分享:
分享到微信朋友圈
X
临床研究
多参数磁共振成像在子宫癌肉瘤与低危型子宫内膜癌鉴别诊断中的应用价值
沈逸青 吕发金 刘晓曦 熊域霖

Cite this article as: Shen YQ, Lü FJ, Liu XX, et, al. The applied value of multiparametric MRI in differentiating uterine carcinosarcoma from low risk endometrial carcinoma. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2019, 10(7): 535-539.本文引用格式:沈逸青,吕发金,刘晓曦,等.多参数磁共振成像在子宫癌肉瘤与低危型子宫内膜癌鉴别诊断中的应用价值.磁共振成像, 2019, 10(7): 535-539. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.07.011.


[摘要] 目的 探讨磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)定性及定量参数在子宫癌肉瘤(uterine carcinosarcoma,CS)与低危型子宫内膜癌(endometrial carcinoma,EC)鉴别诊断中的应用价值。材料与方法 回顾性分析18例CS和30例低危型EC,比较两组肿瘤下列MRI指标:肿瘤形态、肿瘤最大径、内膜厚度与宫腔前后径之比(ET/AP)、结合带情况、出血、囊变/坏死、血管流空影、平均ADC值(mADC )、相对ADC值(rADC )、最大相对强化率(maximum relative enhancement ratio ,MRER)和流出率(Washout)。结果 MRI定性指标中,CS常伴出血、囊变/坏死和血管流空影,以上指标与低危型EC的差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。MRI定量指标中,CS与低危型EC的最大径[(58.00±27.42) mm、(28.37±10.03) mm] ,ET/AP [(0.71±0.21)、(0.35±0.15)],MRER [(2.09±0.68)、(0.56±0.42)]和Washout [(0.04±0.12)、(0.36±0.42 )]的差异均具有统计学意义(P <0.05 )。根据受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,当肿瘤的最大径、ET/AP值、MRER和Washout分别以37.5 mm、0.474、1.299和0.021作为阈值时,诊断CS的敏感度、特异度分别为83.3%、83.3%,88.9%、83.3%,94.4%、96.7%,100.0%、72.2%。结论 肿瘤最大径、ET/AP、MRER及washout在CS与低危型EC的鉴别诊断中有较高诊断效能,可作为优化参数帮助临床合理选择治疗方案。
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the applied value of quantitative and qualitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters in differentiating uterine carcinosarcoma (CS) from low risk endometrial carcinoma (EC).Materials and Methods: Eighteen CS and 30 low risk EC confirmed by surgery were retrospectively analysed. The following MRI features of the tumors were evaluated: tumor morphology, maximum tumor diameter, ET/AP, the integrity of junction zone, hemorrhagic, necrotic/cystic components, flow voids, mean ADC values (mADC), relative ADC values (rADC), maximum relative enhancement ratio (MRER) and Washout.Results: There were significant differences between CS and EC in the following qualitative parameters: hemorrhagic, necrotic/cystic components and flow voids (P<0.05). For quantitative MRI parameters, maximum dimension, ET/AP, MRER and Washout could significantly distinguish CS from low risk EC (P<0.05). According to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, when the cut-off values of maximum dimension, ET/AP, MRER and Washout were 37.5 mm, 0.474, 1.299 and 0.021, the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis were 83.3%, 83.3%; 88.9%, 83.3%; 94.4%, 96.7%; 100.0%, 72.2%; respectively.Conclusions: Qualitative and quantitative MRI parameters were of great value in differentiating CS from low risk EC. The maximum diameter, ET/AP, MRER and Washout could be used as optimization parameters to provide imaging information for adequate clinical treatment.
[关键词] 子宫肿瘤;癌肉瘤;子宫内膜肿瘤;磁共振成像;诊断,鉴别
[Keywords] uterine neoplasms;carcinosarcoma;endometrial neoplasms;magnetic resonance imaging;diagnosis, differential

沈逸青 重庆医科大学附属第一医院放射科,重庆 400016

吕发金* 重庆医科大学附属第一医院放射科,重庆 400016

刘晓曦 重庆医科大学附属第一医院放射科,重庆 400016

熊域霖 重庆医科大学附属第一医院放射科,重庆 400016

通信作者:吕发金,E-mail: fajinlv@163.com

利益冲突:无。


收稿日期:2019-01-21
接受日期:2019-05-21
中图分类号:R445.2; R737.33 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.07.011
本文引用格式:沈逸青,吕发金,刘晓曦,等.多参数磁共振成像在子宫癌肉瘤与低危型子宫内膜癌鉴别诊断中的应用价值.磁共振成像, 2019, 10(7): 535-539. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.07.011.

