分享:
分享到微信朋友圈
X
临床研究
颅咽管瘤侵袭脑组织的常规MRI研究
张玲玲 张雨 陈红燕 沈慧聪 陈绪珠

Cite this article as: Zhang LL, Zhang Y, Chen HY, et al. Routine MRI study of craniopharyngioma with brain invasion. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2020, 11(7): 522-525.本文引用格式:张玲玲,张雨,陈红燕,等.颅咽管瘤侵袭脑组织的常规MRI研究.磁共振成像, 2020, 11(7): 522-525. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2020.07.009.


[摘要] 目的 探讨颅咽管瘤侵袭脑组织的常规MRI特点。材料与方法 回顾性分析138例经病理证实的颅咽管瘤患者的术前MR图像,明确有无梗阻性脑积水、测量并计算瘤体大小,比较这些影像指标及病理类型(造釉细胞型和非造釉细胞型)在64例成年组和74例未成年组的差别。根据术后病理证实的脑组织受侵与否进行分组,比较上述影像及病理指标、患者年龄及性别的组间差别。根据脑组织是否受侵,分别将成年和未成年组分为2个亚组,对上述影像、病理和临床指标进行比较。结果 (1)以年龄分组:①肿瘤体积在成年组和未成年组分别为为8619.5 (5358.0~12568.8) mm3、11469.0(5367.4~26560.1) mm3,差别显著(P=0.008);②造釉细胞型肿瘤所占比率在成年组和未成年组分别为56.3% (36/64)和83.8% (62/74),差别显著(χ2=12.640,P<0.01)。(2)以侵袭分组:①脑积水率在侵袭组和无侵袭组分别为46% (22/48)和18% (16/90),差别显著(χ2=12.349,P<0.01);②造釉细胞型肿瘤的比率在侵袭组和无侵袭组分别为90% (43/48)、61% (55/90),差别显著(χ2=12.329,P<0.01)。(3)成年组中,造釉细胞型肿瘤比率在侵袭亚组和非侵袭亚组中分别为78% (18/23)和44% (18/41),差别显著(χ2=7.068,P=0.008)。(4)未成年组中,①造釉细胞型肿瘤比率在侵袭和无侵袭亚组分别为100% (25/25)、76% (37/49),差别显著(χ2=5.616,P=0.018);②梗阻性脑积水率在侵袭和无侵袭亚组分别为60% (15/25)、20% (10/49),差别显著(χ2=11.600,P=0.001)。结论 颅咽管瘤瘤体大小和病理类型有年龄差别,脑组织受侵多见于造釉细胞型肿瘤,且易出现梗阻性脑积水,这些特点在未成年患者更明显。
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the routine MRI characteristics of craniopharyngioma (CP) with brain invasion.Materials and Methods: The retrospective study recruited 138 patients with CP which was proven by post-operative pathology. The preoperative MRI was analyzed, focused on obstructive hydrocephalus and tumor size. These radiological indices and the pathological ratio of adamantinomatous type were compared between the adult (64 cases) and the juvenile patients (74 cases). The radiological and pathological indices, patient age and sex were also compared between tumors with and those without brain invasion. Finally, according to brain invasion which was pathologically diagnosed, both the adult and juvenile patients were divided into two sub-groups with the indices compared.Results: (1) Grouped by age: ① The tumor volume in the adult and juvenile group was 8619.5 (5358.0—12568.8) mm3 and 11469.0 (5367.4—26560.1) mm3, respectively. The difference was significant (P=0.008). ② The ratio of adamantinomatous CP was 56.3% (36/64) in the adult group, significantly lower than that of the juvenile group [83.8% (62/74); χ2=12.640, P<0.01]. (2) Grouped by invasion: ① The ratio of hydrocephalus was 46% (22/48) in the invasive group and 18% (16/90) in the non-invasive group, significantly different (χ2=12.349, P<0.01). ② The ratio of adamantinomatous CP was 90% (43/48) in the invasive group and 61% (55/90) in the non-invasive group, with a significant difference (χ2=12.329, P<0.01). (3) In the adult group, the ratio of adamantinomatous type was 78% (18/23) and 44% (18/41) in the invasive and non-invasive sub-group, respectively, showing a significant difference (χ2=7.068, P=0.008). (4) In the juvenile group: ① The ratio of adamantinomatous tumor was 100% (25/25) and 76% (37/49) in the invasive and non-invasive sub-group, respectively, significantly different (χ2=5.616, P=0.018). ② The ratio of hydrocephalus was 60% (15/25) in the invasive sub-group and 20% (10/49) in the non-invasive sub-group. The difference was significant (χ2=11.600, P=0.001).Conclusions: The tumor volume and pathological types are different in CP patient with different age. CP with brain invasion shows a preference of adamantinomatous type, obstructive hydrocephalus, and younger age.
[关键词] 颅咽管瘤;脑积水;磁共振成像
[Keywords] craniopharyngioma;hydrocephalus;magnetic resonance imaging

