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临床研究
IVIM-MRI与DWI评估及预测局部晚期宫颈癌同步放化疗疗效的临床价值
陈小莉 许永生 殷亮 雷军强

Cite this article as: Chen XL, Xu YS, Yin L, et al. The clinical value of IVIM-MRI and DWI in evaluating and predicting the efficacy of concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2020, 11(9): 776-780.本文引用格式:陈小莉,许永生,殷亮,等. IVIM-MRI与DWI评估及预测局部晚期宫颈癌同步放化疗疗效的临床价值.磁共振成像, 2020, 11(9): 776-780. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2020.09.011.


[摘要] 目的 探讨磁共振体素内不相干运动(intravoxel incoherent motion,IVIM)与扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)对局部晚期宫颈癌同步放化疗近期疗效的评估及预测价值。材料与方法 对21例局部晚期宫颈癌患者在同步放化疗治疗前1周内、治疗后2周、4周及治疗结束后1个月行盆腔3.0 T MRI扫描,扫描序列包括T1WI、T2WI、DWI及IVIM (10个b值,0~1000 s/mm2),测量治疗前后表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficien,ADC),慢速扩散系数(true molecular diffusion coefficient,D)、灌注分数(perfusion fraction,f)、快速扩散系数(pseudodiffusion coefficient,D*)及同期肿瘤最大径,并计算治疗后各参数变化率与肿瘤消退率。根据RECIST 1.1标准将患者分为完全缓解(the complete remission,CR)组13例和部分缓解(the partial remission,PR)组8例,本研究入组患者均达到有效控制,因此无稳定组(no stable group ,SD)及进展组(progression group,PD),应用独立样本t检验比较两组间治疗前后不同时间点参数值及其变化率的差异,应用ROC曲线分析两组间有统计学差异的参数及其变化率的疗效评价效能,应用Pearson相关性分析检验参数及其变化率与肿瘤消退率的关系。结果 治疗前及治疗结束后1个月肿瘤最大径为(4.64±1.31) cm及(0.40±0.53) cm,肿瘤消退率为0.91%±0.11%,CR组13例患者,PR组8例患者。治疗前CR组ADC低于PR组,f值高于PR组(P<0.05),CR组Δ%ADC及Δ%D高于PR组(P<0.05),治疗结束后Δ%f小于PR组(P<0.05 ),治疗前ADC与肿瘤消退率呈负相关(r=-0.462,P<0.05),治疗前f值、治疗后2周及4周Δ%ADC及Δ%D与肿瘤消退率呈正相关(r=0.614、0.487、0.64、0.451、0.428,P值均<0.05),治疗前f值、ADC值,治疗后2周及4周的Δ%D、Δ%ADC预测宫颈癌疗效的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)分别为(0.904、0.788、0.868、0.846、0.803、0.798)。结论 IVIM和DWI定量参数及其变化率均可在治疗前预测及在治疗中动态评估宫颈癌放化疗疗效,IVIM具有更好的价值。
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the value of parameters related to intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) in evaluating and predicting the treatment efficacy of locally advanced cervical cancer under concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT).Materials and Methods: Twenty-one patients with locally advanced cervical cancer underwent pelvic 3.0 T MRI scan including T1WI, T2WI, DWI and IVIM (10 b values, 0—1000 s/mm2) within 1 week before CCRT, 2 and 4 weeks after the initiation of CCRT, and 1 month after CCRT. The parameters at different time points were measured before and after CCRT. Including ADC, D, f, D* as well as the maximum tumor diameter at each scan time point, and calculate the change rate of each parameter after treatment and the tumor regression rate. Patients were divided into 13 cases in the complete remission (CR) and 8 cases in the partial remission (PR) groups according to RECIST 1.1 criteria, there were no stable group (SD) and progression group (PD). The parameters and their percentages were compared between the two groups before and after CCRT at at each time point by independent-samples-t test, ROC curves were applied to analyze the effect of the response evaluation of parameters and their change percentages (Δ%), Pearson correlation test were applied to analyze the relationship between the parameters as well as their change percentages (Δ%) and tumor regression rate (TSO).Results: The maximum diameter of the tumor before treatment and 1 month after the treatment was (4.64±1.31) cm and (0.40±0.53) cm. The tumor regression rate was 0.91 %±0.11 %. There were 13 patients in CR group and 8 patients in PR group. The ADC of CR group was lower than that of PR group before treatment while f value was higher than that of PR group (P<0.05), the Δ%ADC and Δ%D of CR group were higher than that of PR group (P<0.05). The Δ%f of CR group was lower than that of PR group after 1 month of treatment (P<0.05). The TSO revealed a negative correlation with pre ADC (r=-0.462, P<0.05), and a positive correlation with pre f, Δ%ADC and Δ%D 2 and 4 weeks after trearment (r=0.614, 0.487, 0.64, 0.451, 0.428, all P<0.05). In the prediction of CR group and PR group, the AUC of pre f, pre ADC, Δ%D, Δ%ADC at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment were (0.904, 0.788, 0.868, 0.846, 0.803, 0.798 respectively).Conclusions: The quantitative parameters of IVIM and DWI and their change percentages are helpful in predicting and monitoring the treatment efficacy of chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer before and after treatment and IVIM has higher evaluation efficiency.
[关键词] 子宫颈肿瘤;肿瘤,鳞状细胞;化学放射疗法;磁共振成像
[Keywords] uterine cervical neoplasms;neoplasms, squamous cell;chemoradiotherapy;magnetic resonance imaging