       子宫癌肉瘤(uterine carcinosarcoma,CS)是由上皮细胞和间质成分组成的去分化型子宫内膜癌[1]。因复发率高,生存率低[2],ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO共识会议将CS列为高危型子宫内膜癌(endometrial carcinoma,EC),并主张行淋巴结清扫术(lymphadenectomy ,LD)以全面分期[3]。低危型EC预后良好,淋巴结转移风险低,目前学术界认为可以不行LD[3]。临床上,CS与低危型EC症状相似[4],但二者的治疗方式及预后差别较大,加上术前诊刮误诊率高[5],有必要借助其他手段辅助鉴别。

       磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)广泛应用于EC的术前诊断和分期。目前有不少探讨CS影像特征的文章[6,7,8,9],但尚无关于多参数MRI对CS与低危型EC的鉴别诊断研究。本研究通过对比分析两组肿瘤的常规MRI、扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging ,DWI)及动态增强扫描(dynamic contrast-enhanced,DCE)图像,旨在探索其定性和定量参数在CS与低危型EC的鉴别诊断中的应用价值。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究对象

       收集2011年6月到2015年12月间在我院行全子宫切除术且MRI资料完整的CS和EC患者。纳入标准如下:(1)所有病例均由手术病理证实;(2)患者术前未行任何特殊治疗;(3)低危型EC定义为国际妇产科联盟(Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics,FIGO)分期为IA期,组织学分级(Grade ,G)为1或2级的EC。最终纳入CS患者18例,平均年龄(58.3±9.7)岁,绝经后15例,未育者1例,有流产史14例;18例CS患者中,12例为FIGO Ⅰ期,2例为FIGO Ⅱ期,4例为FIGO Ⅲ期。低危型EC患者30例,平均年龄(53.9±9.3)岁,绝经后20例,未育者2例,有流产史13例。关于临床主要症状,18例CS患者中,16例表现为阴道不规则流血、流液,1例为月经紊乱,1例经体检发现;30例低危型EC患者中,25例表现为阴道不规则流血、流液,5例为月经紊乱。所有入组患者在检查前均知情同意,并与其签署了知情同意书。

1.2 MRI检查

       采用GE HDxt 3.0 T MRI扫描仪,使用八通道相控阵体部线圈,行盆腔平扫加增强检查。扫描系列包括:(1)轴位:T2WI TR 4400 ms,TE 106.6 ms,视野28.0 cm×22.4 cm,矩阵288×224,层厚5 mm,层间距1.5 mm;T1WI TR 175 ms,TE 1.8 ms,视野40 cm×28 cm,矩阵320×224,层厚5 mm,层间距1 mm;DWI TR 4375 ms,TE 65.6 ms,视野36 cm×27 cm,矩阵128×128,层厚5 mm,层间距1.5 mm ,b=0、800 s/mm2;增强T1WI (liver acceleration volume acquisition,LAVA) TR 4 ms,TE 1.9 ms,视野40 cm×32 cm,矩阵320×224,层厚4 mm,层间距0 mm;(2)矢状位:T2WI TR 3040 ms,TE 107.5 ms,视野28 cm×22.4 cm,矩阵320×224,层厚6 mm,层间距1 mm;LAVA TR 3.9 ms ,TE 1.8 ms,视野35 cm×28 cm,矩阵288 mm×224 mm,层厚4 mm,层间距0 mm。动态增强扫描采用LAVA序列,包括轴位及矢状位采集,轴位动态增强扫描,对比剂采用马根维显,计量为0.2 ml/kg体质量,推注速率为2 ml/s。

