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临床指南·专家共识
获得性免疫缺陷综合征相关脑淋巴瘤的影像学诊断标准
中华医学会放射学分会传染病学组
中国医师协会放射医师分会感染影像专业委员会
中国研究型医院学会感染与炎症放射学专业委员会
中国性病艾滋病防治协会感染(传染病)影像工作委员会
中国医院协会传染病分会传染病影像学组
北京影像诊疗技术创新联盟

Cite this article as: Imaging Committee on Infections, Chinese Society of Radiology; Committee on Infectious Disease, Radiology Committee, Chinese Medical Doctor Association; Radiology of Infection and Inflammation, Chinese Research Hospital Association; et al. Imaging diagnosis criteria of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome associated PCNSL. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2020, 11(8): 601-606.本文引用格式:中华医学会放射学分会传染病学组,中国医师协会放射医师分会感染影像专业委员会,中国研究型医院学会感染与炎症放射学专业委员会,等.获得性免疫缺陷综合征相关脑淋巴瘤的影像学诊断标准.磁共振成像, 2020, 11(8): 601-606. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2020.08.001.


[摘要] 获得性免疫缺陷综合症(acquired immune deficiency syndrome,AIDS)相关原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(primary central nervous system lymphoma,PCNSL)具有较独特的影像学表现,本标准基于总结文献检索病例统计及当前最新研究证据,形成了最新的影像学诊断推荐意见:将MRI平扫及增强扫描作为艾滋病相关PCNSL强推荐检查方法;影像学征象归纳为:三高,肿瘤实体部分扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)信号增高、计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)平扫等、高密度且基本均匀的明显强化;二低,肿瘤实体部分ADC图明显低信号、T1WI和T2WI等低信号;三常见,多位于大脑中线结构区、常表现为多发、囊变;特征性MR增强表现为"缺口征""尖角征""握雪团征"和"锯齿状或棘突状"等。对于临床疑似病例,如影像学检查结果符合以上影像学表现,可作为诊断艾滋病相关PCNSL的影像学诊断标准,以期为临床提供丰富、准确的诊断信息及较明确的诊断依据,有效提升艾滋病相关PCNSL早期诊断水平,以期形成最佳决策方案,并达到早治疗及精准治疗的目的。
[Abstract] Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) related primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) has unique imaging manifestations. Based on the summary of literature case statistics and the latest research evidence, we formed the updated imaging diagnostic recommendation: MRI without and with contrast scanning is the strongly recommended examination methods for AIDS-related PCNSL. Imaging signs or findings summarized as follows: THREE HIGH, increased diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) signal in solid parts of the tumor, high density of CT without contrast, and basically uniform enhancement. TWO LOW, hypo-intensity of ADC maps, iso-or hypo-intensity of T1WI without contrast and T2WI. THREE COMMON, mostly located in the midline structural area of the brain, often manifested as multiple, cystic changes. The special MRI enhancement was characterized by "Notch sign" "Sharp Angle sign" "Snow-holding sign" and "Jagged or Spinous shape". For clinical suspected cases, such as imaging examination in accordance with the above findings, can be used as the imaging diagnostic criteria of AIDS related PCNSL, so as to provide a rich, accurate diagnostic information for clinical with a definite diagnosis, effectively to improve the ability of AIDS related PCNSL early diagnosis, in order to easily form the optimal decision scheme, and to achieve truly early and precise treatment.
[关键词] 艾滋病相关;脑淋巴瘤;原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤;磁共振成像
[Keywords] AIDS-related;brain lymphoma;primary central nervous system lymphom;magnetic resonance imaging

中华医学会放射学分会传染病学组   中国医师协会放射医师分会感染影像专业委员会   中国研究型医院学会感染与炎症放射学专业委员会   中国性病艾滋病防治协会感染(传染病)影像工作委员会   中国医院协会传染病分会传染病影像学组   北京影像诊疗技术创新联盟  

通信作者:李宏军,E-mail :lihongjun00113@126.com; 刘含秋,E-mail:drhancher@163.com

利益冲突:无。


收稿日期:2020-04-10
接受日期:2020-06-12
中图分类号:R445.2; R512.91; R733.4 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2020.08.001
本文引用格式:中华医学会放射学分会传染病学组,中国医师协会放射医师分会感染影像专业委员会,中国研究型医院学会感染与炎症放射学专业委员会,等.获得性免疫缺陷综合征相关脑淋巴瘤的影像学诊断标准.磁共振成像, 2020, 11(8): 601-606. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2020.08.001.

