white matter, and had higher contrast between gray matter and cerebral spinal fluid (P<0.01) as well as white matter and cerebral spinal fluid (P<0.01). Synthetic MRI had higher level of noise and artifact, especially on T2FLAIR. The conspicuity of white matter focal cerebral ischemia were higher in the Synthetic T1WI and Synthetic T2WI but the interfaces between gray matter and white matter were less clear in Syn MRI.Conclusions: Synthetic MRI has similar or higher image contrast between gray matter and white matter, and has higher lesion conspicuity than conventional MRI. Synthetic MRI image quality is perceived to be inferior, especially in T2FLAIR. Extra conventional T2FLAIR could be added to synthetic MRI in clinical work.
[关键词] 集成磁共振成像;质量控制;脑
[Keywords] synthetic magnetic resonance imaging;quality control;brain

郑作锋* 北京市垂杨柳医院放射科,朝阳区,北京,100022

张东坡 北京市垂杨柳医院放射科,朝阳区,北京,100022

毛磊 北京市垂杨柳医院放射科,朝阳区,北京,100022

耿艳杰 北京市垂杨柳医院放射科,朝阳区,北京,100022

梁枫 北京市垂杨柳医院放射科,朝阳区,北京,100022

赵洪静 北京市垂杨柳医院放射科,朝阳区,北京,100022

张璐 北京市垂杨柳医院放射科,朝阳区,北京,100022

通信作者:郑作锋,E-mail:zzfradiology@163.com

利益冲突:无。


收稿日期:2018-10-08
接受日期:2019-03-19
中图分类号:R445.2; R651.l 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.05.009
本文引用格式:郑作锋,张东坡,毛磊,等.颅脑集成MRI与常规MRI图像质量的对比研究.磁共振成像,2019,10(5):361-365. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.05.009.

       集成MRI (synthetic MRI,Syn MRI)是一种新兴的成像方式,在短时间内通过一次扫描得到多个对比图像,并同时获得定量图谱,对组织定量分析,其应用前景广阔[1,2]。笔者对其图像质量以及对疾病的诊断价值进行讨论。

1 材料与方法

1.1 一般资料

       回顾性分析2018年4月至2018年11月于我院同时行颅脑常规MRI (conventional MRI,Con MRI)及Syn MRI扫描的患者共30例,其中男20例,女10例,年龄15~79岁,平均年龄(56.4±11.2)岁。21例可见脑白质散在T2WI高信号影,其余9例未见异常。

1.2 检查方法

       扫描设备为GE SIGNA Pioneer 3.0 T超导磁共振扫描仪,采用16通道头颈线圈,Con MRI扫描序列及参数:T1 FLAIR (T1 fluid attenuated inversion recovery):TR 1750 ms,TE 26 ms,TI 780 ms;T2 PROPELLER (periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction):TR 5036 ms,TE 108 ms;T2 FLAIR (T2 fluid attenuated inversion recovery):TR 9000 ms,TE 122 ms,TI 2466 ms;Syn MRI扫描采用magnetic resonance imaging compilation (MAGIC)序列,扫描参数:FOV 240 mm×240 mm,层厚5 mm,层间距1 mm,TE 21.8 ms;Eff TE2 87.2 ms,TR 4114 ms,ETL 12;NEX为1.0;MAGIC图像传送至GE工作站,采用adw 4.7后处理软件内MAGIC平台,重建参数:T1 FLAIR:TR 1750 ms,TE 26 ms,TI 780 ms;T2WI:TR 5036 ms,TE 108 ms;T2FLAIR:TR 9000 ms,TE 122 ms,TI 2466 ms。所有扫描序列为横断面扫描,扫描及重建层厚5 mm,层间距1 mm,FOV 240 mm×240 mm。MAGIC序列扫描时间为4 min 7 s,常规T1FLAIR、T2WI及T2FLAIR总扫描时间为5 min 20 s。

1.3 影像学评价

       选取Con MRI及Syn MRI所得T1FLAIR、T2WI、T2FLAIR为观察对象,标记为Con T1FLAIR、Con T2WI、Con T2FLAIR及Syn T1FLAIR、Syn T2WI、Syn T2FLAIR,观察指标如下。

