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临床研究
最小表观扩散系数值在评估肝细胞性肝癌侵袭性中的价值
景梦园 曹云太 邓娟 张鹏 张婧 张斌 周俊林

Cite this article as: Jing MY, Cao YT, Deng J, et al. The value of minimum apparent diffusion coefficient in evaluating the invasiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2021, 12(5): 16-20.本文引用格式:景梦园, 曹云太, 邓娟, 等. 最小表观扩散系数值在评估肝细胞性肝癌侵袭性中的价值[J]. 磁共振成像, 2021, 12(5): 16-20. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2021.05.004.


[摘要] 目的 使用最小表观扩散系数值(minimum ADC,ADCmin)评估肝细胞性肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)的侵袭性。材料与方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2020年10月经病理证实并在术前接受MRI扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)检查的85名HCC患者,记录其临床及病理信息并在表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)图像上测量肿瘤的ADCmin。采用统计学方法评估患者的临床信息、ADCmin与微血管侵犯(microvascular invasion,MVI)、分化程度和Ki-67表达的相关性。二元Logistic回归筛选出与HCC侵袭性相关的独立因素,采用受试者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线评价其诊断效能。结果 研究表明,肿瘤大小与HCC MVI及分化程度有关(P<0.05)。MVI两组间ADCmin差异具有统计学意义(0.87±0.15与1.14±0.24,P<0.05),应用ADCmin判断MVI的AUC值为0.866 (95% CI,0.770~0.962);分化程度两组间ADCmin差异具有统计学意义(0.91±0.18与1.09±0.25,P<0.05),应用ADCmin预测HCC分化程度的AUC值为0.739 (95% CI,0.608~0.870);Ki-67两组间ADCmin差异具有统计学意义(1.19±0.24与1.03±0.25,P<0.05),应用ADCmin预测Ki-67的AUC值为0.723 (95% CI,0.576~0.871)。结论 本研究表明,ADCmin在术前无创性评估HCC的侵袭性中具有较大临床价值,可极大改善患者预后。
[Abstract] objective To evaluate the invasiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by using the minimum apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCmin). Materials andMethods The 85 patients with HCC confirmed by pathology and examined by MRI diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) before operation from January 2015 to October 2020 were analyzed retrospectively.The clinical and pathological information were recorded and the tumor ADCmin was measured on ADC images. Statistical methods were used to evaluate the correlation between clinical information, ADCmin and microvascular invasion (MVI), histological differentiation and Ki-67 expression. The independent factors related to the invasiveness of HCC were screened by binary Logistic regression, and the diagnostic efficiency was evaluated by ROC curve.Results The size of tumor was related to HCC MVI and the histological differentiation (P<0.05). The difference of ADCmin between the two groups in MVI were statistically significant (0.87±0.15 vs. 1.14±0.24, P<0.05). The AUC value of MVI judged by ADCmin was 0.866 (95% CI, 0.770—0.962). The difference of ADCmin between the two groups in histological differentiation were statistically significant (0.91±0.18 vs. 1.09±0.25, P<0.05), and the AUC value of using ADCmin to predict the degree of HCC differentiation was 0.739 (95% CI, 0.608—0.870). There were significant difference in ADCmin between the two groups of Ki-67 (1.19±0.24 vs. 1.03±0.25, P<0.05). The AUC value of Ki-67 predicted by ADCmin was 0.723 (95% CI, 0.576—0.871).Conclusion This study showed that ADCmin had great clinical value in preoperative non-invasive evaluation of the invasiveness of HCC and can greatly improve the prognosis of patients.
[关键词] 肝细胞性肝癌;磁共振成像;表观扩散系数;微血管侵犯;组织学分级;Ki-67
[Keywords] hepatocellular carcinoma;magnetic resonance imaging;apparent diffusion coefficient;microvascular invasion;histological differentiation;Ki-67

景梦园 1, 2, 3   曹云太 1, 2, 3   邓娟 1, 2, 3   张鹏 4   张婧 1, 2, 3   张斌 1, 2, 3   周俊林 1, 2, 3*  

1 兰州大学第二医院放射科,兰州 730030

2 兰州大学第二临床医学院,兰州 730030

3 甘肃省医学影像重点实验室,兰州 730030

4 兰州大学第二医院病理科,兰州 730030

周俊林,E-mail:lzuzjl601@163.com

全体作者均声明无利益冲突。


基金项目: 国家自然科学基金 81772006
收稿日期:2020-12-07
接受日期:2021-03-25
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2021.05.004
本文引用格式:景梦园, 曹云太, 邓娟, 等. 最小表观扩散系数值在评估肝细胞性肝癌侵袭性中的价值[J]. 磁共振成像, 2021, 12(5): 16-20. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2021.05.004.

