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临床研究
扩散张量成像在新生儿脑髓鞘发育中的初步研究
郭莉莉 王德杭 张辉 陶维静 柏根基

Cite this article as: Guo LL, Wang DH, Zhang H, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging for the development of neonatal brain myelin. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2019, 10(10): 748-751.本文引用格式:郭莉莉,王德杭,张辉,等.扩散张量成像在新生儿脑髓鞘发育中的初步研究.磁共振成像, 2019, 10(10): 748-751. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.10.006.


[摘要] 目的 应用磁共振扩散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)研究新生儿脑白质各向异性分数(fractional anisotropy,FA),探讨DTI在脑白质髓鞘发育中的应用价值。材料与方法 收集行常规MRI和DTI扫描足月儿39例(胎龄37~42周)和早产儿61例(纠正胎龄至40周),围产史均正常,无神经系统疾病。分别测量各兴趣区的FA值,分析足月儿和早产儿的差异及其在脑内各部位白质的FA值差异。结果 ①左右半球相同部位的FA值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。②早产儿和足月儿同部位FA值比较,内囊前后肢、胼胝体压部、半卵圆中心b区及外囊和小脑中脚区FA值两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。胼胝体膝部、侧脑室前角旁白质、侧脑室后角旁白质、半卵圆中心a区、室管膜下区的FA值两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。③早产儿和足月儿组内各白质区FA值不同,两两比较均发现内囊后肢高于前肢,侧脑室后角旁白质高于侧脑室前角旁白质,胼胝体压部高于膝部,各差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。其中侧脑室前角旁白质FA值最低,胼胝体压部和内囊后肢FA值最高,两者比较差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论 DTI的FA值可用于脑髓鞘发育成熟度的定量评价,早产儿和足月儿FA值差异提示早产儿脑内局部区域髓鞘成熟晚。不同区域FA值不同反映髓鞘形成时间的差异。
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the fractional anisotropy (FA) in various brain regions of newborns and explore the value of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) application in the cerebral white matter myelin development.Materials and Methods: 39 term neonates (gestational age in 37——42 weeks) and 61 premature infants (corrected to 40 weeks gestational age) were investigated by routine MRI and DTI. Their perinatal medical records and nervous system examinations showed no abnormalities. FA values were detected in the regions of interest. The differences of FA values between full term and preterm neonates were explored.Results: ①FA values in the same regions of interest (ROI) had no statistic difference between left and right hemisphere (P>0.05). ②The FA values between preterm infants and full term infants in same white matter regions were different. FA values in ALIC, CCS, external capsule (EC) were statistically higher than in PLIC, centrum semiovale (CS), and middle cerebellar peduncles (MCP)(P<0.05). The FA values of FPVZ were the lowest in all ROIs; and CCS and PLIC were highest. The comparison of between FPVZ and CCS, FPVZ and PLIC had significant difference respectively (P<0.05). ③The FA values of premature and full term infants in various white matter regions were different and all values were compared in pairs. We found the values in posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC) were higher than in anterior limb of internal capsule (ALIC), the values in occipital periventricular zone (OPVZ) were higher than in frontal periventricular zone (FPVZ), and corpus callosum splenium (CCS) were higher than corpus callosum genu (CCG). All the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusions: FA values can be used to evaluate the myelination quantitatively. The different FA values in preterm and full term infants suggest late myelination in preterm infants. FA values reflects the difference of the myelination time.
[关键词] 新生儿;扩散张量成像;脑;髓鞘;磁共振成像
[Keywords] neonate;diffusion tensor imaging;brain;myelination;magnetic resonance imaging

郭莉莉 南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院影像科,淮安 223300

王德杭 南京医科大学第一附属医院放射科,南京 210029

张辉 南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院影像科,淮安 223300

陶维静 南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院影像科,淮安 223300

柏根基* 南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院影像科,淮安 223300

通信作者:柏根基,E-mail:hybgj0451@163.com

利益冲突:无。


收稿日期:2018-12-15
中图分类号:R445.2; R722.19 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.10.006
本文引用格式:郭莉莉,王德杭,张辉,等.扩散张量成像在新生儿脑髓鞘发育中的初步研究.磁共振成像, 2019, 10(10): 748-751. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.10.006.

       近年来,早产儿的生存率显著增加,在早产儿存活者中常常可以观察到智力、注意力及行为损害[1,2,3,4]。围产期的高危因素与这些损害或大脑发育异常的相关性还没有被彻底研究出,很多方面不为人所知[5,6,7]。此外,由于这些损伤在常规MRI序列诊断时不可见或者不能可靠检测出,所以MRI在诊断这些发育异常时受到质疑[8,9]

       研究髓鞘在新生儿期的发展具有重要临床价值[10,11,12,13]。本研究通过对入组足月儿和早产儿扩散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)的对照研究,比较脑内不同部位脑髓鞘化程度以及足月儿和早产儿的髓鞘化差异。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究对象

       新生儿接受MRI检查并成功完成常规MR和DTI检查,包括37~42周的足月胎龄39例,早产儿纠正胎龄到40周,61例。纳入研究的个体标准:(1)新生儿需要进行MRI检查以排除可能由其他疾病引起的脑损伤,并且在脑的常规MRI检查中没有异常;(2)无明显神经系统症状和体征。该研究经医院伦理委员会批准,所有受试婴儿家长均口头告知并签署知情同意书。

       61例早产儿出生时平均胎龄为(30.6±2.6)周(26~36+5周),早产儿出生体重平均为(1920±580.4) g (910~3500 g);39例足月儿平均胎龄为(38.5±1.5)周(37~42周),出生体重平均(3100±450) g (2100~4500 g)。MRI检查日龄:早产儿组平均为出生后(38.2±28.1) d (3 ~106 d),足月儿组平均在出生后(9.4±5.8) d (0.5~ 28 d)。比较各组出生Apgar评分和体重,结果显示差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

