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临床研究
基于MRI评估的胰腺脂肪沉积及腹部脂肪分布与原发性高血压的相关性研究
张钦和 刘爱连 杨婕 尤亚茹 陈丽华 宋清伟 沈智威 解立志

Cite this article as: Zhang QH, Liu AL, Yang J, et al. Correlation between pancreatic fat deposition and abdominal fat distribution and essential hypertension based on MRI[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2021, 12(1): 43-47, 52.本文引用格式:张钦和, 刘爱连, 杨婕, 等. 基于MRI评估的胰腺脂肪沉积及腹部脂肪分布与原发性高血压的相关性研究[J]. 磁共振成像, 2021, 12(1): 43-47, 52. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2021.01.009.


[摘要] 目的 探讨基于MRI评估的胰腺脂肪沉积、内脏脂肪和皮下脂肪与原发性高血压的相关性。材料与方法 纳入54例高血压患者和108例对照者。应用半自动分割对全胰腺进行分割,并测量全胰腺脂肪分数值。应用Image J软件测量内脏脂肪(visceral adipose tissue,VAT)和皮下脂肪(subcutaneous adipose tissue,SAT)面积,并记录VAT和SAT脂肪分数值(fat fraction,FF),计算内脏/皮下脂肪组织的面积比(V/S)。数据由SPSS进行统计学分析。P<0.05被认为差异具有统计学意义。结果 高血压患者全胰腺脂肪分数值、VAT和SAT面积、V/S、VAT和SAT脂肪分数值均高于对照者。全胰腺脂肪分数值对高血压的诊断价值最高(AUC=0.816)。全胰腺脂肪分数的阈值为10.15%,对高血压诊断的敏感度为75.9%,特异度为81.5%。全胰腺FF与VAT面积和脂肪分数值呈中等相关性(r=0.541、0.561);与SAT面积、脂肪分数值和V/S的相关性较低(r=0.280、0.324、0.266)。结论 高血压者与全胰腺脂肪分数、VAT和SAT增多有关。全胰腺脂肪分数与VAT和SAT的增加相关。
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the association of pancreatic fat with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and hypertension.Materials and Methods A total of 54 patients with hypertension and 108 control subjects who underwent an upper abdomen MRI scan with IDEAL-IQ sequence were included. Pancreatic tissue was segmented and whole pancreatic fat fraction (FF) were measured. VAT and SAT area were measured. VAT and SAT FF were recorded. Visceral/subcutaneous adipose tissue area ratio (V/S) was also calculated.Results Patients with hypertension had higher whole pancreatic FF, VAT area, SAT area, V/S, VAT FF and SAT FF. Whole pancreatic FF has the highest diagnostic value in detecting hypertension (area under the curve, 0.816). The threshold of whole pancreatic FF of 10.15% showed a sensitivity of 75.9% and specificity of 81.5% for hypertension. Whole pancreatic FF showed a moderate correlation with VAT area (r=0.541) and VAT FF (r=0.561) and a weak correlation with SAT area (r=0.280), SAT FF (r=0.324) and V/S (r=0.266).Conclusions Hypertension is associated with higher whole pancreatic FF, VAT and SAT. Both increased area and FF of VAT and SAT are positively correlated with whole pancreatic FF.
[关键词] 高血压;胰腺脂肪沉积;内脏脂肪;皮下脂肪;磁共振成像
[Keywords] hypertension;pancreas fat;visceral adipose tissue;subcutaneous adipose tissue;magnetic resonance imaging

张钦和 1   刘爱连 1*   杨婕 1   尤亚茹 1   陈丽华 1   宋清伟 1   沈智威 2   解立志 3  

1 大连医科大学附属第一医院放射科,大连 116011

2 飞利浦医疗临床科学部,北京 100000

3 通用电气医疗磁共振产品部,北京 100000

*通信作者:刘爱连,E-mail:liuailian@dmu.edu.cn

作者利益冲突声明:全体作者均声明无利益冲突。


基金项目: 首都科技领军人才培养工程基金 Z181100006318003
收稿日期:2020-09-14
接受日期:2020-11-30
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2021.01.009
本文引用格式:张钦和, 刘爱连, 杨婕, 等. 基于MRI评估的胰腺脂肪沉积及腹部脂肪分布与原发性高血压的相关性研究[J]. 磁共振成像, 2021, 12(1): 43-47, 52. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2021.01.009.