1.3.1 灰质、白质、脑脊液信号强度及对比度

       每个加权图像划12个感兴趣区(region of interest,ROI),包括:双侧额叶皮层、双侧枕叶皮层及双侧尾状核头,取其信号强度平均值为脑灰质信号强度;双侧半卵圆中心、胼胝体膝部、胼胝体压部,取其信号强度平均值为脑白质信号强度;双侧脑室前角信号强度平均值为脑脊液信号强度。ROI划分由1名不了解本研究的医师在PACS工作站独立完成。

       相对对比度:A和B相对对比度=(A-B)/(A+B),依此计算Con MRI与Syn MRI图像灰质与白质、灰质与脑脊液及白质与脑脊液的相对对比度[1]

1.3.2 灰白质界面清晰度

       包括额叶灰质与皮层下白质、深部灰质核团与周围白质界面的观察,清晰度目测分为5级:5分,非常清晰;4分,较清晰;3分,模糊,但可分辨;2分,模糊,较难分辨;1分,无明确界限。

1.3.3 病变轮廓清晰度

       目测分为5级:5分,非常清晰;4分,较清晰;3分,模糊,但可分辨;2分,模糊,较难分辨;1分,无明确界限。多发病变时,将最大病变作为观察对象。灰白质界面及病变轮廓清晰度分别由2名不了解该研究的放射科医师独立观察并记录。

1.3.4 伪影包括以下五方面

       (1)颗粒状噪点;(2)局灶性信号异常;(3)搏动伪影;(4)脑脊液信号不均匀;(5)运动伪影。伪影严重程度目测分5级:1级,无伪影;2级,极轻微伪影,较难发现;3级,轻微伪影,不明显;4级,明显伪影,影响诊断;5级,严重伪影,不能接受。1~3级认为不影响诊断。由2名不了解该研究的放射科医师共同观察,结论不一致时讨论后确定严重程度。

1.4 统计学分析

       采用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计学分析。信号强度及相对对比度比较采用配对样本t检验;灰白质界限、病变轮廓清晰度观察结果一致性检验采用Kappa分析。灰白质界限及病变轮廓清晰度差异采用配对样本t检验, P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 信号强度与相对对比度

       Syn MRI与Con MRI信号强度及相对对比度比较结果见表1,信号强度及相对对比度数值采用均值±标准差。

表1  Syn MRI与Con MRI信号强度及对比度的比较(±s)
Tab. 1  The comparation of signal intensity and image contrast between Syn MRI and Con MRI (±s)

2.2 皮层/皮层下、深部脑灰/白质界限及病变界限

       2名医师对额叶皮层、尾状核头及豆状核界限观察结果一致性较好,Kappa值分别为0.821、0.799、0.783。对12例病变轮廓的观察结果一致性较好, Kappa值为0.752。目测分级分析结果见表2

表2  两名医师观察Syn MRI与Con MRI对脑灰白质界限及病变边界清晰度评分的比较(分,±s)
Tab. 2  The comparation of gray/white matter interface and lesion conspicuity scores evaluated by two doctors between Syn MRI and Con MRI (score, ±s)

2.3 图像质量的比较

       图像质量对比见表3图1图2图3图4图5图6

图1~6  右侧额叶皮层下缺血灶,图1~3分别为Con T1FLAIR、ConT2WI、Con T2FLAIR;图4~6分别为Syn T1FLAIR、Syn T2WI、Syn T2FLAIR。Syn MRI信号强度较高,但图像质量下降。Syn T1WI、Syn T2WI对脑白质缺血灶边缘的显示较Con MRI清晰,而Syn T2FLAIR与Con T2FLAIR对病灶边缘的显示效果相似(黑箭)。图6示Syn T2FLAIR脑回边缘高信号伪影(白箭)
Fig. 1—6  Figure 1—6 show the white matter focal cerebral ischemia in subcortex of right frontal lobe. Figure 1—3 are Con T1FLAIR, ConT2WI, Con T2FLAIR and Figure 4—6 are Syn T1FLAIR, Syn T2WI, Syn T2FLAIR. Synthetic MRI has higher signal intensity and lower image quality. Lesion conspicuity of Syn T1FLAIR and Syn T2WI are higher than Con MRI while Syn T2FLAIR has the similar lesion conspicuity with Con T2FLAIR (black arrow). Figure 6 shows high signal along the interface of gyrus and CSF (white arrow).
表3  两名医师对30例患者的Syn MRI与Con MRI图像质量评级结果[例(%)]
Tab. 3  The image quality comparation of 30 patients evaluated by two doctors between Syn MRI and Con MRI [n (%)]