       随着人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染率逐年上升和免疫抑制剂的使用增多,免疫功能不全人群的原发中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(primary central nervous system lymphoma,PCNSL)增多[1,2]。与免疫正常的PCNSL相比,艾滋病相关PCNSL的侵袭性强,预后差[3,4]。随着磁共振等医学影像技术的发展,尤其是扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)、磁共振波谱(magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS)、灌注成像(perfusion weighted imaging,PWI)和PET/CT等无创伤性的影像检查新技术的广泛应用,有望揭示肿瘤生物学的重要信息,不仅能为临床早期诊断艾滋病相关PCNSL提供帮助,还能辅助肿瘤的影像学分期,为靶向治疗计划的制定、预后和治疗反应的监测提供重要的客观依据。由于目前缺乏临床诊断和疗效评估的规范或标准,临床确诊多采用有创的立体定向活检,其推广应用价值有限。因此,无论是早期诊断、精确诊断,还是疗效评估,都需要针对艾滋病相关PCNSL制定较为完善的影像学诊断规范化标准,提高其临床诊疗水平;同时,以此为依据培训广大基层放射诊断人员及临床医生合理应用影像检查技术手段,规范检查流程,不断提高艾滋病相关PCNSL影像与临床诊断水平。

       结合循证医学对指南及标准的方法学要求,由首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院联合上海、北京等地多家医院和多家学会、联盟,以李宏军、施裕新为首,刘含秋、吕玉波等多位感染与炎症放射学专业委员会专家共同参与书写及制定艾滋病相关脑淋巴瘤的影像学诊断标准。本标准基于当前最新研究证据,综合考虑临床实际及专科医师经验,形成最终的影像学诊断推荐意见。以期为临床医师提供明确的诊断依据,为临床医师提供更丰富、准确的诊断信息,形成最佳决策方案,有效提升早期诊断水平,指导艾滋病相关脑淋巴瘤的临床合理用药和综合治疗。

1 适用范围

       本标准规定了人获得性免疫缺陷综合征,即艾滋病相关PCNSL的影像学诊断依据、诊断和鉴别诊断。

       本标准适用于全国各级医疗机构和疾病预防控制机构对艾滋病相关脑淋巴瘤的诊断。

2 术语及定义

       获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immune deficiency syndrome,AIDS)也称为艾滋病,相关性非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,NHL)可被分为3种一般类型:全身性NHL (>80%),原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤PCNSL(15%)和原发性渗出性(或体腔)淋巴瘤(<5%)。本标准仅涉及AIDS相关PCNSL,不涉及原发性眼内淋巴瘤及原发性脊髓淋巴瘤。PCNSL是一种与获得性免疫缺陷综合征相关的非霍奇金淋巴瘤,经胸部计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)或MRI、腹部超声或CT或MRI以及临床其他相关检查等排除全身性淋巴瘤。

3 诊断依据

3.1 病史

       艾滋病相关PCNSL与EB病毒(epstein-barr virus,EBV)感染和免疫抑制强烈相关,EB病毒感染是AIDS相关PCNSL的病理学核心[5,6]。据报道[7],HIV感染者中PCNSL的发生率为2%~6%(至少是一般人群的1000倍)。

3.2 临床表现

       患者常为男性,中青年多见;PCNSL一般是亚急性或慢性起病,多表现为非特异性中枢神经系统病变的症状[8]。头痛是最常见的临床症状,其次分别是轻偏瘫、头晕、全身症状、颅内压升高、嗜睡、记忆力障碍或丧失、意识障碍、失语、肢体活动障碍、癫痫发作及共济失调等[9]。与非艾滋病的PCNSL患者相比,艾滋病相关PCNSL患者更易出现精神状态变化(如神智不清、记忆力减退、嗜睡,48%~60%)和癫痫发作(15%~41%),也更容易出现颅内压升高的可能。

3.3 实验室检查

       由于PCNSL的临床和神经影像学表现差异较大,其需要鉴别诊断的疾病很多。因此,在没有明确的细胞学诊断证据的情况下,即没有脑脊液细胞学或脑组织活检+免疫组织化学发现恶性淋巴瘤细胞的情况下,都不建议对PCNSL患者进行化疗或放射治疗。