陈小莉 兰州大学第一医院放射科,兰州 730000

许永生 兰州大学第一医院放射科,兰州 730000

殷亮 兰州大学第一医院放射科,兰州 730000

雷军强* 兰州大学第一医院放射科,兰州 730000

通信作者:雷军强,E-mail: leijq1990@163.com

利益冲突:无。


收稿日期:2020-03-20
接受日期:2020-07-28
中图分类号:R445.2; R737.33 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2020.09.011
本文引用格式:陈小莉,许永生,殷亮,等. IVIM-MRI与DWI评估及预测局部晚期宫颈癌同步放化疗疗效的临床价值.磁共振成像, 2020, 11(9): 776-780. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2020.09.011.

       宫颈癌(uterus cervical cancer,UCC)是女性第四大常见的恶性肿瘤[1],根据美国国立综合癌症网络(national comprehensive cancer network,NCCN)公布的《2019年宫颈癌临床实践指南》,早期宫颈癌以根治性手术治疗为主,辅以放疗,而晚期宫颈癌首选同步放化疗,既往评价宫颈癌疗效主要基于形态学改变,然而,肿瘤的形态学改变明显滞后于功能改变,因此,早期评估放化疗疗效成为临床关注的问题。扩散加权成像包括单指数模型(diffusion weighted imaging ,DWI)和双指数模型(intravoxel incoherent motion,IVIM),可定量分析组织内水分子扩散及微循环灌注信息,本研究旨在探索其评估及监测宫颈癌同步放化疗疗效的价值。

1 材料与方法

1.1 临床资料

       本前瞻性研究通过我院医院伦理委员会批准,所有患者签署知情同意书。连续收集2016年12月至2019年4月本院患者,纳入标准:(1)经临床及影像诊断为中晚期(FIGO≥Ⅱb期)的拟在我院行同步放化疗治疗的宫颈癌患者;(2)所有患者在接受MRI检查前未行任何治疗;(3)分别在同步放化疗前1周内、同步放化疗后2周、同步放化疗后4周以及同步放化疗结束后1个月行MRI检查。排除标准:(1)治疗中断或者未能按制定时间点检查的患者;(2)图像伪影较大者。

1.2 MRI检查方法

       采用3.0 T磁共振扫描仪(Magnetom Skyra),8通道体部相控阵线圈,患者于扫描前8 h禁食,适度充盈膀胱,扫描体位为仰卧位,平静呼吸(尽量采取胸式呼吸),扫描范围从髂骨上缘至耻骨联合下缘。

