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临床研究
磁共振征象评估间变性星形细胞瘤异柠檬酸脱氢酶-1突变状态的研究
柯晓艾 张巧莹 周青 韩蕾 张文娟 周俊林

Cite this article as: Ke XA, Zhang QY, Zhou Q, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation status in degenerative astrocytoma. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2019, 10(7): 504-508.本文引用格式:柯晓艾,张巧莹,周青,等.磁共振征象评估间变性星形细胞瘤异柠檬酸脱氢酶-1突变状态的研究.磁共振成像, 2019, 10(7): 504-508. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.07.005.


[摘要] 目的 分析对比间变性星形细胞瘤异柠檬酸脱氢酶-1(isocitrate dehydrogenase 1,IDH-1)突变型和IDH-1野生型的MRI影像学特征。材料与方法 选取手术及病理证实的45例间变性星形细胞瘤,其中IDH-1突变型20例,IDH-1野生型25例,所有病例均行MRI常规序列T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR、DWI及T1WI增强扫描。对肿瘤的发病性别、年龄、部位、病变个数、肿瘤边界、囊变坏死、出血、肿瘤最大径、水肿最大径、强化程度及最小表观扩散系数值(mADC)、标准化最小表观系数(rmADC)等征象与指标分别进行统计分析。结果 间变性星形细胞瘤中IDH-1突变型好发于右侧额叶,IDH-1野生型好发于左侧额叶,两组间有统计学差异(P<0.05)。IDH-1突变型者囊变坏死占45%,野生型者占75%,两组间有统计学差异(P<0.05)。强化程度为无强化、轻度强化、中度强化、重度强化者IDH-1突变型分别占比25%、50%、20%、5%,IDH-1野生型分别占比8%、12%、52%、28%,两组间有统计学差异(P<0.05)。IDH-1突变型肿瘤最大径[(50.01±19.11) mm]小于IDH-1野生型[(64.58±11.52) mm]。IDH-1突变组mADC值均值为(1.17±0.20)×10-3 mm2/s,IDH-1野生组mADC值均值为(0.84±0.14)×10-3 mm2/s;IDH-1突变组rmADC值均值为(0.16±0.04)×10-3 mm2/s,IDH-1野生组rmADC值均值为(0.13±0.02)×10-3 mm2/s,两组间有统计学差异(P<0.05)。两组患者的发病性别、年龄、病变个数、肿瘤边界、是否伴有出血、水肿最大径等征象无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 间变性星形细胞瘤的发生部位、囊变坏死率、强化程度、肿瘤最大直径、mADC值、rmADC值可用来术前评估间变性胶质瘤的IDH-1突变状态,进而指导临床采用个体化治疗方案及预后评估。
[Abstract] Objective: To analyze the MRI features of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH-1) mutant and the IDH-1 wild type of the anaplastic astrocytoma.Materials and Methods: Forty-five cases of anaplastic astrocytoma confirmed by surgery and pathology were selected, including 20 cases of IDH-1 mutation and 25 cases of IDH-1 wild type. All cases underwent conventional MRI sequence enhanced T1WI, T2WI, FLAIR, DWI and T1WI. The sex, age, location, number of lesions, tumor boundary, cystic degeneration and necrosis, hemorrhage, tumor maximum diameter, edema maximum diameter, enhancement degree, minimum apparent diffusion coefficient (mADC) value, ratio of mADC (rmADC) were statistically analyzed.Results: In the anaplastic astrocytoma, the IDH-1 mutant appeared in the right frontal lobe, and the IDH-1 wild type occurred in the left frontal lobe. There was a statistical difference between the two groups (P<0.05). The IDH-1 mutant had cystic necrosis accounted for 45%, and the wild type accounted for 75%. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). The degree of enhancement was non-enhanced, mildly enhanced, moderately enhanced, and severely enhanced. The IDH-1 mutants accounted for 25%, 50%, 20%, and 5%, respectively, and the IDH-1 wild type accounted for 8%, 12%, and 52%, respectively. 28%, there was a statistical difference between the two groups (P<0.05). The maximum diameter of the IDH-1 mutant tumor (50.01±19.11 mm) was smaller than that of the IDH-1 wild type (64.58±11.52 mm). The mean value of mADC in IDH-1 mutation group was (1.17±0.20)×10-3 mm2/s, the mean value of mADC in IDH-1 wild group was (0.84±0.14)×10-3 mm2/s; the mean value of rmADC in IDH-1 mutation group was (0.16±0.04)×10-3 mm2/s, the mean value of rmADC in IDH-1 wild group was (0.13±0.02)×10-3 mm2/s, and there was statistical difference between the two groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in sex, age, number of lesions, tumor margin, presence or absence of hemorrhage or edema (P>0.05).Conclusions: The occurrence of anaplastic astrocytoma, the rate of cyst necrosis, the degree of enhancement, the maximum diameter of the tumor, the mADC value, and the rmADC value can be used to evaluate the IDH-1 mutation status of the anaplastic glioma before surgery, and then guide the clinical individualized treatment plan. And prognosis assessment.
[关键词] 星形细胞瘤;间变;异柠檬酸脱氢酶;磁共振成像
[Keywords] astrocytoma;anaplasia;isocitrate dehydrogenase;magnetic resonance imaging