1.3 MRI图像分析

       MRI定性指标:(1)肿瘤形态:团块状或类圆形定义为局限型,匍匐状或不规则形定义为弥漫型。(2)结合带情况:结合带清楚定义为T2WI上内膜与肌层间的低信号带完整、连续,结合带模糊或中断定义为T2WI上低信号带边界欠清或不连续,甚至局部呈稍高信号。(3 )囊变/坏死:长T1、长T2信号影,增强后无强化。(4)出血:短T1、长T2信号影。(5)血管流空影:T2WI上见管状流空信号穿行瘤体内部。

       MRI定量指标:(1)肿瘤最大径及ET/AP值:在矢状位T2WI图像上,于病灶最大截面分别测量包括肿块在内的内膜厚度和宫腔前后径,二者之比值记为ET/AP。结合矢状位、轴位T2WI图像,测量肿瘤的最大直径。(2) ADC值:利用GE后处理工作站(AW 4.6),结合T2WI和DWI图像,确定ADC图像病变范围,在病灶最大截面的实质区域放置感兴趣区(region of interest,ROI) ,ROI面积均大于30 mm2,注意避开出血、囊变/坏死区域及血流伪影,每个病灶重复测量三次平均表观扩散系数(mean apparent diffusion coefficient,mADC),计算其平均值。在闭孔内肌的最大横截面放置ROI,记录闭孔内肌ADC值,mADC与其相比的结果即为相对表观扩散系数(relative apparent diffusion coefficient,rADC)。(3) DCE定量参数:应用Functool软件处理DCE-MRI数据,于病灶非均匀强化时早期强化最明显的部分划取ROI,获得时间-信号曲线(time signal-intensity curve,TIC),测量并计算得到最大相对强化率(maximum relative enhancement ratio,MRER)及流出率(Washout)。MRER=(SIpeak-SI0)/SI0,Washout=(SIlast-SIpeak)/SIpeak。其中SIpeak为信号峰值强度,SI0为未强化信号强度,SIlast为强化末期信号强度。

1.4 统计学分析

       利用SPSS 21.0统计分析软件,所有计量资料均用±s表示。利用t检验比较两组肿瘤之间mADC、rADC、MRER及Washout的差异,利用χ2检验比较两组肿瘤之间形态、结合带情况、囊变/坏死、出血和血管流空影的差异。P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。通过绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,比较各定量参数的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC),确定最佳诊断阈值及其诊断的敏感度、特异度。

2 结果

2.1 MRI定性指标比较

       CS在T2WI上呈稍高/混杂信号,T1WI上呈稍低、混杂信号,在DWI上以高、混杂高信号为主,增强扫描病灶呈明显不均匀强化;低危型EC在T2WI上呈稍高信号,T1WI上呈等信号,在DWI上以高/明显高信号为主,增强扫描病灶呈轻度均匀强化。在MRI定性指标中,CS与低危型EC之间囊变/坏死、出血及血管流空影的差异具有统计学意义(P均<0.05 ;表1图1图2)。