       3.3.1 HIV血清抗体阳性+HIV RNA的确认

       3.3.2 脑脊液定量EB病毒DNA检测阳性

       3.3.3 脑脊液细胞学检测(流式细胞分析)发现肿瘤性淋巴细胞

       3.3.4 立体定向脑组织穿刺病理学活检、免疫组织化学及分子病理学确诊淋巴瘤及其分型

       活检诊断注意点:活检前应用激素冲击治疗容易造成活检病理假阴性,故明确需要病理活检的患者活检前尽量不用激素治疗,或对于接受激素治疗的患者尽量在停用激素后短期进行影像复查,发现有病灶增大后进行活检。

4 推荐成像方法

4.1 MR成像

       4.1.1 推荐常规MR成像(证据级别:Ⅲ;推荐级别:强)

       T1WI+T2WI+FLAIR+DWI作为推荐检查序列(证据级别:Ⅲ;推荐级别:强)[8,9,10]

       4.1.2 推荐增强MR成像(证据级别:Ⅲ;推荐级别:强)[10,11,12,13]

       4.1.3 建议功能成像(证据级别:Ⅲ;推荐级别:弱)

       对于单发或多发淋巴瘤早期病灶实体成分少,水肿范围大,或单发淋巴瘤瘤体较大且合并不规则囊变坏死等时;病灶密度/信号、形态等不典型,或病灶呈不典型强化时,建议选择MRS和MR灌注等功能成像序列加以鉴别[11,14,15,16,17]

4.2 建议CT检查(证据级别:Ⅲ;推荐级别:弱)

       CT平扫淋巴瘤实体部分表现为中等、高密度对诊断具有重要价值,但对检出病变的敏感性较低,病变检出数量较少,漏检可能性大;推荐同时增强扫描(有碘对比剂过敏除外)。因此,CT检查不作为首选推荐的诊断方法,但在无MR设备的单位,或有MR检查禁忌证患者,建议作为筛查方法[18]

4.3 建议放射性核素成像(证据级别:Ⅲ;推荐级别:弱)

       PET检出病灶敏感性高,对脑淋巴瘤诊断和鉴别价值较高,有条件的情况下建议使用。但设备昂贵不宜普及,且该方法有辐射、检查费用高以及敏感性高特异性差等缺点,不作为推荐检查方法[14,19,20]

5 影像学表现

       各种影像学特征性表现文献报道出现频度或病例数详见表1

5.1 三高

       肿瘤实体部分DWI信号增高、CT平扫等、高密度且基本均匀的明显强化[10,21,22,23,24];主要因为淋巴瘤肿瘤细胞核/浆比例高,也与瘤体内丰富的网状纤维及紧密的细胞排列相关。见图1

图1  男,48岁,HIV患者,左侧基底节区PCNSL,CT呈等高密度(A,箭),T2WI等信号(B),扩散受限(C),增强后明显强化(D)[18]
图2  49岁,男性HIV患者,右侧小脑半球PCNSL,病灶出现囊变坏死,周围残存实体部分T2WI呈等、低信号(A)、扩散受限,ADC图呈(B)低信号;坏死区T2WI、ADC图皆为高信号
Fig. 1  A 48-year-old HIV male patient with left basal ganglia PCNS, hyperdense in CT (A,arrow), isointense in T2WI (B), remarked enhancement with restricted diffusion (C-D)[18].
Fig. 2  A 49-year-old HIV man with PCNSl in the right cerebellar hemisphere, showed cystic and necrosis within the lesion, remaining solid part of surrounding area showed iso-hypointense in T2WI (A) and restricted diffusion, hypointense in ADC (B); necrotic areas of lesion showed hyperintense in T2WI and ADC.

5.2 二低

       肿瘤实体部分ADC图明显低信号、T1WI和T2WI等、低信号[10,21,22,23,24,25]。见图2

5.3 三常见

       肿瘤多数位于大脑中线结构分布区(常位于胼胝体、脑室周或毗邻脑室表面的深层白质区脑内,且常伴室管膜、硬脑膜、软脑膜和颅神经受累)[9],常表现为多发,而且囊变多见[26,27]。见图3

图3  33岁HIV患者,右侧基底节区PCNSL,病灶出现囊变坏死,周围残存实体部分T1WI (A)、T2WI (B)、FLAIR (C)呈等信号、扩散受限,DWI (D)呈高信号、ADC图(E)呈低信号,增强(F)呈明显强化,坏死区则无强化,T2WI(B)、ADC图(E)呈高信号
Fig.3  A 33-year-old HIV patient with right basal ganglia PCNSL, showed cystic and necrosis within the lesion, remaining solid part of surrounding area showed isointense in T1WI (A), T2WI (B) and FLAIR (C) imaging, hyperintense in DWI (D), hypointense in ADC maps (E) and obvious enhancement (F). While the necrosis part of lesion showed no enhancement, hyperintense in T2WI (B) and ADC images (E).

