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临床研究
无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的MRI诊断与神经功能评价价值
任李良 王培源

Cite this article as: Ren LL, Wang PY. MRI diagnosis and neurologic function evaluation of cervical spinal cord injury without fracture and dislocation. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2019, 10(8): 571-577.本文引用格式:任李良,王培源.无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的MRI诊断与神经功能评价价值.磁共振成像, 2019, 10(8): 571-577. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.08.003.


[摘要] 目的 探讨MRI对无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤(cervical spinal cord injury without fracture and dislocation,SCIWFAD)患者脊髓损伤诊断及神经功能评估的价值。材料与方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2018年7月在烟台市烟台山医院诊治的39例无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤患者(试验组)和39名健康体检者(对照组)。分别测量对照组C2-C7节段及试验组颈髓损伤节段的颈髓、硬膜囊及椎管矢状径与面积,计算各节段三者间矢状径比值与面积比值,并分析两组间各参数间的差异。记录SCIWFAD患者颈髓损伤节段,测量损伤范围,按照美国脊髓损伤学会(American Spinal Injury Association,ASIA)标准分级,并分析颈髓损伤范围及节段与ASIA分级相关性。结果 SCIWFAD患者损伤节段颈髓面积比颈髓矢状径能更好地显示脊髓形态改变;D颈髓/硬膜囊与D颈髓/椎管、S颈髓/硬膜囊与S颈髓/椎管均能够较好地体现SCIWFAD患者椎管容积改变时脊髓的受压情况及脊髓容积储备。ASIA神经功能分级与损伤范围密切相关(r=-0.519 ,P=0.001),但与损伤节段无确切相关性(r=-0.013 ,P=0.892)。结论 MRI可以准确显示SCIWFAD的损伤范围与信号改变,硬膜囊与椎管矢状径和面积均能较准确地评价脊髓的椎管储备空间;脊髓损伤范围可以较准确地反映脊髓功能损伤的严重程度。
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the value of MRI in the diagnosis of spinal cord injury and the evaluation of neurological function in patients with cervical spinal cord injury without fracture and dislocation.Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed on 39 patients (experimental group) and 39 healthy subjects (control group) without fracture and dislocation cervical spinal cord injury who were treated in Yantai Mountain Hospital from January 2013 to July 2018. The sagittal diameter and area of cervical spinal cord, dural sac and spinal canal in the C2-C7 segment of the control group and the experimental group were measured respectively, and the sagittal diameter ratio and area ratio among the three segments were calculated, and the differences in the parameters between the two groups were analyzed. The extent of cervical spinal cord injury in SCIWFAD patients was recorded and the extent of injury was measured. The extent of cervical spinal cord injury and the correlation between cervical spinal cord injury and ASIA grade were analyzed according to ASIA criteria.Results: The area of cervical spinal cord was better than the sagittal diameter in SCIWFAD patients. D cervical spinal cord/dural sac and D cervical spinal cord/spinal canal, S cervical spinal cord/dural sac and S cervical spinal cord/spinal canal can better reflect the spinal cord compression and spinal cord volume reserve when spinal canal volume changes in patients with SCIWFAD. The ASIA neurological functional grading was closely related to the extent of injury (r= -0.519, P=0.001), but had no definite correlation with the extent of injury (r=-0.013, P=0.892).Conclusions: MRI can accurately display the injury range and signal change of SCIWFAD, and both the dural sac and spinal canal sagittal diameter and area can accurately evaluate the spinal canal reserve space of the spinal cord. The extent of spinal cord injury can accurately reflect the severity of spinal cord functional injury.
[关键词] 磁共振成像;无骨折脱位;颈髓损伤;神经功能分级
[Keywords] magnetic resonance imaging;no fracture dislocation;cervical spinal cord injury;neurological classification

任李良 滨州医学院烟台附属医院医学影像科,烟台 264100;烟台市烟台山医院放射科,烟台 264001

王培源* 滨州医学院烟台附属医院医学影像科,烟台 264100

通信作者:王培源,E-mail:wangpeiyuan1640@163.com

利益冲突:无。


收稿日期:2019-02-20
接受日期:2019-04-30
中图分类号:R445.2; R681.53 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.08.003
本文引用格式:任李良,王培源.无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的MRI诊断与神经功能评价价值.磁共振成像, 2019, 10(8): 571-577. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.08.003.