       胰腺脂肪沉积是指胰腺中过多脂质的沉积1。在我国胰腺脂肪沉积的患病率约为11%2。相关文献表明胰腺脂肪沉积与肥胖、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease, CVD)和代谢综合征密切相关3。高血压是CVD的主要危险因素4,也是代谢综合征的重要组成部分5。但目前为止,对胰腺脂肪沉积与高血压之间关系的研究仍然较少6, 7。肥胖是指体内脂肪过多,主要表现为内脏和皮下脂肪沉积。在肥胖早期,脂肪主要积聚于皮下脂肪组织(subcutaneous adipose tissue,SAT),随后进一步沉积在内脏脂肪组织(visceral adipose tissue,VAT)[8]。有学者认为,VAT和SAT的脂肪分数值(fat fraction,FF)对探究脂肪沉积与代谢性疾病的关系也至关重要9。相关研究表明内脏脂肪细胞能够分泌多种细胞因子,引起胰岛素抵抗,从而促进原发性高血压;内脏脂肪与原发性高血压关系密切10, 11。然而目前尚无应用MRI脂肪定量方法探讨VAT和SAT脂肪分数值与高血压关系的研究。本研究旨在应用IDEAL-IQ技术来探讨胰腺脂肪、VAT和SAT与高血压的关系。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究对象

       本研究回顾性收集139例高血压患者。入组标准如下:(1)高血压患者;(2)实验室指标和临床参数完整;(3)患者行上腹部MRI检查,扫描序列包含IDEAL-IQ序列。出组标准为:(1)可疑继发性高血压者(3例);(2)糖尿病,空腹血糖受损和葡萄糖耐量受损者(32例);(3)大量饮酒者:女性每天饮酒≥20 g,男性每天饮酒≥30 g(8例);(4)胰腺病史者(26例);(5)甲状腺疾病者(5例);(6)1个月内体重变化超过5%者(8例);(7)MRI图像质量差(3例)。本研究最终共纳入54例高血压患者(22例男性和32例女性);同时收集健康对照者108例(表1)。本研究经本院伦理委员会批准,研究对象签署磁共振检查知情同意书。

表1  研究人群一般特征
Tab. 1  General characteristics of the study population

1.2 MRI检查设备

       采用美国GE公司生产的1.5 T MRI扫描仪,受检者禁食;水4~6 h,扫描前训练呼气末屏气,超过20 s。所有检查者行仰卧位,采用IDEAL-IQ序列以及MRI常规轴位T1WI快速扰相梯度回波(fast spoiled gradient recalled echo;SPGR)、T2WI快速自旋回波(fast spin echo;FSE)、双回波及DWI序列扫描。MR扫描参数如下:IDEAL-IQ序列:TR 13.4 ms,TE 4.8 ms,切片厚度10 mm,带宽125 KHZ,视野(FOV) 36 cm×36 cm,矩阵256×160,翻转角5°,NEX为1,屏气时间约24 s。T1WI序列:TR 210 ms,TE 2.4 ms。T2WI序列:TR 8571 ms,TE 100 ms。双回波序列:TR 190 ms,TE 2 ms、4.3 ms。DWI序列:TR 7500 ms,TE 58 ms,NEX为4,b值=0、600 s/mm2,FOV 42 cm×42 cm。通过IDEAL Research软件进行图像后处理,生成水像、脂像、同相位、反相位、脂肪分数图像和R2*弛豫图像。

1.3 胰腺脂肪定量

       在ISP (Intelli Space Portall,Philips Healthcare)工作站上,选择Smart ROI软件,软件算法自动三维画取脂肪分数图全胰腺轮廓并手动进行轮廓的微调,软件自动计算全胰腺脂肪分数(fat fraction,FF)(图1)。

       随机选择20例患者,医生A和B (腹部成像MR诊断经验分别为10年和7年)采取双盲法分别进行数据测量,以评估观察者间数据的可重复性。医生A在1周后对相同的20例患者进行第二次测量,以评估观察者内数据的可重复性。最后,医生A完成剩余数据测量。

图1  高血压患者,男性,年龄62岁,BMI:27.14 kg/m2。应用Smart ROI软件,软件算法自动三维画取脂肪分数图全胰腺轮廓并手动进行轮廓的微调,最后自动计算全胰腺脂肪分数(fat fraction,FF) (FF=12.1%)
Fig. 1  Hypertension patient, male, age 62 years old, BMI: 27.14 kg/m2. Using Smart ROI software, the software algorithm automatically draws the full pancreatic contour of the fat score map in three dimensions and manually fine-tunes the contour, and finally automatically calculates the full pancreatic fat fraction (FF) (FF=12.1%).