5.4 特征性的MR增强表现

       如"缺口征""尖角征""握雪团征"和"锯齿状或棘突状"等[21,22,23,24,28,29,30]。由于肿瘤在生长过程中遇到较大的血管阻挡、各部分生长速度不均匀、沿V-R间隙浸润,使病灶产生相应的凹痕。见图4

图4  4例不同PCNSL患者颅脑MRI图像。A、B分别为同一例患者的头颅MRI横轴位T2WI、增强T1WI图,可见左侧颞叶病灶出现典型的缺口征;C ~E分别为3例不同PCNSL患者颅脑MRI横轴位、矢状位、冠状位T1WI增强图像,分别显示"握雪团征""尖角征"和"锯齿状或棘突状(脑膜病变的脑组织面出现锯齿或棘状突起)
图5  A、B:胼胝体PCNSL示低灌注;C、D:左顶叶高级别胶质瘤示高灌注
图6  肿瘤实性部分MRS示CHO峰升高,NAA峰降低,并见脂质峰(Lipid峰)[34]
图7  右侧颞叶PCNSL,增强后呈结节样强化(A),FDG PET-CT示病灶区放射性摄取增高(B)[35]
Fig. 4  MRI images of 4 patients with PCNSL. A and B was axial T2WI and enhanced T1WI image of the same patient,respectively, showed typical notch signs in the left temporal lobe lesions; axial, sagittal and coronal T1WI enhanced images of 3 patients showed "snow mass sign", "sharp angle sign" and "serrated or spinous process" (serrated or spinous protuberance on the surface of meningeal lesions), respectively.
Fig. 5  A, B: PCNSl in the corpus callosum showed lower perfusion in the PWI (left); C, D: High grade glioma in the left parietal lobe showed higher perfusion (right).
Fig. 6  MRS of the solid part of tumor showing raised Choline peak, low NAA peak, and Lipid peak[34].
Fig. 7  The right temporal lobe PCNSL, contrast enhanced MR image showing nodular enhancement(A), FDG PET-CT image showing higher uptake in the tumor (B)[35].

5.5 PWI

       主要用于和具有环形强化的恶性胶质瘤或弓形虫鉴别;病灶强化区内,淋巴瘤较恶性胶质瘤明显低灌注;但较脑弓形虫病灌注血流量增多[28,31,32]。见图5

5.6 MRS

       PCNSL实性肿瘤区波谱CHO峰升高,NAA峰和Cr峰降低,CHO/NAA比值升高,病灶实质区内脂质峰增高[22,23,33],与游离脂质被肿瘤巨噬细胞吞噬及淋巴细胞的存在有关。见图6

5.7 PET/CT

       广泛用于淋巴瘤的诊断、分期、疗效评估、复发监测和预后判断[23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36]。PCNSL在PET/CT上可表现为高代谢。治疗后,PCNSL的FDG-PET/CT高代谢活性可能有所降低。但PET扫描具有辐射和价格昂贵、空间分辨率较差同时敏感性高,但特异性较差等因素,影响其对艾滋病相关PCNSL的诊断。见图7

表1  基于证据的影像学表现汇总
Tab. 1  Evidence-based summary of imaging findings

6 诊断标准

6.1 疑似病例

       艾滋病患者(3.3.1),有病史(3.1),伴有临床表现(3.2),且同时符合上述"影像学表现"中的5.1或5.2。

6.2 影像诊断病例

       疑似病例同时符合上述"影像学表现"中的5.1+5.2+5.3或(和)5.4,或+以下任一条:5.5、5.6、5.7。

6.3 确诊病例

       影像诊断病例且同时符合上述3.3.2、3.3.3或3.3.4任一条。

7 临床需与AIDS相关脑淋巴瘤的影像学鉴别诊断

       部分病灶影像学表现不典型,应该与脑弓形虫病、脑结核、恶性脑胶质瘤、免疫功能正常人中枢神经系统淋巴瘤及进行性多灶性脑白质病鉴别[37]

8 诊断流程(图8)