       无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤(cervical spinal cord injury without fracture and dislocation,SCIWFAD)是一种特殊类型的颈髓损伤,占所有颈髓损伤的3%~16%[1,2],致残致死率极高。患者可出现脊髓中央性综合征、不完全性脊髓损伤综合征、完全性脊髓损伤综合征及Brown-Sequard综合征等脊髓损伤临床表现,但无颈椎骨折脱位的影像征象[3]。MRI是SCIWFAD诊断最主要的影像学检查方法,不仅可以显示病变信号改变、范围与程度,还有助于推测颈髓损伤的机制及脊髓功能状况。本文回顾性分析在烟台市烟台山医院诊治的39例SCIWFAD患者,深入探讨MRI对其诊断及脊髓功能评价的价值,分析患者可能的损伤机制,以更好地对患者进行综合评价。

1 材料与方法

1.1 一般资料

       回顾性分析2013年1月至2018年7月在烟台市烟台山医院诊治的SCIWFAD患者39例,所有患者均具备完整临床及影像学资料。其中男32例,女7例;年龄30~87岁,平均(56.2±11.22)岁。患者伤后均出现不同程度的颈部活动受限、四肢感觉异常甚至丧失及运动功能障碍,以运动障碍更为显著,均于外伤后1周内行颈椎MRI检查;所有患者行MRI检查前,均行CT扫描除外骨折及脱位。患者入院后及出院前均根据美国脊髓损伤学会(American Spinal Injury Association,ASIA)脊髓损伤分类标准进行神经功能评定。选取同期在烟台市烟台山医院行颈椎MRI检查无异常的39名正常人作为对照组,其中男31例,女8例;年龄18~44岁,平均(27.54±6.74)岁;排除X线、CT及MRI可见的退变、骨折、脱位及扫描过程中发生幽闭恐惧症者。所有受检者检查前均知情同意并签署知情同意书。

1.2 MRI检查及测量

       所有患者及对照组颈椎MRI检查均采用美国GE公司Discovery750(AW Volume Share 4)3.0 T超导高场磁共振扫描仪,使用颈部表面线圈,患者取仰卧位。所有患者均采集矢状位T1WI (SE序列,TR/TE=360 ms/18 ms)、T2WI (FRFSE序列,TR/TE=3000 ms/120 ms)及横断位T2WI (FSE序列,TR/TE=3500 ms/104 ms)图像,层厚5 mm,层间距1 mm。

       所得图像由两位副高级职称以上专业影像诊断医师采用双盲法进行分析、评价并作出诊断,若存在分歧情况,则协商后达成一致。图像观察指标主要包括:脊髓曲度(正常、变直、反曲)、颈髓损伤节段及程度、韧带改变(有无后纵韧带骨化、黄韧带肥厚钙化)、伴发改变(有无血肿、颈部软组织损伤)等。采用GE ADW4.3工作站对图像进行测量,图像测量指标包括:测量对照组及试验组各观察节段的颈髓、硬膜囊和椎管矢状径(D颈髓、D硬膜囊、D椎管)与面积(S颈髓、S硬膜囊、S椎管),测量脊髓损伤范围(图1),所有数据测量3次后取平均值。计算对照组各节段及试验组颈髓损伤节段颈髓与硬膜囊及椎管矢状径比值(D颈髓/硬膜囊、D颈髓/椎管)与面积占有率(S颈髓/硬膜囊、S颈髓/椎管)、硬膜囊与椎管矢状径比值(D硬膜囊/椎管)及面积占有率(S硬膜囊/椎管)。椎管径线及面积均以软椎管内缘为界进行测量。

       颈髓损伤节段以相应椎体上缘至其下方椎间盘下缘(下位椎体上缘)为一个节段,分为C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7共6个节段,测量点选择相应节段中狭窄最显著的部位。

图1  患者,女,30岁。A:颈髓矢状径测量示意图(白线);B:硬膜囊矢状径测量示意图(白线);C:椎管矢状径测量示意图(白线);D:颈髓、硬膜囊及椎管面积测量示意图(白色线圈,由内至外)
图2  患者,男,58岁,C3节段颈髓损伤。C3节段颈髓内见片状脂肪抑制T2WI高信号,C3/4椎间盘突出,脊髓及硬膜囊受压
图3  患者,男,63岁,C2-C4节段颈髓损伤。颈髓内长节段脂肪抑制T2WI高信号,C3/4椎间盘突出,椎管矢状径狭窄
图4  患者,男,42岁,C2-C6节段颈髓损伤。颈髓内信号不均匀,可见线条状低信号出血,病变节段椎管狭窄
Fig. 1  Images in 30-year-old woman. A: Sagittal diameter measurement schematic diagram of cervical cord (white line); B: Sagittal diameter measurement schematic diagram of dural sac (white line); C: Sagittal diameter measurement schematic diagram of spinal canal (white line); D: Area measurement schematic diagram of cervical cord, dural sac and spinal canal (white circle, from inside to outside).
Fig. 2  A 58-year-old man with cervical spinal cord injury in C3 segment. High signal intensity was seen in C3 segment of cervical cord on fat saturation T2WI imaging, C3/4 disc herniation, and spinal cord and dural sac were compressed.
Fig. 3  A 63-year-old man with C2-4 segmental cervical spinal cord injury. Long intramedullary segment high signal intensity was seen on fat saturation T2WI imaging, with C3/4 disc herniation and spinal canal sagittal diameter stenosis.
Fig. 4  A 42-year-old man with C2-6 segmental cervical spinal cord injury. Uneven cervical intramedullary signal, linear low-signal hemorrhage, and segmental spinal canal stenosis were shown on the images.