       常规序列及参数:Ax TSE-T1WI:TR 536 ms,TE 20 ms ,NEX为1;SE-T2WI-FS:TR 6450 ms,TE 66 ms,FOV 420 mm×420 mm,层厚4.5 mm,NEX为2;矢状位TSE-T2WI:TR 6630 ms,TE 77 ms,FOV 350 mm×350 mm,层厚4.0 mm,NEX为2;矢状位FS-TSE-T2WI:TR 5172 ms,TE 106 ms,FOV 350 mm×350 mm,层厚4.0 mm ,NEX为2;冠状位TSE-T2WI:TR 4000 ms,TE 50 ms,FOV 340 mm×341 mm,层厚4.0 mm,NEX为1。DWI:Ax SE-EPI ,TR 4600 ms ,TE 57 ms,FOV 258 mm×420 mm,层厚4.5 mm ,NEX为1、6, b值取0、800 s/mm2。IVIM:Ax SE-EPI ,TR 5600 ms ,TE 68 ms ,FOV 312 mm×315 mm,层厚4.0 mm ,NEX为1,b值取0、50、100、150、200、300、400、600、800、1000 s/mm2

       本研究扫描角度选取垂直于宫颈形态位置(前屈、后屈和直立),以获取病变最大层面。

1.3 数据测量

       将扫描所得DWI数据导入Siemens Workstation工作站获得ADC图,将扫描所得IVIM数据导入MITK后处理软件中获得D图、D*图及f图,对比常规T2WI及DWI(b=800 s/mm2)图像选取宫颈癌原发病灶的最大轴位及其上下两个层面手动绘制感兴趣区(region of interest,ROI),沿病灶边缘勾画,避开空气、邻近解剖结构以及囊变、坏死、出血区域,CR组治疗后肿瘤完全消失,则将ROI放置在治疗前肿瘤所在宫颈区域,每个ROI面积不小于50 mm2,每个病变测量三次后取均值作为该病灶最终值,记录病灶在治疗前及治疗后不同时间点的最大径。所有图像由两位具有5年以上工作经验影像诊断医师在不知晓病理结果的情况下进行分析。

1.4 治疗方案及疗效评估

       所有患者均采用统一治疗方案,即体外直接照射及近距离腔内照射,即,A点的照射范围主要包括原发病灶区和盆腔浸润转移区,包括子宫、宫颈、宫旁和阴道以及盆腔淋巴结等;照射总剂量为45.0~50.4 Gy,每个部位1.8~2.0 Gy ,A点每星期5次,一天一次。腔内照射是通过将密封放射源放子宫腔、阴道等腔隙进行放射治疗,总剂量为6.0~30.0 Gy,每个部位5.0~6.0 Gy,每周一次。根据位置不同,生物有效剂量为55.0~71.0 Gy。于放疗第一天同时进行化疗,化疗方案为TP,即紫杉醇+顺铂/卡铂,21 d为一周期,一周期一次。

1.5 疗效评价标准

       由2名影像科诊断医师结合治疗结束后1个月的T2WI图像,盲法评价肿瘤缓解状况。根据实体肿瘤疗效评价标准RECIST 1.1[2]将肿瘤缓解情况分为:完全缓解(complete response,CR):肿瘤完全消失,维持4周,消退率为100%;部分缓解(partial response ,PR):肿瘤部分消失,维持4周,消退率≥30%;病情稳定(stable diseases,SD):介于PR和PD之间,病变进展(progressive disease,PD):病变最大径增大≥20%。

       肿瘤消退率(regression rate,RSO)=(治疗前肿瘤最大径-治疗结束后1个月肿瘤最大径)/治疗前肿瘤最大径×100%;参数变化率计算公式为:变化率(%)=(治疗后2周、治疗后4周及治疗结束后1个月参数-治疗前参数)/治疗前参数×100%。

1.6 统计学方法

       采用SPSS 22.0进行统计学分析,计量数据以均数±标准差(±s)表示,采用组内相关系数(intraclass correlation coefficient,ICC)值评价2名阅片者测量各参数的一致性,采用独立样本t检验比较CR、PR不同检查时间点的参数值及治疗后2周、治疗后4周及治疗结束后1个月参数变化率的差异。采用受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operator characteristic curve,ROC曲线)判断DWI及IVIM参数及其变化率评估早期预测宫颈癌同步放化疗疗效的效能及最佳诊断阈值,并计算出敏感度、特异度。Pearson相关性分析检验治疗前、治疗后2周及4周参数、参数变化率与肿瘤最终消退率之间的关系。P≤0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