张玲玲 首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院放射科,北京 100070

张雨 首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院放射科,北京 100070

陈红燕 首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院放射科,北京 100070

沈慧聪 首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院放射科,北京 100070

陈绪珠* 首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院放射科,北京 100070

通信作者:陈绪珠,E-mail:radiology888@aliyun.com

利益冲突:无。


基金项目: 科技部国家重点研发计划子课题 编号:2018YFC0115604 国家自然科学基金面上项目 编号:81772005 北京市科委协同创新重大专项子课题 编号:Z191199996619088 北京市卫生系统高层次卫生技术人才培养计划基金 编号:2015-3-042
收稿日期:2020-02-24
接受日期:2020-04-10
中图分类号:R445.2; R739.41 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2020.07.009
本文引用格式:张玲玲,张雨,陈红燕,等.颅咽管瘤侵袭脑组织的常规MRI研究.磁共振成像, 2020, 11(7): 522-525. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2020.07.009.

       颅咽管瘤是胚胎发育过程中残存颅咽管上皮细胞来源的良性肿瘤,虽然为WHO Ⅰ级肿瘤,其生物学行为有侵袭性[1,2]。常侵及周围的组织和结构,如第三脑室[3]、下丘脑、视交叉等视觉通路[4,5]、垂体等结构[6]。一旦侵袭周围的组织结构,手术全切困难,遗留复发隐患。

       颅咽管瘤对周围脑组织的侵袭可在肉眼或显微镜下进行判断,约51%的侵袭率[2],但这种术中和术后的判断具有明显的滞后性。有研究者利用特殊的扫描设备,如Micro-CT,以3D成像的方法显示颅咽管瘤对周围组织的侵袭[7]。根据MRI结果,Puget等[8]和Mortini等[9]将颅咽管瘤对下丘脑的侵袭按照程度不同进行分级。但术前MRI判断颅咽管瘤侵袭性的可靠性仍有待商榷。笔者回顾性分析经手术病理证实的138例颅咽管瘤术前MRI资料,总结颅咽管瘤侵袭脑组织的MRI特点。

1 材料与方法

       本研究为回顾性分析,经单位伦理委员会批准,无需患者知情同意。

1.1 一般资料

       收集2018年1~12月在我院手术证实的颅咽管瘤患者138例,年龄0.75~75岁,其中男90例,女48例;138例中48例经术后病理证实有脑组织侵袭。

1.2 检查方法

       138例MRI检查,除14例用1.5 T MR扫描仪外(GE Signa HDe),其余124例均用3.0 T MR扫描仪(GE Medical System Genesis-Signa,11例;Philips-Ingenia Cx,8例;GE Discovery MR750 ,27例;Siemens MAGNETOM TrioTim,53例;Siemens MAGNETOM Verio ,25例)。所有MRI检查(平扫及增强扫描)均在术前2周内完成。平扫包括轴位T1WI、T2WI和矢状位T1WI。平扫结束后立即由专职护士经患者肘前静脉手推注射Gd-DTPA(北京北陆药业股份有限公司)注射剂量为0.2 ml/kg。注射完毕后,立即进行增强轴位、矢状位和冠状位扫描。