1.4 VAT和SAT测量

       应用Image J (National Institutes of Health, USA)软件在L1~2层面脂肪分数图上对VAT和SAT进行半自动测量,记录面积(cm2)和脂肪分数值(%)。计算内脏/皮下脂肪组织的面积比(V/S)。

1.5 统计学分析

       实验数据由SPSS 25.0 (SPSS Inc,Chicago,IL,USA)进行统计学分析。采用Shapiro-Wilk检验分析数据的正态性。符合正态分布的数据采用平均数±标准差表示,采用独立样本t检验比较两组间的差异;不符合正态分布的数据采用中位数(25百分位数,75百分位数)表示,组间差异性比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。采用组内相关系数(intra-class correlation coefficients,ICC)分析两位观察者所测得数据一致性。相关检验采用Pearson检验或Spearman检验。绘制ROC曲线以分析各参数的诊断效能。计算Youden指数(Youden指数=敏感度+特异度-1),并确定全胰腺FF,VAT面积,SAT面积,V/S,VAT FF和SAT FF的阈值。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 一致性分析

       两名观察者所测得数据一致性结果如表2所示。ICC值均大于0.75,两名观察者测量结果观察者间及观察者内一致性良好。

表2  两名观察者所测得数据一致性检验
Tab. 2  Consistency test of data measured by two observers

2.2 胰腺脂肪、VAT、SAT与高血压

       高血压患者的全胰腺FF、VAT面积、SAT面积、V/S、VAT FF和SAT FF均明显高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),具体如表3所示。全胰腺FF对高血压诊断效能最高,其AUC值为0.816;其次是VAT面积(AUC=0.766),SAT面积(AUC=0.660),V/S(AUC=0.616),VAT FF (AUC=0.680)和SAT FF (AUC=0.672)(表4图2)。另外,当全胰腺FF阈值为10.15%时,对高血压的敏感度为75.9%,特异度为81.5%。

图2  全胰腺FF对高血压鉴别的ROC曲线
图3  A:全胰腺FF与VAT面积的相关性;B:全胰腺FF与VAT FF的相关性
图4  A:全胰腺FF与SAT面积的相关性;B:全胰腺FF与SAT FF的相关性;C:全胰腺FF与V/S的相关性
Fig. 2  Whole-pancreas FF (highest diagnostic efficiency for hypertension, AUC=0.816).
Fig. 3  A: Correlation between FF and VAT area of whole pancreas. C: The correlation between pancreatic FF and VAT FF.
Fig. 4  A: Correlation between pancreas FF and SAT area. B: Correlation between pancreas FF and SAT FF. B: Correlation between pancreas FF and V/S.
表3  高血压患者与对照组胰腺FF,VAT和SAT的比较
Tab. 3  Comparison of pancreatic FF, VAT and SAT between hypertension patients and the control subjects
表4  胰腺脂肪、VAT、SAT与高血压关系
Tab. 4  The relationship between pancreatic FF, VAT, SAT and hypertension

2.3 胰腺脂肪与VAT,SAT

       全胰腺FF与VAT面积(r=0.541,P<0.001)和VAT FF(r=0.561,P<0.001)呈中等程度正相关(图3),与SAT面积(r=0.280,P<0.001),SAT FF(r=0.324,P<0.001)和V/S (r=0.266,P<0.001)呈弱相关(图4)。

3 讨论

3.1 胰腺脂肪定量MRI技术

       MRI被认为是无创性脂肪定量的最佳技术,并广泛应用于临床研究。先前有研究使用化学位移成像(chemical shift imaging,CSI)技术反相位图像上MR信号的下降程度来量化FF12, 13,但其准确性受到T1值、T2值及脂质子不均一性等多重因素的干扰。MRS作为无创性脂肪定量的“金标准”,在胰腺脂肪定量方面具有很高准确性14,尤其是在脂肪含量较低时,MRS具有更高的敏感性。但传统的MRS后处理时间较长,需要病人的呼吸配合,并且会受到采样误差的影响,因此通过MRS测量的胰腺FF不能反映全胰腺脂肪浸润的情况。

       IDEAL-IQ是一种能够精确进行脂肪定量的MRI方法。该技术采用三维快速多回波梯度回波成像序列,利用小翻转角激发,减少T1效应,并通过并行采集技术提高扫描速度,为临床诊断提供重要的信息15。它可自动获取FF,无需进行后续处理或进一步计算。IDEAL-IQ可用于评估不同器官和组织中脂肪的含量,能够进一步探索脂肪代谢相关问题16, 17