柯晓艾 兰州大学第二医院放射影像中心,兰州 730030

张巧莹 兰州大学第二医院放射影像中心,兰州 730030

周青 兰州大学第二医院放射影像中心,兰州 730030

韩蕾 兰州大学第二医院放射影像中心,兰州 730030

张文娟 兰州大学第二医院放射影像中心,兰州 730030

周俊林* 兰州大学第二医院放射影像中心,兰州 730030

通信作者:周俊林,E-mail: zjl601@163.com

利益冲突:无。


基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目 编号:81772006
收稿日期:2018-10-04
接受日期:2019-03-20
中图分类号:R445.2; R730.264 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.07.005
本文引用格式:柯晓艾,张巧莹,周青,等.磁共振征象评估间变性星形细胞瘤异柠檬酸脱氢酶-1突变状态的研究.磁共振成像, 2019, 10(7): 504-508. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.07.005.

       间变性星形细胞瘤(anaplastic astrocytoma,AA)为世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)定义的Ⅲ级脑肿瘤,约占脑恶性胶质瘤患者的12%~34%[1]。高级别脑胶质瘤常呈浸润性生长,与周围正常脑组织无明确边界,在接受手术治疗时难以完全切除。随着肿瘤分子生物学的发展,大量研究表明异柠檬酸脱氢酶-1 (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1,IDH-1)的突变状态与脑胶质瘤的发生、生化代谢以及疾病发展有密切关联[2],IDH-1基因突变的脑胶质瘤患者较IDH-1野生型预后更好[3]。2016版WHO将IDH-1加入到了中枢神经系统肿瘤的分类当中,将其作为肿瘤分类的重要因素之一[4]。近年来针对IDH-1突变的靶向药物研发取得了较大的进展,且部分药物已进入临床阶段[5]。根据IDH-1基因突变的状态对间变性星形细胞瘤分类,可以帮助临床医生对肿瘤预后进行评估,并制订个体化治疗方案以及预测治疗效果。因此,如何在术前诊断肿瘤是否发生IDH-1突变具有非常重要的临床价值。笔者旨在探讨磁共振征象在术前评估间变性星形细胞瘤IDH-1突变状态中的价值。

1 材料与方法

1.1 一般资料

       回顾性分析2016年3月至2018年6月我院经手术病理证实的45例间变性星形细胞瘤患者的临床及影像资料,其中男24例,女21例,年龄12~74岁,平均46.5岁。纳入标准:术前未经化疗新诊断的间变性星形细胞瘤;术前进行MR常规及功能序列扫描,包括T1WI、T2WI、液体反转恢复序列(fluid attenuated inversion recovery ,FLAIR)、增强T1WI、扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)。排除标准:影像学资料不完整;病理切片缺损;基因测序结果无效。所有患者均于检查前签署了知情同意书。