1.3 图像分析

       首先确定是否有梗阻性脑积水,再在增强扫描图像上,用沈阳东软股份有限公司的Neurosoft PACS软件手动测量肿瘤在相互垂直三个平面的最大径(mm),根据多田公式V(mL)=1/2×a×b×c计算肿瘤体积(a、b、c分别为肿瘤在相互垂直三个平面的最大径)[10]

1.4 统计学方法

       全部病例按年龄分为成年(≥18岁)和未成年(<18岁)两组,用χ2检验比较组间患者性别、病理类型(造釉细胞型、非造釉细胞型)、脑积水率及脑组织侵袭率。由于肿瘤体积数据呈非正态分布,用中位数(25%~75%)表示,用非参数检验比较组间差别。根据脑组织受侵与否,将全部病例分为2组,用两独立样本t检验比较组间患者年龄差别,用χ2检验比较组间性别、肿瘤病理类型、脑积水比率的差别,用非参检验比较组间肿瘤体积的差别。对于成年组和未成年组,再根据脑组织侵袭与否分别分为2个亚组,比较组间患者年龄、性别、肿瘤病理类型及体积、脑积水率的差别。所用统计学软件为SPSS 22.0,双侧检验,P<0.05认为有统计学意义。

2 结果

       138例颅咽管瘤患者,成年患者64例(46.38%,64/138),未成年患者74例(53.6%,74/138)。与成年组比较,未成年组患者的瘤体更大,造釉细胞型肿瘤比率更高(表1)。全部病例的脑组织侵袭率为34.8% (48/138),与非侵袭组比较,侵袭组继发脑积水及造釉细胞型肿瘤的比率更高(表2)。对于成年组,造釉细胞型肿瘤率在侵袭脑组织高于非侵袭组(表3图1);与成年组相同,未成年组患者侵袭脑组织的肿瘤类型以造釉细胞型居多,且有更高的梗阻性脑积水率(表4图2)。

图1  患者女,39岁,病理为乳头型型颅咽管瘤,无脑组织侵袭。A:平扫矢状位T1WI示鞍上区囊实性病变,囊性部分呈低信号,实性部分为等信号;B:轴位T2WI示鞍上病变,囊性部分呈高信号,实性部分为等信号;C:轴位T2WI示双侧脑室无增大;D:与A同一层面,增强扫描示病变实性部分强化,囊性部分无强化
图2  患者男,4岁,病理为造釉细胞型颅咽管瘤侵袭脑组织。A:平扫矢状位T1WI示鞍内及鞍上区病变,呈低信号,侧脑室增大;B:轴位T2WI示病变信号混杂,可见明显的低信号;C:轴位T2WI示双侧脑室增大,以右侧脑室增大尤著,双侧脑室前后角周围片状高信号,为间质性水肿;D:与图A同一层面,增强扫描示病变边缘部分强化
Fig. 1  Female, 39 years old, pathological diagnosis of papillary craniopharyngioma without brain invasion. A: Pre-contrast sagittal T1WI showing a suprasellar mass. The cystic part is low signal and the solid part is isointensity. B: Axial T2WI demonstrating a suprasellar mass. The cystic part is high signal and the solid part is isointensity. C: Axial T2WI revealing the bilateral ventricles without dilation. D: The same slice with A. On post-contrast image, the solid part is ehnhanced and the cystic part is non-enhanced.
Fig. 2  Male, 4 years old, pathological diagnosis of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma with brain invasion. A: Pre-contrast sagittal T1WI showing a intra-and suprasellar mass. It is low signal and the lateral ventricle is enlarged. B: Axial T2WI demonstrating that the signal of the mass is mixed with obvious low signal intensity. C: Axial T2WI revealing the dilated bilateral ventricles, especially, the right lateral ventricle. The patchy high signal around the anterior and posterior horns indicates the interstitial edema. D: The same slice with A. On post-contrast image, the margin is partly ehnhanced.
表1  颅咽管瘤患者不同年龄组间的性别、脑积水、肿瘤大小、肿瘤类型及侵袭率的比较
Tab. 1  Comparison of patient gender, tumor volume, hydrocephalus, pathological types and brain invasion between adult and juvenile patients with craniopharyngioma
表2  侵袭与非侵袭组颅咽管瘤患者年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、脑积水及病理类型的比较
Tab. 2  Comparison of patient age and gender, tumor volume, hydrocephalus ratio, pathological types between craniopharyngioma patients with and without brain invasion
表3  成年患者侵袭和非侵袭组年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、脑积水和病理类型比较
Tab. 3  Comparison of patient age and gender, tumor volume, hydrocephalus ratio, pathological type between adult patients with and without brain invasion
表4  未成年患者侵袭和非侵袭组年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、脑积水和病理类型比较
Tab. 4  Comparison of patient age and gender, tumor volume, hydrocephalus ratio, pathological type between junevile patients with and without brain invasion