       本研究21例宫颈癌患者均为鳞癌,平均年龄51.2岁,其中FIGO Ⅱb期患者9例,Ⅲa期患者6例,Ⅲb期患者4例,Ⅳa期患者2例;治疗前及治疗结束后肿瘤最大径为(4.64±1.31) cm及(0.40±0.53) cm,肿瘤消退率为0.91%±0.11%,CR组13例患者,PR组8例患者,无病情稳定及进展患者(图1图2图3图4)。

       2名医师测量治疗前、治疗后2周、治疗后4周及治疗结束后1个月的ADC、D、f、D*一致性为好和非常好(表1)。

       治疗前CR组ADC低于PR,f值高于PR组(P<0.05),治疗后2周、4周及治疗结束后1月CR组Δ%ADC及Δ%D高于PR组,治疗结束后1个月CR组Δ%f小于PR组(P<0.05)(表2表3)。治疗前ADC与肿瘤消退率呈负相关(r=-0.462,P<0.05),治疗前f值、治疗后2周及4周Δ%ADC值及Δ%D与肿瘤消退率呈正相关(r=0.614、0.487、0.64、0.451、0.428 ,P<0.05)(表4)。

       治疗前f值、ADC值,治疗后2周及4周的Δ%D、Δ%ADC预测宫颈癌疗效的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)分别为0.904、0.788、0.868、0.846、0.803、0.798(表5)。

图1~4  女,47岁,宫颈中分化鳞癌,ⅡB期;图1~4分别为治疗前,治疗后2周,治疗后4周及治疗结束后1个月的T2WI图(A)及IVIM的f、D及D*伪彩图(B~D);图1~3箭头所指为病灶,图4箭头所指为治疗结束后无残留病灶;治疗前肿瘤最大径为6.2 cm,f、D和D*值分别为14.7%、0.75×10-3 mm2/s、26.49×10-3 mm2/s,治疗2周后肿瘤最大径为5.1 cm,f、D和D*值分别为22.6%、1.24×10-3 mm2/s、25.87×10-3 mm2/s,治疗4周后肿瘤最大径为2.4,f、D和D*值分别为24.1%、1.46×10-3 mm2/s、26.18×10-3 mm2/s,治疗结束后肿瘤消失,原病灶所在区域的f、D和D*值分别为19.8%、1.51×10-3 mm2/s、27.12×10-3 mm2/s
Fig. 1-4  MR images of a 47-year-old woman receiving concurrent chemo-radiotherapy (CCRT) for cervical cancer (FIGO ⅡB). Figure 1—4 represented T2WI (A) and f, D, D* map (B—D) of the patient at pretrearment, 2 and 4 weeks after the start of treatment and 1 month after the end of the treatment respectively. The arrows in Figure 1—3 refer the mass, and the arrows in Figure 4 indicate no residual lesion after treatment. The maximum tumor diameter of the mass at pretreatment is 6.2 cm (1A), and f, D and D* value were 14.7%, 0.75×10-3 mm2/s, 26.49×10-3 mm2/s (1B—D) respectivly. The maximum tumor diameter was decreased to 5.1 cm after 2 weeks after treatment (2A), the f, D, and D* value were 22.6%, 1.24×10-3 mm2/s and 25.87×10-3 mm2/s respectively (2B—D). After 4 weeks of treatment, the maximum tumor diameter was decreased to 2.4 cm (3A), the f, D and D* value were 24.1%,1.46×10-3 mm2/s, 26.18×10-3 mm2/s, respectively (3B—D). There was no residual lesion after the end of treatment, the f, D, and D* value of the primary lesion location were 19.8%, 1.51×10-3 mm2/s, and 27.12×10-3 mm2/s.
表1  2名观察者所有测量参数之间的组内相关系数(ICC)
Tab . 1  Intra-group correlation coefficient (ICC) between all measurement parameters of 2 observers
表2  CR组(13例)与PR组(8例)治疗前后参数比较(±s)
Tab. 2  Comparison of parameters before and after treatment in CR group (n=13) and PR group (n=8) (±s)
表3  CR组(n=13)与PR组(n=8)治疗后参数变化率比较
Tab. 3  Comparison of parameter changes between CR group and PR group after treatment
表4  治疗前各参数及治疗2周及4周参数变化率与肿瘤消退率的相关性
Tab. 4  Correlation between the parameters before treatment and the rate of parameter change at 2 and 4 weeks of treatment and tumor regression rate
表5  DWI及IVIM参数及参数变化率对CCRT预测效能
Tab. 5  The prediction efficiency of DWI and IVIM parameters and parameter change rate on CCRT