1.2 仪器与方法

       使用Siemens 3.0 T Verio MR扫描仪,所有患者术前行常规T1WI、T2WI、T2WI-FLAIR,DWI序列,平扫后均行增强扫描。扫描序列及参数:GRE:T1WI,TR 550 ms,TE 11 ms,层厚5.0 mm,层间距1.5 mm,视野(FOV) 260 mm×260 mm,矩阵256×256;TSE:T2WI ,TR 2200 ms ,TE 96 ms,回波时间10 ms,回波链长度8,激励次数2。T2WI-FLAIR,TR 9000 ms,TE 110.0 ms,层厚5.0 mm,层间距1.5 mm;DWI (SE序列):TR 4500 ms ,TE 98 ms,层厚5.0 mm,层距1.5 mm,矩阵256×256 ,b值=0、1000 s/mm2。增强扫描经肘静脉团注Gd-DTPA,剂量0.1 mmol/kg,流速3 ml/s。

1.3 图像分析及测量

       所有病例图像均采取盲法分析,由2名从事MRI影像诊断工作10年以上经验丰富的影像诊断医师完成,分别记录肿瘤发生部位、信号、病变个数、大小、边界、瘤周水肿、是否囊变坏死、出血以及对比增强情况,当意见不一致时进行协商统一结果。其中,肿瘤的部位采用肿瘤主体所占据位置,可分为额叶,颞叶,顶叶,枕叶,并将其分为左右两侧。病变个数分为单发或多发(2个及以上)病灶。肿瘤边界分为清楚或模糊。囊变坏死为与脑脊液信号相似的囊性病灶。肿瘤大小记录为其实性部分最大径。水肿定义为在T2WI和FLAIR图像上为高信号但增强扫描无强化区,同时记录水肿最大径。增强:低于海绵窦为轻度强化,类似海绵窦但肿瘤内部结构可辨认为中度强化,肿瘤内部结构不能辨认为重度强化[6]。最小表观扩散系数值(minimal ADC ,mADC)值测量需根据T1WI、T2WI以及增强图像确定病变实性成分,于信号最低区域取绘制感兴趣区,并避开病灶内肉眼可见的囊变坏死、出血及水肿区,并取对侧正常区域ADC值标准化最小表观系数(ratio of minimal ADC,rmADC)。感兴趣区(region of interest,ROI)面积取10~20 mm2,于b= 1000 s/mm2下,每一肿瘤测量3次取平均值。

1.4 病理分析

       所有病例均行手术切除治疗,切除标本径4%甲醛溶液固定24 h,常规脱水,浸蜡包埋、切片,行HE染色及免疫组织化学染色。IDH-1突变检测:聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增测序。

1.5 统计学方法

       本研究所有研究数据均采用SPSS 23.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料以±s表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,计数资料比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 肿瘤发病年龄、性别、部位及定性MRI征象

       间变性星形细胞瘤中IDH-1突变型好发于右侧额叶,IDH-1野生型好发于左侧额叶,两组间有统计学差异(P<0.05)。IDH-1突变型者囊变坏死占45%,野生型者占75%,两组间有统计学差异(P<0.05)。强化程度为无强化、轻度强化、中度强化、重度强化者IDH-1突变型分别占比25%、50%、20%、5%,IDH-1野生型分别占比8%、12%、52%、28%,两组间有统计学差异(P<0.05)。IDH-1突变型肿瘤与IDH-1野生型肿瘤的发病性别、平均年龄、肿瘤个数、边界、是否出血等征象,经卡方检验及t检验,均为P>0.05(表1图1图2)。