3 讨论

       在我们的研究中,138例颅咽管瘤患者无明显性别倾向,年龄呈双峰分布,病理类型以造釉细胞型居多,这些均与以往的研究相一致[11,12]

       根据颅咽管瘤术前常规MRI表现,Puget等[8]将颅咽管瘤对下丘脑的侵袭分为3级:0级,无下丘脑受累;1级,病变与下丘脑邻接或使下丘脑移位;2级,下丘脑受累(下丘脑不能识别)。Mortini等[9]用了三种方法判断下丘脑受累。第一种就是Puget等[8]的方法。第二种为Van Gompel法:0级,下丘脑显示正常;1级,下丘脑受压;2级为下丘脑严重受累或无法辨认。同时记录了下丘脑受累侧(右侧、左侧),下丘脑中T2加权信号变化,增强(均匀、不均匀)和浸润(增强边缘不光滑)。第三种为Muller法:0级,无下丘脑受累;1级,下丘脑受累或(和)下丘脑前部病变未累及乳头体及乳头体以外的区域;2级,下丘脑受累/病变位于下丘脑前部和后部,即累及乳头体和乳头体以外的区域。但是这些下丘脑受累的MRI判断标准均没有得到手术病理证实,而我们的数据中所有脑组织受侵袭均是术后病理证实的,因此,对脑组织受侵的判断更可靠。另外,本组病例中受侵的脑组织不仅仅限于下丘脑,尚包括三脑室壁等其他脑组织,涵盖的受累结构更广。

       本研究结果显示颅咽管瘤患者脑积水率在脑组织侵袭组和非侵袭组有差别,分别为46%和18%。在未成年患者中,该指标在这两组患者中的差距进一步扩大,分别为60%和20%。表明颅咽管瘤侵袭脑组织时,梗阻性脑积水的风险也增高,在未成年患者中尤为明显。笔者认为,这种现象或许与肿瘤的大小有关。因为在本研究的全部病例中,颅咽管瘤体积在侵袭组和非侵袭组无差别,而按照年龄分组后,未成年组瘤体明显大于成年组。随着病变的增大,对周围结构,尤其是三脑室的推挤也越明显,从而影响脑脊液的循环出现继发性脑积水。

       本研究结果还表明,在成年和未成年患者中,颅咽管瘤侵袭脑组织均多见于造釉细胞型肿瘤,提示该型肿瘤的侵袭性较高,与既往的研究相一致[13,14]。颅咽管瘤侵袭的机制尚不明确。一些来自肿瘤自身和血液白细胞的细胞因子可通过改变局部微环境而增强肿瘤的侵袭性[15]。更进一步,对于造釉细胞型颅咽管瘤,表皮生长因子受体在肿瘤的局部脑组织侵袭中具有一定的作用[16]。在病变的发生上,这两种病理类型的颅咽管瘤基因突变不同[17]。笔者认为,这或许解释该肿瘤侵袭性病理类型间的差别。

       本研究有些不足之处。首先,作为回顾性研究,可能存在病例的选择性偏倚;第二,仅对颅咽管瘤侵袭脑组织的常规MRI特点进行了规律性总结,得出的结论属于滞后性而非前瞻性判断;第三,未能借助于高级MRI成像序列,如DWI、PWI等进行更进一步的研究。