3 讨论

       Syn MRI采用2D FSE-IR multi-dynamic,multi-echo(MDME)序列,可在一定范围内随意选择TE、TR及TI,获得多对比图。该技术可对脑灰白质体积分割测量,对多发性硬化、癫痫、及其他颅内病灶的检测具有一定的优势[3,4,5,6]。本研究用的MAGIC序列在国内尚未普遍应用。

3.1 信号强度与对比度

       本研究结果显示,除T1FLAIR、T2FLAIR脑脊液信号外,Syn MRI信号强度均高于Con MRI,这与我们阅片时主观感受相似。在灰白质对比方面,Syn T1FLAIR高于Con MRI,Syn T2WI、Syn T2FLAIR与Con MRI相似,这与文献报道相仿[7]。因此,MAGIC对比度可以满足常规要求,其原因尚不明确,Gulani等[7]提出这可能与回波链有关,Syn MRI回波链较少,聚焦射频脉冲更多,磁化转换效应更强,导致图像模糊以及对比度降低。

3.2 图像伪影

       本研究结果显示Syn MRI图像颗粒状噪点明显,与文献报道相似[8],但大部分不影响诊断,如果增加扫描时间,可能会改善图像质量[8]。本研究中Syn T1FLAIR均出现静脉窦内不规则高信号,尤其在上矢状窦边缘,这可能会影响静脉窦血栓的观察。另外Syn T1FLAIR在丘脑、脑桥、侧脑室旁易出现不规则高信号,使灰白质结构模糊。Syn T2FLAIR伪影最显著,表现为脑脊液与脑组织界面线状高信号,以及脑池内、血管周围间隙内不均匀高信号(图6)。Bernasconi等[9]对一组儿童的研究表明集成T2FLAIR图像脑白质区域颗粒感噪声明显,脑脊液信号不均匀,脑脊液与脑组织界面信号增高。该伪影影响对脑沟裂及脑池内病变的诊断,如蛛网膜下腔出血、血管周围间隙等,因此,增加常规T2FLAIR扫描是有必要的。Syn MRI运动伪影出现频率高于Con MRI,可能与其扫描时间长有关,研究表明,减少扫描时间可减少运动伪影的发生率[10,11]。本研究中MAGIC序列扫描时间为4 min 7 s,长于常规单个序列扫描,再者,本研究中所有患者常规扫描在先,MAGIC序列扫描在后,后扫描的序列患者耐受性可能差一些,这也可能导致运动伪影的出现。与Syn T1FLAIR、Syn T2FLAIR相比较,Syn T2WI伪影最轻。本研究中Syn MRI出现搏动伪影的频率低于Con MRI,尤其T2FLAIR序列,既往Tanenbaum等[6]发现相位编码方向伪影在Syn MRI图像较常规扫描更少见,具体原因尚不清楚。

3.3 病变边界及灰、白质界限

       本研究显示Con MRI图像细腻、清晰,而Syn MRI因颗粒状噪声,灰白质界面显示粗糙。但Syn MRI对病变边界的显示优于常规MRI。常规扫描T2WI脑白质高信号其轮廓显示模糊,而在Syn T1FLAIR、Syn T2WI病变轮廓更为清晰、锐利,在T2FLAIR两者之间无明显差异(图1图2图3图4图5图6)。Gulani等[7]也得出类似结论:Syn T1WI能更清晰的显示病变,较常规扫描检测出更多的病灶。West等[12]提示Syn MRI图像质量下降,但在诊断准确性方面与常规MRI相仿。

       总之,Syn MRI扫描时间短,图像质量下降,但具有与常规扫描相似的诊断价值,另外,它可以提供更多的临床信息,包括定量信息,为临床工作提供一种新的方法。

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