图1  女,62岁,子宫癌肉瘤。肿瘤最大径为69 mm,ET/AP为0.968。A:肿瘤实质T2WI呈混杂信号,内见血管流空影;B:实质T1WI见高信号区域;C:ADC伪彩图上肿瘤为低信号蓝色区域,mADC及rADC分别为0.830×10-3 mm2/s,0.546×10-3 mm2/s;D:增强后肿块呈明显不均匀强化;E:根据TIC曲线,MRER及Washout分别为1.715和0.000;F:病理示子宫癌肉瘤(HE ×200)
图2  女,31岁,低危型子宫内膜癌(FIGO IA,G2)。肿瘤最大径为28 mm,ET/AP为0.431。A:肿瘤实质T2WI呈稍高信号,无血管流空影;B:实质T1WI呈等信号;C:ADC伪彩图上肿瘤为低信号蓝色区域,mADC及rADC分别为0.968×10-3 mm2/s,0.737×10-3 mm2/s;D:增强后肿块呈轻度强化;E:根据TIC曲线,MRER及Washout分别为0.110和0.650;F:病理示子宫内膜样腺癌(HE ×200)
Fig. 1  A 62-year-old woman with uterine carcinosarcoma. The maximum diameter, ET/AP of the lesion were 69 mm and 0.968, respectively. A: The lesion showed heterogeneous intensity with intratumoral flow voids on T2WI. B: The lesion showed isointensity or hyperintensity on T1WI. C: On ADC map, the mADC and rADC values were 0.830×10-3 mm2/s, 0.546×10-3 mm2/s, respectively. D: On axial contrast-enhanced image, the leison showed obvious heterogeneous enhancement. E: According to TIC, the MRER and Washout were 1.715, 0.000, respectively. F: Pathological examination showed uterine carcinosarcoma (HE ×200).
Fig. 2  A 31-year-old woman with low risk endometrial carcinoma (FIGO IA,G2). The maximum diameter, ET/AP of the lesion were 28 mm and 0.431, respectively. A: The lesion showed hyperintensity on T2WI. B: The lesion showed isointensity on T1WI. C: On ADC map, the mADC and rADC values were 0.968×10-3 mm2/s, 0.737×10-3 mm2/s, respectively. D: On axial contrast-enhanced image, the leison showed mild heterogeneous enhancement. E: According to TIC, the MRER and Washout were 0.110, 0.650, respectively. F: Pathological examination showed endometrial adenocarcinoma (HE ×200).
表1  CS与低危型EC的MRI定性指标比较
Tab. 1  The comparison of MRI qualitative parameters between CS and low risk EC

2.2 MRI定量指标比较

       在MRI定量指标中,CS与低危型EC的mADC值、rADC值差异均无统计学意义(P分别为0.777、0.774)。CS与低危型EC的肿瘤最大径、ET/AP、MRER和Washout差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05;表2)。

表2  CS与低危型EC的MRI定量指标比较(±s)
Tab. 2  The comparison of MRI quantitative parameters between CS and low risk EC (±s)

2.3 肿瘤最大径、ET/AP、MRER和Washout鉴别诊断CS与低风险EC的效能

       根据ROC曲线(图3),肿瘤最大径、ET/AP、MRER和Washout的AUC分别为0.875、0.901、0.983和0.870。当以肿瘤最大径=37.5 mm作为诊断阈值,敏感性及特异性分别为83.3%,83.3%;当以ET/AP=0.474作为诊断阈值,敏感性及特异性分别为88.9%,83.3%;当以MRER=1.299作为诊断阈值,敏感性及特异性分别为94.4%,96.7%;当以Washout=0.021作为诊断阈值,敏感性及特异性分别为100.0%,72.2%。

图3  A:肿瘤最大径、ET/AP、MRER的ROC曲线图;B:Washout的ROC曲线图
Fig. 3  A: The ROC curve of the maximum diameter, ET/AP and MRER. B: The ROC curve of Washout.

3 讨论

       CS又名恶性苗勒管混合瘤(MMMTs),是一种罕见的化生型EC[2]。既往研究证实CS以癌性成分作为肿瘤高侵袭性的原始驱动力,其生物学行为与高级别EC相似,但早期转移率高,总体预后差,即使病灶局限于宫体[10,11,12]。ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO共识会议将CS归类为高危型EC,并主张CS行LD及相关辅助治疗。因此,准确、充分的术前评估有利于优化治疗方案和改善预后。本研究结果显示CS与低危型EC均好发于绝经后女性,以不规则阴道流血为主要症状,仅凭临床指标区别二者难度较大。MRI具有多序列,多角度的成像特点,可以提供子宫及周围组织的解剖学信息。DWI和DCE-MRI作为常规MRI的有益补充,其定量参数有助于为CS与低危型EC的鉴别提供更丰富的影像学依据。

3.1 MRI定性指标对CS与低危型EC的鉴别诊断价值

       本研究中,大部分CS和低危型EC均表现为结合带受侵的局限型肿块。关于肿瘤信号特点,Takeuchi等[6]认为瘤体信号多样,强度不均是CS的特征性表现,本组结果也显示CS常伴囊变、坏死及出血,而低危型EC鲜见。这是由于CS作为双向分化肿瘤,组织异质性明显,加上CS恶性程度高,生长迅速,瘤体内部容易缺血,进而出现凝固型坏死,故瘤体信号混杂。Ohguri等[13]报道50%的CS出现血管流空影,而全部11例EC均无此表现,与本研究结果一致。其原因和血管流空影多出现在间质成分中有关。因此,当瘤体内信号混杂并伴有血管流空影,要高度怀疑CS。