3.2 胰腺脂肪沉积与原发性高血压

       目前,对于胰腺脂肪沉积与高血压之间关系的研究较少。一项针对中国人群的回顾性病例对照研究结果表明,与非胰腺脂肪沉积组相比,胰腺脂肪沉积组的高血压患病率更高(49.6%:30.5%)18。此外,Pieńkowska等7通过Dixon成像技术发现,高血压患者与非高血压患者相比胰腺脂肪含量更多。然而,胰腺脂肪沉积的分布可能是不均匀的19;因此,本研究中,我们使用半自动分割技术测量高血压患者的全胰腺脂肪。结果发现,高血压患者的全胰腺FF高于对照组,这与之前的研究结果一致。我们还发现高血压与全胰腺FF的相关性最高。有研究认为胰腺脂肪沉积导致的胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)可能通过激活交感神经系统来诱发高血压20。在胰岛素敏感状态下,胰岛素通过磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/Akt途径增加内皮一氧化氮的产生,从而引起血管舒张。相反,在IR状态下,胰岛素通过有丝分裂原激活的蛋白激酶途径诱导血管收缩21。尽管胰腺脂肪沉积与高血压密切相关,但它与高血压的因果关系还需进一步研究证实。

3.3 内脏脂肪、皮下脂肪与原发性高血压

       在肥胖,尤其是腹型肥胖的发展初期,多余的能量存储在增生和肥大的脂肪细胞中,后来以甘油三酯的形式累积在肝脏、胰腺、肾脏、肌肉和心脏等非脂肪组织中22。研究表明胰腺脂肪沉积与BMI23和腹型肥胖24相关。VAT的代谢活性被认为是肥胖相关并发症发生的关键因素。与SAT相比,VAT具有更高的脂解活性25。内脏脂肪细胞中β3-肾上腺素受体的表达和功能活性增加、胰岛素受体的减少,VAT中的脂质代谢更加活跃26。本研究中,我们发现全胰腺脂肪与VAT面积有较高的相关性,这与以前的研究一致27

       L4~L5是测量VAT和SAT最常用的层面,但并不是量化腹部脂肪组织或预测肥胖相关并发症的最优层面28。研究表明,与L4~L5相比,上腹部(即L1~L2或L2~L3)脂肪面积与代谢异常相关性更高29。其原因可能是在L1~L2至L2~L3的网膜和肠系膜中有代谢活跃的内脏脂肪细胞沉积。

       除脂肪组织面积外,低VAT CT值还与IR和CVD代谢风险增加有关。最近的一项研究表明,高VAT面积和低VAT脂肪含量与乳腺癌患者化疗后预后较差、胰岛素水平增高以及IR相关9。在本研究中,我们应用VAT和SAT FF表示脂肪质量。结果表明,与SAT FF相比,高血压与VAT FF的相关性更高,全胰腺FF与VAT FF呈中等正相关(r=0.560)。其可能的机制是较高的FF代表更多的脂肪组织,其与脂肪细胞的体积相关30,而增大的脂肪细胞与IR密切相关。此外,高FF脂肪组织的脂肪细胞血供可能受限,进而引起缺氧,使巨噬细胞聚集从而导致慢性炎症31

       本研究尚有不足之处。(1)本研究为单中心研究。(2)本研究没有考虑高血压治疗的影响,尚不清楚这是否会影响结果并引起偏差。(3)大多数研究使用L4~L5水平进行腹内脂肪测量,以获最大脂肪面积;而我们的研究测量了L1~L2水平的腹部脂肪,主要有以下两个原因:①上腹MR扫描范围通常不会包含L4~L5水平;②我们研究的目的是寻找腹部脂肪和胰腺脂肪沉积、原发性高血压之间的相关性,而不是测量腹部最大脂肪含量。(4)本研究旨在探讨胰腺脂肪沉积、内脏脂肪、皮下脂肪和高血压之间的关系,这其中的关联性可能还受其他因素的干扰,下一步研究需要进行多因素的分析来具体分析这其中的关系。

       综上,高血压者与全胰腺脂肪分数、VAT和SAT增多有关。全胰腺脂肪分数与VAT和SAT的增加相关。这些发现能使我们对肥胖引起的代谢异常有更进一步的了解。

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