       目前,我国肝细胞性肝癌(hepatocellular carcinomas,HCC)人数呈现逐年上涨趋势,从1990年的25.8万已经增加到2017年的51万[1]。有文献报道HCC侵袭性与预后和治疗方式密切相关。例如:HCC微血管侵犯(microvascular invasion,MVI)需要术中较大切缘切除肿瘤或术后辅助栓塞化疗[2];Ki-67的不同表达水平可影响不同巴塞罗那分期肝癌患者微血管浸润的肝切除术疗效[3, 4]。并且分化程度低的HCC预后较差[5]。因此,早期确定HCC的侵袭性,可改善患者预后。然而,HCC侵袭性术前准确评估有一定困难,术前穿刺活检一方面其结果有很大的误诊及漏诊率,另一方面可能会造成肿瘤种植和腹腔内出血,并且对于HCC MVI只能通过术后对肿瘤标本进行组织病理学检查才能发现[6, 7]。而随着医学影像的发展,由MR扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)衍生的表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)可用以量化肿瘤生物学行为和进行疗效评估[8, 9]。相关研究表明,ADC在恶性肿瘤的分级、诊断中具有很大价值,但由于肿瘤具有极大的异质性,平均ADC值常难以代表肿瘤恶性程度最高的部分,从而难以精准评估肿瘤的恶性程度,而最小ADC值(minimum ADC,ADCmin)对应于肿瘤细胞密度最高的区域,也是增殖最活跃的区域,并多应用于恶性肿瘤的分级、分期。基于此推测ADCmin可能是术前无创性评估HCC侵袭性的有用的定量参数[10, 11]。所以,本研究将探究ADCmin在术前无创性评估HCC侵袭性中的价值。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究对象

       本研究为回顾性研究,经过本单位医学伦理委员会批准(批准文号:2020A-284),免除受试者知情同意。收集2015年1月至2020年10月所有接受肝肿瘤切除手术并经病理诊断为HCC患者的临床及影像资料。经病理证实的205名HCC患者按照如下标准进行筛选,纳入标准为:(1)术后病理及免疫组化有是否MVI、肿瘤分化程度及Ki-67的结果;(2)术前2周行MR DWI检查;(3)肿瘤单发;(4)术前未接受放化疗、靶向治疗等。排除标准为:(1)术前影像学证实有明显门静脉癌栓形成;(2)有肝内或肝外转移征象;(3)合并其他恶性肿瘤病史;(4)临床及影像学信息缺失;(5)图像质量差,难以进行影像学评价。最终,共收集符合要求的患者85例。记录患者的临床信息如年龄、性别、肿瘤大小及位置、是否有肝炎或肝硬化病史、甲胎蛋白(alpha-fetoprotein,AFP)高低。

1.2 检查方法

       所有患者均采用3.0 T MRI (Philips Ingenia)扫描仪进行扫描,腹部16通道相控阵线圈。扫描范围从膈顶到肝脏下缘。主要序列及参数:T1WI:TR 3.7 ms,TE 1.32 ms,FOV 305 mm×305 mm,矩阵220×193,翻转角10°,层厚5 mm。T2WI压脂:TR 716 ms,TE 75 ms,FOV 350 mm×392 mm,矩阵132×117,翻转角90°,层厚6.5 mm。平面回波DWI:TR 2443 ms,TE 75 ms,FOV 400 mm×353 mm,矩阵132×117,翻转角90°,层厚6.5 mm,层间隔1,NEX为2,b值采用800 s/mm²。Gd-EOB-DTPA增强扫描:Gd-EOB-DTPA外周静脉团注,剂量0.1 mL/kg,注射速度2 mL/s,随即用20 mL生理盐水以相同流速冲洗。注射后15~20 s (动脉期)、60~70 s (门静脉期)、180 s (平衡期)及20 min分别行全肝扫描,参数同T1WI。

1.3 ADC图像分析

       所有图像均采用盲法分析,由具有25年、10年、6年临床经验的腹部磁共振医生对照HCC患者腹部的MRI增强图像及DWI图像,避开血管、囊变、坏死、钙化及出血区,在ADC图像上选择病灶弥散最受限处分别绘制3个20~30 mm2左右的ROI[12],每名医师绘制的ROI中最低的ADC值即为ADCmin值。最后,将三名医师测量的ADCmin值取均值后作为最终结果。

1.4 统计分析

       所有数据分析均采用SPSS 23.0软件,P<0.05 (双侧)表示差异具有统计学意义。经正态分布检验后,性别、肿瘤大小及位置、是否有肝炎或肝硬化病史、AFP高低采用卡方检验分析,ADCmin比较采用两独立样本t检验,年龄等计量资料采用均数±标准差表示。绘制ROC曲线,通过分析AUC值,评价ADCmin对HCC MVI、分化程度及Ki-67的诊断效能。

2 结果

2.1 HCC的临床与病理特征

       如表1所示,85例HCC患者中,包括66名男性,19名女性(平均年龄52岁,最大年龄75岁,最小29岁)。其中60例患者无MVI,25例患者有MVI;16例肿瘤为低分化,69例肿瘤的分化程度为中等或高分化;14例肿瘤的Ki-67≤10%,71例Ki-67>10%。患者的年龄、性别、肿瘤的位置、是否有肝炎或肝硬化病史、AFP高低与HCC MVI、分化程度、Ki-67差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。肿瘤的大小与HCC MVI及分化程度相关(P<0.05),而与Ki-67的表达无关(P>0.05) (图1,2)。