3.2 MRI定量指标对CS与低危型EC的鉴别诊断价值

       本组结果显示CS的肿瘤最大径、ET/AP均显著高于低危型EC。此外,当肿瘤最大径和ET/AP分别以37.5 mm和0.474作为阈值时有最佳诊断效能。CS的生长方式分为外生型和浸润型,以外生型多见。外生型CS通常局限于宫腔内呈膨胀性生长,加上瘤体富血供和高细胞密集性的特点,导致CS的体积一般明显大于EC。Genever等[14]发现39例CS的上下径和前后径分别为95 mm、58 mm,显著高于50例EC (82 mm、44.5 mm) ,与本研究结果相似。当前,CS的影像学研究主要集中于肿瘤信号强度和异质性特征,对于临床医师的实际操作和具体评估有一定难度。测量并计算肿瘤最大径和ET/AP从形态学角度出发,方法简单,结果直观,可为CS与低危型EC的鉴别诊断提供有益参考。

       DWI能够无创地检测水分子弥散受限的情况,以ADC值作为其定量指标。rADC值受个体差异、ROI大小与定位的影响小,与mADC值相比结果更加准确[15]。本组结果显示CS的mADC值、rADC值和低危型EC差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),这与Yan等[16]研究结果基本相同。ADC值不仅与核浆比密切联系,还与细胞分化水平有关。与低危型EC相比,CS作为低分化肿瘤,细胞排列紧密且杂乱,细胞外间隙水分子弥散受限,故ADC值降低。然而,CS异质性明显,瘤体内存在丰富的微坏死区和上皮囊性成分,故ADC值升高。由此可见,两种病灶微观结构的差异使得ADC值难以准确区分CS与低危型EC。

       DEC-MRI不仅能动态观察肿瘤血供的变化,还能通过相关定量参数反映肿瘤微血管灌注的相关特征。本研究中,CS的MRER明显高于低危型EC,而Washout明显低于低危型EC,可能原因如下:(1) CS中肉瘤成分增强后呈明显强化,强化程度与子宫肌层相仿,而低危型EC为单一癌性成分,增强后多呈轻度强化。Ohguri等[13]回顾性比较4例CS与11例EC,发现全部CS均呈早期明显强化并持续性强化,只有1例EC呈早期快速强化且中后期信号逐渐消退。Zhang等[17]也有相似发现,即全部CS (5/5)增强后呈中度持续性强化。(2) EC可破坏正常组织的供血动脉,加上低危型EC分化程度高,新生血管少,导致增强后微血管灌注率低,强化程度低。Fasmer等[18]对177例EC的DCE-MRI定量参数比较发现Fb值和Ktrans值明显低于正常肌层,这也提示EC本质为相对乏血供肿瘤。反之,CS组织分化程度低,瘤内含大量新生血管,导致增强后微血管灌注率高,强化程度高。此外,CS体积较大,肿瘤血管扩张,迂曲,对比剂停留时间相对较长,故中后期呈持续性强化。由此可见,高MRER,低Washout能够反映CS呈早期明显强化,中后期持续性强化这一特征性强化模式,具有鉴别诊断意义。