图8  艾滋病相关脑淋巴瘤的影像学诊断流程
Fig. 8  Imaging diagnosis process of AIDS related brain lymphoma 。

9 鉴别诊断

9.1 艾滋病相关脑弓形虫病

       脑弓形虫病多发较常见,部分为单发;病变多位于幕上;病灶周围多合并有水肿,部分病变可见占位效应,部分病例合并有出血。

       CT平扫为片状低密度影,增强后病变多呈环形强化,部分病灶表现为结节状强化,少数表现为不规则强化、脑回样强化及"偏心靶征"。

       病灶于MR多表现为小结节状T1WI低信号,T2WI多呈等或高信号。部分病变T1WI呈高信号,是由于出血所致,少见,通常在治疗后发生,常位于大脑灰质、基底节区、脑干或小脑。部分病变在T2WI和(或)FLAIR上可见"靶征"。T1WI增强图像病变呈环形强化最常见,其次为结节状强化,不规则强化、斑片状强化、脑回样强化,极少数表现为无明显强化。

       弓形虫病灶18F-FDG PET-CT多呈放射性摄取减低。

9.2 脑结核

       当CD4+ T淋巴细胞>200 cells/µL时,更容易出现脑结核。包括结核性脑膜炎、结核瘤及结核性脑脓肿。

       结核性脑膜炎表现为脑膜增厚明显强化,以基底池及侧裂池明显,可并发梗阻性或交通性脑积水。

       脑内结核瘤一般多发,位于基底节与皮层,呈粟粒状或多发结节状。未成熟结核瘤,呈长T1长T2信号,周围水肿较重,增强后均匀强化。成熟结核球可出现"靶征",病灶中央出现T2WI低信号或在T2WI低信号基础上中央出现高信号区,病理基础为中心干酪样坏死、液化坏死、中间炎性肉芽肿、最外层的胶原纤维。成熟结核瘤炎性反应减轻,周围水肿较轻。

       结核性血管炎易于引起出血性脑梗死。结核性脑脓肿表现为单发多房病灶,增强后边缘强化,周围水肿明显。

9.3 进行性多灶性脑白质病

       进行性多灶性白质脑病典型表现为双侧、不对称的多灶性脱髓鞘病变,好发部位是脑室周围及皮层下白质区,可累及胼胝体、脑干和小脑。病变周围一般无水肿,无占位效应,CT可表现为低密度斑片状或白质区融合的低密度影。病变在T1WI呈低信号,T2WI及FLAIR呈高信号,DWI扩散受限。病灶增强后无强化。

9.4 高级别脑胶质瘤

       高级别胶质瘤如胶质母细胞瘤多表现为混杂密度或信号病灶,有周围水肿,有占位效应,实性部分有明显不均质或环形强化,常有出血、坏死或囊变。和淋巴瘤相比,高级别胶质瘤瘤体实质部分为高灌注。

9.5 免疫功能正常人的中枢神经系统淋巴瘤

       在免疫正常人群中,PCNSL在男性和老年人中更为常见(男女比例为2∶1)。AIDS相关PCNSL近95%是男性。免疫功能正常PCNSL患者的平均年龄为55岁。AIDS相关PCNSL的平均年龄为35岁。另外,临床上AIDS患者比其他PCNSL患者更容易出现脑病,这与MRI扫描中常见的多发病灶、弥漫性增强等表现相符合。

       两者影像学共同点是肿瘤瘤体细胞致密,但免疫正常人中枢神经系统淋巴瘤多为实性病灶,囊变少且囊变的范围较少,水肿范围和占位效应相对较轻;有文献指出HIV相关PCNSL病灶约73.9%为多灶性,远高于免疫功能正常的患者(47.1%)[38]

       工作组成员(按照姓氏拼音顺序排列):边杰(大连医科大学附属第二医院);陈卉(首都医科大学);崔光彬(空军军医大学唐都医院);李宏军(首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院);李莉(首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院);刘含秋(复旦大学附属华山医院);刘晶哲(清华大学第一附属医院);刘强(山东省医学影像学研究所);吕玉波(上海嘉会国际医院);齐志刚(首都医科大学宣武医院);单飞、施裕新(复旦大学附属上海公共卫生临床中心);唐永华(上海交通大学附属瑞金医院);许建荣(上海交通大学附属仁济医院);杨涛(上海健康医学院附属周浦医院);杨杨(复旦大学附属华山医院);殷小平(河北大学附属医院);张建华(北京大学第一医院)。

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