1.3 脊髓神经功能的评估

       所有患者入院后及出院前均按照ASIA脊髓损害分级进行脊髓神经功能评定[4]。共分为5级:A级,无感觉或运动功能;B级,感觉功能不完全丧失,无运动功能;C级,感觉功能不完全丧失,无有用的运动功能(损伤平面以下大部分肌力<3级);D级,感觉功能不完全丧失,具有有用的运动功能(损伤平面以下大部分肌力>3级);E级,功能正常,可有痉挛状态值。

1.4 统计学分析

       采用SPSS 23.0统计分析软件对所得数据进行统计分析,计量资料以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用t检验;SCIWFAD患者脊髓损伤范围及节段与ASIA分级相关性采用Spearman相关分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 一般情况

       39例患者致伤原因分别为摔伤13例,车祸12例,高处坠落伤12例,重物砸伤头部2例。主要临床症状为:伴有不同程度四肢无力或活动受限36例,四肢或躯体感觉减退或消失34例,四肢肌力降低26例,大小便功能障碍17例,病理征阳性7例,病理反射未引出17例。MRI图像显示(图2图3图4),39例SCIWFAD患者共有112个节段的脊髓损伤,其中C4节段发生率最高(23.21%),其后依次为C3、C5、C6节段;C2节段损伤累及几率最低,仅为5.36%,C3-C6节段占总损伤节段的84.82%(表1)。39例患者中有30例共44个损伤节段合并椎间盘突出,以C3-C4椎间盘(34.1%)及C5-C6椎间盘(25%)突出更常见。39例患者中仅有5个损伤节段伴发黄韧带肥厚,主要是C3及C5节段。

表1  SCIWFAD患者MRI显示损伤节段及伴发表现
Tab. 1  MRI of the SCIWFAD patient demonstrates the lesion segment and associated manifestations

2.2 颈椎MRI径线测量与SCIWFAD患者颈髓损伤的关系

       通过对SCIWFAD及正常对照组患者颈椎MRI相关径线测量结果(表2)可以看出,SCIWFAD患者C2-C3节段颈髓矢状径小于对照组,差异无统计学意义;C6-C7节段颈髓矢状径增粗,与正常脊髓间差异有统计学意义(P分别为0.024和0.013)。SCIWFAD患者C3-C6节段硬膜囊矢状径及C2-C6节段椎管矢状径均小于对照组同层面,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。颈髓损伤各节段矢状径比值均大于对照组,统计学分析结果显示各节段D颈髓/椎管间差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05);C3-C7节段D颈髓/硬膜囊、C2-C3及C6-C7节段D硬膜囊/椎管间差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。

       该结果说明,最易发生SCIWFAD的C3-C6节段椎管矢状径、硬膜囊矢状径及径线比值D颈髓/硬膜囊、D颈髓/椎管均缩小,并且均可以说明椎管矢状径缩小,即颈髓容积缓冲空间大小对颈髓损伤的重要影响作用。

表2  SCIWFAD患者与对照组颈椎MRI径线测量结果
Tab. 2  Cervical spine MRI radial line measurement results of SCIWFAD patients and the control group

2.3 颈椎MRI面积测量与SCIWFAD患者颈髓损伤的关系

       SCIWFAD患者及正常对照组颈椎MRI面积测量结果(表3)显示,SCIWFAD患者损伤颈髓面积较对照组增大,比颈髓矢状径能更好地体现脊髓形态改变。C6节段增粗脊髓的面积与对照组差异有统计学意义(P=0.02),其他节段差异无明显统计学意义。C2-C6节段硬膜囊及椎管有效面积均小于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。颈髓损伤患者各节段面积比值均大于对照组,SCIWFAD患者C2-C6节段S颈髓/硬膜囊、C2-C7节段S颈髓/椎管、C3及C5-C7节段S硬膜囊/椎管比值均明显高于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。