1.2 扫描方法

       婴儿接受10%水合氯醛溶液(剂量0.5 mL/kg)灌肠后检查。采用Siemens MAGNETOM Avanto 1.5 T磁共振机和头部矩阵线圈。常规轴位T1WI、T2WI、矢状位T1WI和扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)序列扫描,DTI扫描采用单激发SE-EPI序列(TR 2700 ms,TE 88 ms,矩阵128 × 128,b=1000 s/mm2,扩散敏感梯度方向数12个,层厚/层间距为4 mm/1 mm,激励次数4。所有序列的扫描基线和扫描层数均一致。FOV 180 mm × 180 mm。

1.3 图像处理

       原始数据传递到Syngo MR工作站,利用Neuro 3D软件自动生成b=0、1000 s/mm2和各向异性分数(fractional anisotropy,FA)图。在FA图上手动选择20个感兴趣区(region of interest,ROI),由软件自动生成FA值。ROI简称如下:内囊前肢(anterior limb of internal capsule,ALIC);内囊后肢(posterior limb of internal capsule,PLIC);侧脑室前角旁白质(frontal periventricular zone,FPVZ);侧脑室后角旁白质(occipital periventricular zone,OPVZ) ;胼胝体膝部和压部(corpus callosum,CC);半卵圆中心中央部(centrum semiovale,CS);室管膜下区(subventricular zone,SZ);外囊(external capsule,EC);小脑中脚区(middle cerebellar peduncles,MCP)。根据不同解剖部位调整的每个ROI尺寸(5+4) mm2,试图将ROI放置在测量的解剖位置的中心以避免相邻结构部分的体积效应的影响。为了减小测量误差,测量每个部件的FA值3次,并取平均值。其中胼胝体膝部和压部是单侧测量,其余均是双侧测量,半卵圆中心在新生儿图像中分为两个层面,选择a平面为接近中央区,b平面为接近脑皮层区,测量人员是经过培训的两名影像科医生。

1.4 统计学分析

       采用SPSS 15.0软件分析,配对t检验分析左右半球相同部位的FA值、胼胝体膝部和压部FA值差异有无统计学意义,单因素方差分析用于确定足月和早产儿之间FA值差异是否存在统计学意义,P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义,P<0.01表示差异有非常显著性统计学意义。

2 结果

       左右半球之间FA值的平均值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。分别比较早产儿和足月儿组内胼胝体膝部和压部FA值,两者差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),将其分开作为两个ROI讨论分析。各ROI的FA值见表1

       早产儿和足月儿组间相同部位FA值比较,早产儿低于足月儿。单因素方差分析结果(见表2图1)表明,ALIC、PLIC、CCS、CSb、EC和MCP两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CCG、FPVZ、OPVZ、CSb、SZ两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

       早产儿和足月儿组内各白质区FA值不同(见图2图3),两组内均发现PLIC高于ALIC,OPVZ高于FPVZ,CCS高于CCG,各差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CSa和CSb比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。其中FPVZ的FA值最低,CCS和PLIC的FA值最高。

注:*代表两组比较差异有统计学意义。
注:*代表两组比较差异有统计学意义。
注:*代表两组比较差异有统计学意义。
表1  足月儿和早产儿各ROI脑白质FA值
Tab. 1  FA values of ROIs in white matter in term infants and premature infants
表2  足月儿和早产儿各ROI脑白质FA值比较
Tab. 2  Comparison of FA values between term and preterm infants in white matter of all ROIs

3 讨论

3.1 早产儿和足月儿髓鞘发育比较

       有学者[16]发现新生儿和婴儿脑髓鞘形成的白质各向异性逐渐增加,FA则增加。因而本研究通过DTI检查准确监测髓鞘化进程,客观评价脑成熟度。实验中所选兴趣区的FA值早产儿低于足月儿,其中内囊前后肢、胼胝体压部、半卵圆中心b区及外囊和小脑中脚区两组FA值比较差异有统计学意义,提示这些区域早产儿髓鞘成熟晚于足月儿;胼胝体膝部、侧脑室前、后角旁白质、半卵圆中心a区、室管膜下区的FA值两组比较差异无统计学意义,是否是由于样本含量的问题,需要进一步去证实。国际上学者[17,18]的婴儿髓鞘发育实验发现结论和本研究类似,但是数据量分别局限于足月儿和早产儿。本研究将足月儿和早产儿FA值对照研究,为临床上早产儿的髓鞘研究提供了基础。

3.2 不同部位髓鞘发育比较

       脑内不同部位的FA值不同。在实验中,足月儿和早产儿组脑内内囊后肢FA值均高于前肢,胼胝体压部高于膝部,侧脑室后角旁白质高于前角,内囊和胼胝体高于侧脑室前角白质,这符合髓鞘化的基本规律,大脑白质的深部区域高于外周,后部高于前部。体现出脑内不同部位髓鞘形成时间的差异[19],也反映了外周白质髓鞘成熟晚于深部白质[20]。此外,Rasmussen等[21]发现白质纤维松散或紧密排列,白质纤维的方向也是不同区域不同FA值的原因[19]

       综上所述,DTI的FA值定量评价脑髓鞘发育成熟度,早产儿和足月儿相同区域FA值的不同,这表明早产儿髓鞘成熟晚,并且不同区域FA值不同反映髓鞘形成时间的差异。由于新生儿期的大脑处于连续髓鞘形成过程中,因此动态追踪是必要的。在这个年龄段正常数据的测量对髓鞘发育、延迟及病变提供研究基础,以判断早产儿是否存在智力和运动障碍等后遗症。

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