图1  男,58岁,右侧额叶间变性脑胶质瘤IDH-1突变型。A~E:示右侧额叶稍长T1,稍长T2信号影,病灶内见小片状长T1、长T2信号影,最大径4.8 cm,DWI呈等低信号,ADC呈高信号,增强扫描未见强化,病灶边界尚清,周围未见明显水肿带。mADC=1.12×10-3 mm2/s,rmADC=0.14×10-3 mm2/s。F:示瘤细胞增生密集,胞浆嗜酸,核浆比增大,核深染,异型性明显,核分裂象多见
图2  女,57岁,左侧额叶间变性脑胶质瘤IDH-1野生型。A~E:示左侧额叶囊实性占位,实性成分呈稍长T1、稍长T2信号影,囊性成分呈长T1、长T2信号影,最大径8.2 cm,实性成分于DWI呈高信号,ADC呈等稍低信号影,增强扫描病灶不均匀明显强化,周围水肿明显,mADC=0.83×10-3 mm2/s,rmADC=0.12×10-3 mm2/s。F:瘤细胞增生密集,胞浆嗜酸,核浆比增大,核深染,异型性明显,核分裂象多见
Fig. 1  Male, 58 years old, right frontal anaplastic glioma IDH-1 mutant. The right frontal lobe of A-E is slightly longer than T1, and the T2 signal is slightly longer. The lesion has a small T1 and long T2 signal, and the maximum diameter is 4.8 cm. The DWI is low signal, the ADC is high signal, and the enhanced scan is not enhanced. The border of the lesion was still clear, and no obvious edema band was seen around. mADC=1.12×10-3 mm2/s, rmADC=0.14×10-3 mm2/s. F: The tumor cells are densely proliferated, the cytoplasm is acidophilic, the nucleoplasmic ratio is increased, the nuclear is deeply stained, the atypia is obvious, and the mitosis is more common.
Fig. 2  Female 57 years old, left frontal anaplastic glioma IDH-1 wild type. The left frontal lobe of A—E has a large cystic solid space. The solid component is slightly longer T1 and slightly longer T2 signal. The cystic component is long T1 and long T2 signal, the maximum diameter is 8.2 cm, and the solid component is high on DWI. Signal, ADC showed a slightly lower signal shadow, enhanced scan lesions were unevenly enhanced, and the surrounding edema was obvious. mADC=0.83×10-3 mm2/s, rmADC=0.12×10-3 mm2/s. F: The tumor cells are densely proliferated, the cytoplasm is acidophilic, the nucleoplasmic ratio is increased, the nuclear is deeply stained, the atypia is obvious, and the mitosis is more common.
表1  间变性星形细胞瘤的主要临床资料及定性MRI征象
Tab. 1  Main clinical data and qualitative MRI signs of interstitial astrocytoma

2.2 定量MRI征象

       IDH-1突变组肿瘤平均最大径(50.01±19.11) mm,IDH-1野生组肿瘤平均最大径(64.58±11.52)mm,两组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.013)。IDH-1突变组mADC值均值为(0.84±0.14)×10-3 mm2/s,IDH-1野生组mADC值均值为(1.17±0.20)×10-3 mm2/s,两组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.037)。IDH-1突变组rmADC值均值为(0.16±0.04)×10-3 mm2/s ,IDH-1野生组rmADC值均值为(0.13±0.02)×10-3 mm2/s,两组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.015)。IDH-1突变组肿瘤周围水肿平均最大径与IDH-1野生组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.521)(表2)。

表2  间变性星形细胞瘤MRI定量指标
Tab. 2  Quantitative MRI index of anaplastic astrocytoma

3 讨论

3.1 IDH-1概述

       自2008年Parsons等[7]发现IDH-1突变对脑胶质瘤的发生发展、诊断治疗及预后有重要意义以来,大量研究表明IDH-1突变已经成为临床上公认的预测脑胶质瘤患者预后的生物学指标,WHOⅢ级间变性星形细胞瘤IDH-1突变型和野生型的生存期分别为65个月和20个月。在高级别胶质瘤中IDH-1突变的患者在外科手术完全切除肿瘤可改善预后,而IDH-1野生型患者是否完全切除手术不影响预后[8]。Houillier等[9]发现IDH-1突变可作为影响替莫唑胺临床疗效的独立预测因素。2016年WHO也首次在脑胶质瘤分类中纳入了分子标准。IDHl是三羧酸循环中的关键性限速酶,可催化异柠檬酸氧化脱羧生成α-酮戊二酸(α-ketoglutarate ,α-KG)及二氧化碳,为细胞新陈代谢提供能量,当IDH-1突变时异柠檬酸脱氢酶与底物的结合能力减低,催化NADPH依赖性还原反应使α-KG变成2-羟基戊二酸(2-bydroxyglutarate,2-HG),如果2-HG在人体中大量蓄积,正常细胞逐渐转化为恶性细胞,促使肿瘤进一步发展[10]。因此术前评估IDH-1突变状态可为患者的预后及个体化治疗方案的选择提供必要的临床价值。