3 讨论

       既往研究显示[3,4],宫颈癌经放、化疗后,肿瘤细胞发生变性、坏死,细胞密度减低,水分子扩散受限程度减轻,ADC及D值升高,而D值剔除了ADC值中的灌注相关信息,反映纯水分子的扩散[5],因此较ADC值低,本研究与前述研究结果一致。本研究中,治疗前CR组ADC值较低,治疗后2周及4周CR组的ADC及D值的增长率较大,与Kuang等[6]和Liu等[7]的研究结果一致,另外,治疗前ADC值、治疗后2周及4周ADC及D值的变化率与肿瘤最大径消退率具有相关性,因此,ADC、D值可作为预测及早期评估宫颈癌放化疗的指标,可为调整个体化治疗方案提供依据。

       血流灌注与肿瘤组织的含氧状态及其对放化疗的敏感性密切相关[8],而血流灌注高的病灶对放化疗更为敏感,f值代表微循环灌注所致假扩散占总体扩散的比例的参数值,Federau等[9]报道f值与脑血容量呈高度正相关,提示其能较好反映组织血流灌注。本研究中,治疗前CR组f值高于PR组,且与肿瘤消退率呈正相关,提示治疗前较高的f值预示肿瘤对放化疗反应更好,这与Zhu等[10]研究结果一致,而Hauser等[11]研究发现在头颈部鳞癌放化疗前,f值高的病灶疗效差,本研究结果与其不一致,考虑原因可能为纳入不同肿瘤组织的不同病理特征造成不同的治疗效果。本研究中CR组f在治疗后呈先上升后下降的趋势,而PR组呈持续上升的趋势,且治疗结束1个月后f变化率小的疗效更好,考虑原因可能为CR组肿瘤组织治疗前血供较好,氧含量高,对放疗更敏感,因此早期升高,但随着治疗进行肿瘤血管破坏较多,血供有所下降,而PR组肿瘤血供较差,内部乏氧细胞比例较多,随着治疗进行乏氧细胞不断再氧合,治疗结束后血供相对增加。

       治疗结束后1个月PR组f值的变化率高于CR组,考虑原因可能为CR组肿瘤组织治疗前血供较好,对放疗更敏感,治疗后肿瘤血管破坏较多,血供下降,而PR组肿瘤血供较差,内部乏氧细胞比例较高,治疗后乏氧细胞再氧合,血供相对增加,因此两组的f值变化率仅在治疗结束后出现差异。

       D*代表微循环灌注所致的假扩散,与平均血流速度及毛细血管平均长度有关,本研究中,D*呈现出先下降后上升的趋势,但其在治疗前、治疗中及治疗后CR组及PR组之间均无统计学差异,此外,D*与f均为灌注参数,两者的变化趋势应该一致,但在本研究中,两者变化趋势不同,笔者考虑可能为D*受信噪比影响较大,可重复性差,测量结果不稳定[12,13],因此,其临床价值有待进一步证实。

       本研究存在的局限性。首先,本研究的样本量较少,所有患者均达到有效控制,无SD组及PD组,未来的研究中应扩大样本量;其次,本研究对肿瘤疗效的评估仅基于T2WI上形态的改变,不可避免地导致判读偏倚,第三,治疗后的随访时间较短,仅能反映放化疗的近期疗效,对宫颈癌患者的预后情况还有待加长随访时间进一步考证。

       综上所述,IVIM和DWI定量参数及其变化率均可在治疗前预测及在治疗过程中动态评估宫颈癌放化疗疗效,IVIM具有更好的评价效能,有望为宫颈癌个体化及精准化治疗提供依据。

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