       S颈髓/硬膜囊及S颈髓/椎管能够较好地体现SCIWFAD患者椎管容积改变时脊髓的受压情况及脊髓容积储备。S硬膜囊/椎管及D硬膜囊/椎管对脊髓容积评价意义不大。

表3  SCIWFAD患者与对照组颈椎MRI面积测量结果
Tab. 3  MRI area measurement results of cervical spine in SCIWFAD patients and the control group

2.4 SCIWFAD患者脊髓损伤与ASIA分级

       39例SCIWFAD患者脊髓损伤范围为:1个节段6例,2个节段11例,3个节段11例,4个节段5例,5个节段6例,6个节段1例。脊髓损伤长度范围0.5~9.0 cm,平均(4.04±2.42) cm。脊髓损伤ASIA分级为A级12例,B级5例,C级9例,D级12例,E级1例(表4);由表4可见损伤范围越大,ASIA分级中A级和B级所占比重越大,患者症状越严重。颈髓损伤范围与ASIA神经功能评级的相关性分析结果显示,ASIA神经功能分级与损伤范围密切相关(r=-0.519,P=0.001),即损伤范围越大,脊髓损伤越严重,ASIA功能分级越高。

       不同损伤节段患者ASIA神经功能分级结果(表5)显示,C4、C5节段损伤患者的ASIA分级A级数量最多(均为10例),其次为C3和C6节段,说明临床上这些节段损伤发生率高。颈髓损伤节段与ASIA神经功能分级的相关性分析结果显示,ASIA分级与损伤节段无确切相关性(r=-0.013 ,P=0.892)。

表4  SCIWFAD损伤范围与ASIA神经功能评级相关性
Tab. 4  Correlation between SCIWFAD injury range and ASIA neurological function rating
表5  SCIWFAD损伤节段与ASIA神经功能评级相关性
Tab. 5  Correlation between SCIWFAD injury and ASIA neurological function rating

3 讨论

       SCIWFAD是急性颈髓损伤的特殊类型,儿童与成人均可发病,男性多于女性,多由高空坠落、交通事故、运动伤或暴力所引起[5],临床病史与其他原因所致不完全性脊髓损伤相似,均具有感觉、运动功能障碍等症状和体征。对于SCIWFAD发病机制存在多种不同观点,如颈椎过伸性损伤、屈曲-伸展-脊髓牵拉挫伤、颈椎椎管储备间隙消失、脊髓缺血性损伤、颈椎退变性因素(椎间盘突出压迫、颈椎不稳)等[6,7,8]。颈椎椎管储备间隙是指正常人脊髓周围存在的一定间隙,即为颈髓的容积储备。正常情况下,在生理范围内颈椎作屈伸运动,因颈椎椎管储备间隙的存在,颈髓并不会受到损伤。颈椎椎体后缘增生的骨赘、突出的间盘、骨化的后纵韧带和黄韧带等导致椎管狭窄,脊髓相对活动空间减小;在颈椎遭受外力时,颈髓的缓冲空间相对不足,容易发生脊髓损伤[9]。颈椎椎管储备间隙减少或消失,颈髓损伤后炎性水肿,进一步加大了颈髓的压力,使其缺氧和微循环障碍加重,从而更加重了颈髓损伤。有研究发现颈椎过伸时突入椎管的黄韧带与其前方的基础病变可形成"钳夹效应",造成脊髓损伤,损伤脊髓内的出血、脊髓血管充血或痉挛可进一步加重脊髓缺血,引起脊髓细胞水肿等改变[10,11]。本研究中39例患者的年龄分布、病因及临床表现均与文献报道相似,以过伸性损伤为主,并且合并一定数量的椎间盘突出及黄韧带肥厚。

       在SCIWFAD的诊断中,X线与CT检查可以较好地排除颈椎的骨折与脱位;MRI以其良好的软组织分辨率、多方位成像及无辐射损伤等优点已成为SCIWFAD最有效的检查方法。MRI可以清晰地显示损伤脊髓的部位、形态、病变信号特点、合并的软组织与骨性椎管情况,还可以定量评价颈髓损伤的节段数及损伤范围,协助判断脊髓损伤机制。根据MRI信号特点,可以将颈椎外伤后的脊髓改变分为:正常脊髓(MRI信号无异常,仅存在临床神经系统损害症状)、脊髓水肿、脊髓挫伤(T2WI髓内高信号水肿包绕点状等信号)、脊髓出血(根据出血期相不同信号不同)[12]