3.2 MRI基本征象对比

       有报道IDH-1突变型患者在WHO Ⅱ~Ⅳ级星形胶质细胞瘤中均发生于相对年轻的患者。Hartann等[11]报道WHOⅢ级的脑肿瘤IDH-1突变型较野生型患者年轻6岁。本研究中间变性星形细胞瘤IDH突变组与野生组发病平均年龄无明显差异,可能与样本量有限有关。Metellus等[12]报道IDH-1野生型胶质瘤好发于额颞岛叶,体积比IDH-1突变型肿瘤大。本研究中IDH突变型脑胶质瘤好发于右侧额叶,野生型好发于左侧额叶,两者对比有统计学差异,与既往报道[12,13]一致。通过分析肿瘤的最大直径、水肿最大直径、病变个数、肿瘤边界、囊变坏死、强化程度等MRI征象,本研究发现间变性星形细胞瘤IDH-1野生型肿瘤表现为更大的直径、更高的囊变坏死率及更显著的强化程度。目前,较少研究证明胶质瘤的囊变坏死程度与IDH-1突变与否有直接相关性,但既往研究表明IDH-1野生型脑胶质瘤患者的预后较IDH-1突变型患者差[3,9],有学者研究高级别胶质瘤在术前MRI显示肿瘤内囊变坏死程度是影响预后的重要因素,这也从侧面印证了本研究的结果。在本研究20例IDH-1突变型间变性胶质瘤中,无强化、轻度强化的病例分别为5例和10例,占比约75%,而25例IDH-1野生型间变性胶质瘤中,中度强化、重度强化病例分别为13例和7例,占比约80%。脑肿瘤的强化程度反映了肿瘤组织内的微血管密度,同时也反映了肿瘤的浸润与增殖程度的情况。有学者认为由于IDH-1突变的胶质瘤内新生血管含量少,在增强扫描时强化程度低,属于浸润性和增殖偏低的表型。既往研究也发现在MRI增强扫描中出现强化显著的间变性星形胶质瘤更易复发,生存期更短。由于IDH-1突变型脑胶质瘤患者比IDH-1野生型患者具有更好的预后及更长的生存期,以上研究也进一步印证了本研究的结果。

3.3 ADC值对比

       目前扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)序列可通过评估自由水分子扩散运动幅度的改变,提供肿瘤内部微环境信息。DWI显示高信号,提示水分子的自由扩散受限,说明肿瘤细胞的密度越高。根据DWI序列获得的ADC值能对水分子的扩散进行量化评估,其与扩散受限程度呈负相关[14]。有学者研究表明胶质瘤中IDH-1突变型的平均ADC值显著低于IDH-1野生型[15]。由于高级别胶质瘤组织具有更强的异型性,瘤体常伴有囊变坏死、出血等改变,因此部分学者认为平均ADC常常不能够准确反映肿瘤细胞的密度和增殖情况。Mabray等[16]研究发现在对肿块样脱髓鞘病变与原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤和高级别胶质瘤等原发性脑肿瘤的鉴别诊断中,mADC值的效能要高于平均ADC值,mADC值反映了瘤体内的最高密度。本研究中间变性星形细胞瘤IDH野生型的mADC、rmADC值均小于DIH1突变型,两组间差异有统计学意义。其原因可能是由于IDH-1野生型间变性胶质瘤细胞恶性程度更高,因此具有更高的异型性,细胞密度更高,细胞外间隙更小,导致水分子扩散更明显,进而mADC、rADC值较IDH-1突变型更低。

3.4 结论与不足

       综上所述,本研究结果显示常规MRI影像特征可用来术前评估间变性星形细胞瘤的IDH-1突变状态。IDH-1突变型肿瘤多发生于右侧额叶,肿瘤最大直径、坏死程度、强化程度均低于IDH-1野生型,IDH-1突变型的mADC值、rmADC值高于野生型。通过应用MRI影像特征对IDH-1突变状态进行预测,能够更好地指导临床采用个体化治疗方案及预后评估。但是,本研究病例数偏少,且笔者只研究了MRI常规影像参数,并未结合DTI、ASL和MRS等功能成像指标,在以后的研究中,会结合多模态磁共振成像技术来进行术前IDH-1突变状态的评估,使结果更加丰富、更具有说服力。

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