       本研究的局限性:(1) CS因临床发病率低导致样本量较少,结果可能存在统计学偏倚。(2)未纳入其他高危型EC(如浆液性癌,透明细胞癌)与低危型EC进行对比研究。

       综上所述,肿瘤最大径、ET/AP、MRER及Washout在CS与低危型EC的鉴别诊断中具有较高诊断效能,可作为优化参数帮助临床合理选择治疗方案。

[1]
McCluggage WG. Uterine carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed Mullerian tumors) are metaplastic carcinomas. Int J Gynecol Cancer, 2002, 12(6): 687-90.
[2]
Cantrell LA, Blank SV, Duska LR. Uterine carcinosarcoma: a review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol, 2015, 137(3): 581-588.
[3]
Colombo N, Creutzberg C, Amant F, et al. ESMOESGO-ESTRO consensus conference on endometrial cancer: diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol, 2016, 27(1): 16-41.
[4]
Berton-Rigaud D, Devouassoux-Shisheboran M, Ledermann JA, et al. Gynecologic cancer intergroup (GCIG) consensus review for uterine and ovarian carcinosarcoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer, 2014, 24(9Suppl 3): S55-60.
[5]
Bansal N, Herzog TJ, Burke W, et al. The utility of preoperative endometrial sampling for the detection of uterine sarcomas. Gynecol Oncol, 2008, 110(1): 43-48.
[6]
Takeuchi M, Matsuzaki K, Harada M. Carcinosarcoma of the uterus: MRI findings including diffusion-weighted imaging and MR spectroscopy. Acta Radiol, 2016, 57(10): 1277-1284.
[7]
Barral M, Placé V, Dautry R, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging features of uterine sarcoma and mimickers. Abdom Radiol, 2017, 42(6): 1762-1772.
[8]
Inoue A, Yamaguchi K, Kurata Y, et al. Unenhanced region on magnetic resonance imaging represents tumor progression in uterine carcinosarcoma. J Gynecol Oncol, 2017, 28(5): e62.
[9]
Huang YT, Chang CB, Yeh CJ, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of 3.0t diffusion-weighted MRI for patients with uterine carcinosarcoma: assessment of tumor extent and lymphatic metastasis. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2018. DOI:
[10]
Felix AS, Stone RA, Bowser R, et al. Comparison of survival outcomes between patients with malignant mixed Mullerian tumors and high-grade endometrioid, clear cell, and papillary serous endometrial cancers. Int J Gynecol Cancer, 2011, 21(5): 877-884.
[11]
Vorgias G, Fotiou S. The role of lymphadenectomy in uterine carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed mullerian tumours): a critical literature review. Arch Gynecol Obstet Dec, 2010, 282(6): 659-664.
[12]
Major FJ, Blessing JA, Silverberg SG, et al. Prognostic factors in early-stage uterine sarcoma: a gynecologic oncology group study. Cancer, 1993, 71(4Suppl): 1702-1709.
[13]
Ohguri T, Aoki T, Watanabe H, et al. MRI findings including gadolinium-enhanced dynamic studies of malignant,mixed mesodermal tumors of the uterus:differentiation from endometrial carcinomas. Eur Radiol, 2002, 12(11): 2737-2742.
[14]
Genever AV, Abdi S. Can MRI predict the diagnosis of endometrial carcinosarcoma? Clin Radiol, 2011, 66(7): 621-624.
[15]
Mainenti PP, Pizzuti LM, Segreto S, et al. Diffusion volume (DV) measurement in endometrial and cervical cancer: a new MRI parameter in the evaluation of the tumor grading and the risk classification. Eur J Radiol, 2016, 85(1): 113-124.
[16]
Yan B, Zhao T, Liang X, et al. Can the apparent diffusion coefficient differentiate the grade of endometrioid adenocarcinoma and the histological subtype of endometrial cancer? Acta Radiol, 2018, 59(3): 1-8.
[17]
Zhang GF, Zhang H, Tian XM, et al. Magnetic resonance and diffusion-weighted imaging in categorization of uterine sarcomas: correlation with pathological findings. Clin Imaging, 2014, 38(6): 836-834.
[18]
Fasmer KE, Bjørnerud A, Ytre-Hauge, et al. Preoperative quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging predict aggressive disease in endometrial cance. Acta Radiol, 2018, 59(8): 1010-1017.

上一篇 MRI表观扩散系数联合动态增强TIC类型对肿块型浆细胞性乳腺炎及乳腺癌的鉴别诊断价值
下一篇 定量DCE-MRI和QCT评价兔糖尿病模型骨髓微血管渗透性和骨小梁改变的相关性
  
诚聘英才 | 广告合作 | 免责声明 | 版权声明
联系电话:010-67113815
京ICP备19028836号-2