       综上所述,我们的研究表明,在成年和未成年颅咽管瘤患者,脑组织受侵多见于造釉细胞型肿瘤;对于未成年患者,脑组织受累时常伴梗阻性脑积水。

[1]
Louis DN, Perry A, Reifenberger G, et al. The 2016 world health organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Acta Neuropathol, 2016, 131(6): 803-820.
[2]
Prieto R, Pascual JM, Rosdolsky M, et al. Craniopharyngioma adherence: a comprehensive topographical categorization and outcome-related risk stratification model based on the methodical examination of 500 tumors. Neurosurg Focus, 2016, 41(6): E13.
[3]
Prieto R, Pascual JM, Barrios L. Harvey Cushing's craniopharyngioma treatment: Part 2. Surgical strategies and results of his pioneering series. Neurosurg, 2018, 131(3): 964-978.
[4]
Desiderio C, Martelli C, Rossetti DV, et al. Identification of thymosins β 4 and β 10 in paediatric craniopharyngioma cystic fluid. Childs Nerv Syst, 2013, 29(6): 951-960.
[5]
Gil-Simoes R, Pascual JM, Casas AP, et al. Intrachiasmatic craniopharyngioma: Assessment of visual outcome with optical coherence tomography after complete surgical removal. Surg Neurol Int, 2019, 10(1): 7.
[6]
Pickering L, Klose M, Feldt-Rasmussen U, et al. Polysomnographic findings in craniopharyngioma patients. Sleep Breath, 2017, 21(4): 975-982.
[7]
Apps JR, Hutchinson JC, Arthurs OJ, et al. Imaging invasion: micro-CT imaging of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma highlights cell type specific spatial relationships of tissue invasion. Acta Neuropathol Commun, 2016, 4(1): 57.
[8]
Puget S, Garnett M, Wray A, et al. Pediatric craniopharyngiomas: classification and treatment according to the degree of hypothalamic involvement. Neurosurg, 2007, 106(1Suppl): 3-12.
[9]
Mortini P, Gagliardi F, Bailo M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging as predictor of functional outcome in craniopharyngiomas. Endocrine, 2016, 51(1): 148-162.
[10]
Sreenivasan SA, Madhugiri VS, Sasidharan GM, et al. Measuring glioma volumes: a comparison of linear measurement based formulae with the manual image segmentation technique. Cancer Res Ther, 2016, 12(1): 161-168.
[11]
Müller HL, Merchant TE, Warmuth-Metz M, et al. Craniopharyngioma. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2019, 5(1): 75.
[12]
Bogusz A, Müller HL. Childhood-onset craniopharyngioma: latest insights into pathology, diagnostics, treatment, and follow-up. Expert Rev Neurother, 2018, 18(10): 793-806.
[13]
Crotty TB, Scheithauer BW, Young WF Jr, et al. Papillary craniopharyngioma: a clinicopathological study of 48 cases. Neurosurg, 1995, 83(2): 206-214.
[14]
Zhu J, You C. Craniopharyngioma: survivin expression and ultrastructure. Oncol Lett, 2015, 9(1): 75-80.
[15]
Nie J, Huang GL, Deng SZ, et al. The purine receptor P2X7R regulates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human craniopharyngioma. Endocr Relat Cancer, 2017, 24(6): 287-296.
[16]
Hankinson TC, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma and xanthomatous lesions of the sella. Brain Pathol, 2017, 27(3): 356-357.
[17]
Chen C, Wang Y, Zhong K, et al. Frequent B7-H3 overexpression in craniopharyngioma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2019, 514(2): 379-385.

上一篇 DTI技术在高血压患者伴与不伴睡眠障碍脑细微结构变化中的应用研究
下一篇 3.0 T MRI对高原与平原地区健康正常人心脏结构及功能的对比研究
  
诚聘英才 | 广告合作 | 免责声明 | 版权声明
联系电话:010-67113815
京ICP备19028836号-2