       Sun等[13]通过分析术前及术后T2WI上脊髓信号强度值比值与患者脊髓功能恢复情况的关系,发现信号强度比值与患者预后具有相关性。功能MRI技术还可以详细显示病变区脊髓神经损伤情况,协助判断患者预后[14]。Vedantan等[15]运用扩散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)各向异性分数(fractional anisotropy ,FA)值联合ASIA标准对急性颈髓损伤研究发现,FA值较常规MRI敏感且能最早期反映急性脊髓损伤情况。扩散峰度成像(diffusion kurtosis imaging,DKI)能够真实反映人体水分子的扩散运动,并能更好地反映灰白质的微观结构改变,常用的参数平均扩散峰度可为判断脊髓损伤程度及评估预后方面提供帮助[16,17]

       Takao等[18]对颈髓损伤患者的分析发现,椎管狭窄的患者发生创伤性颈髓损伤的几率是正常人的124.5倍,认为退变性或先天性椎管狭窄是多数急性SCIWFAD的病理基础。有学者[19,20]研究认为SCIWFAD患者的颈髓损伤不论是由何种损伤机制导致,损伤发生时多存在相应节段椎管空间减小,进而导致不同程度的颈髓受压、损伤;椎管容积减小程度与持续时间的长短,可能在不同程度上影响损伤脊髓的恢复与预后。MRI检查除了对脊髓的水肿、挫伤、出血及软化囊变等病理改变显示良好外,对软组织的显示较X线和CT具有独特的优势,它可以清晰地显示椎间盘突出、周围韧带形态及位置的改变,进一步显示颈髓受压及椎管的狭窄程度。Aebli等[21]结果显示MRI图像可以清楚显示SCIWFAD患者椎间盘突出、黄韧带肥厚及其对颈髓的压迫程度,而且椎间盘层面测量的椎管矢状径等定量参数更具有临床意义。本研究为了减少个体因素影响,在测量颈髓、硬膜囊和椎管的矢状径与面积基础上,进一步计算三者间的矢状径比值及面积比值,以全面反映颈髓的体积改变、受压程度及椎管储备间隙。研究结果显示,SCIWFAD患者损伤部位颈髓轴位面积测量能够较好地显示损伤脊髓的形态改变,优于颈髓矢状径测量;S颈髓/硬膜囊及S颈髓/椎管能够较好地体现SCIWFAD患者椎管容积改变时脊髓的受压情况及脊髓容积储备;硬膜囊与椎管面积比值和径线比值对脊髓容积储备评价意义不大。该结果与以上研究基本一致,说明椎管容积缩小是SCIWFAD的重要影响因素。

       SCIWFAD患者的神经功能分级与病理变化密切相关,脊髓损伤水肿或出血,脊髓损伤不均匀信号改变,均反映脊髓损伤的程度;且脊髓损伤越重,其预后越差[22]。Miyanji等[23]研究结果显示脊髓受压、肿胀、髓内出血可能与神经功能预后有关。对于存在椎管狭窄患者,早期外科干预(减压手术)可有效挽救濒临缺血坏死的脊髓组织,促进神经功能特别是灰质功能的恢复,减少非手术治疗的并发症发生[24,25]。MRI检查能够较好地显示损伤脊髓的信号改变,可以早期明确脊髓的病理变化,指导临床尽早做出治疗规划,并且依据DTI检查结果,可以早期预测神经功能恢复[26]。本研究中,MRI能清楚显示病变范围及节段,脊髓损伤范围及节段与ASIA分级相关性分析结果显示,脊髓损伤范围越大,往往损伤程度越重,ASIA分级越高;而损伤节段与ASIA分级无确切相关相关性。因此,临床上大范围脊髓损伤的患者,应采用MRI对脊髓与椎管容积进行及时有效的评价,以更好地指导治疗方案制订和改善患者预后。

       本研究的不足之处是样本量较少;没有深入分析SCIWFAD患者损伤脊髓的信号,且未对信号改变与神经功能分级与预后进行相关系分析;未对SCIWFAD患者行功能MRI检查与分析等。以后将针对以上不足做深入研究。

       总之,MRI不仅可以准确显示SCIWFAD的损伤范围,而且可以提示损伤的神经功能分级;测量硬膜囊与椎管矢状径和面积,还能较准确地评价椎管储备间隙,为临床治疗方案提供重要的指导信息。

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