图1  男,57岁,肝细胞性肝癌,肝SVI不规则占位。A:T1WI轴位病灶呈稍低信号;B:T2WI轴位病灶呈稍高信号;C:肝胆期轴位病灶相对肝实质呈低信号;D:DWI轴位病灶呈稍高信号;E:ADC轴位病灶呈稍低信号,ADCmin值为1.016×10-3 mm2/s
图2  A:病理图示癌细胞排列成不典型腺样,中分化(HE ×200);B:免疫组化示癌组织未侵及微血管;C:免疫组化示肿瘤细胞增殖活性低,Ki-67约为5%
Fig. 1  Male, 57 years old, hepatocellular carcinoma, irregular SVI mass in liver. A: T1WI axial lesions showed slightly low signal intensity. B: T2WI axial lesions showed slightly high signal intensity. C: Axial lesions in the hepatobiliary phase showed low signal intensity relative to the hepatic parenchyma. D: DWI axial lesions showed slightly high signal intensity. E: ADC axial lesions showed slightly low signal intensity, ADCmin value is 1.016×10-3 mm2/s.
Fig. 2  A: The pathological map showed that the cancer cells were arranged into atypical glands, middle differentiation (HE ×200). B: Immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor tissue did not invade the microvessels. C: Immunohistochemistry showed that the proliferative activity of tumor cells was low, and the Ki-67 was about 5%.
表1  临床资料与HCC侵袭性
Tab. 1  Clinical data and HCC invasiveness

2.2 ADCmin与HCC侵袭性

       如表2所示,HCC的ADCmin与其侵袭性有关(P均<0.05)。HCC具有MVI的ADCmin (0.87±0.15与1.14±0.24,P<0.05)小于无MVI组,应用ADCmin预测MVI的AUC值为0.866 (95% CI,0.770~0.962)(图3),以0.97×10-3 mm2/s为界值,判断HCC是否MVI的敏感度为80%,特异度为88%;低分化程度的HCC的ADCmin (0.91±0.18与1.09±0.25,P<0.05)小于中-高分化程度组,应用ADCmin预测HCC分化程度的AUC值为0.739 (95% CI,0.608~0.870) (图4),以1.06×10-3 mm2/s为界值,判断HCC分化程度的敏感度为56.5%,特异度为87.5%;HCC低表达Ki-67的ADCmin (1.19±0.24与1.03±0.25,P<0.05)大于高表达Ki-67组,应用ADCmin预测Ki-67的AUC值为0.723 (95% CI,0.576~0.871) (图5),以1.13×10-3 mm2/s为界值,判断HCC Ki-67的敏感度为78.6%,特异度为69%。

图3  ADCmin判断HCC MVI的ROC和AUC
图4  ADCmin判断HCC分化程度的ROC和AUC
图5  ADCmin判断HCC Ki-67的ROC和AUC
Fig. 3  ROC and AUC for judging the MVI of HCC by ADCmin.
Fig. 4  ROC and AUCQ for judging the differentiation degree of HCC by ADCmin.
Fig. 5  ROC and AUC for judging the Ki-67 of HCC by ADCmin.
表2  HCC的ADCmin与侵袭性(x¯±s)
Tab. 2  ADCmin and invasiveness of HCC (x¯±s)

3 讨论

       DWI反映了组织间水分子弥散运动的内在差异,并且由其衍生的ADC值已经成为临床常用的影像学指标,用以量化肿瘤生物学行为和进行疗效评估[8, 9]。既往研究表明,ADCmin可用于术前预测肝癌根治性切除后早期复发[13]、评估HCC病理分级[14],但使用ADCmin评估HCC侵袭性的相关研究较少[15]。因此本研究将探索ADCmin与HCC侵袭性之间的相关性。

3.1 临床资料与HCC侵袭性

       本研究结果显示,肿瘤的大小对HCC术前MVI、分化程度具有诊断价值。肿瘤越大者不但发生MVI的概率越大,其分化程度也越低,但肿瘤的大小与其Ki-67的表达无关,此研究结果与文献报道相类似[16, 17]。随着HCC直径增加,肿瘤负荷变大,肝癌细胞发生免疫逃逸,侵袭性也相应增加,因此HCC直径越大者,越易发生MVI侵犯、分化程度也越低[18]。然而,Li等[17]发现肿瘤大小与其分化程度并无明显相关性,可能与过去报道的研究样本量较小有关。

3.2 ADCmin与HCC侵袭性

3.2.1 ADCmin与HCC MVI

       门静脉侵犯,无论是大血管或MVI,都与肿瘤复发和生存相关[19]。本研究结果显示,ADCmin与HCC MVI具有相关性,与既往报道一致[10]。也有文献报道[20],ADCmin在MVI不同风险分级中并无显著差异,但由于本研究只探索了ADCmin在评估HCC是否MVI的价值,未涉及MVI的风险分级,未来需要进一步研究。在本研究中,相较HCC无MVI者,HCC具有MVI的ADCmin较低。这可能与以下原因有关:首先,HCC MVI可能有更高的细胞密度。其次,具有MVI的HCC的血流灌注可能降低,从而导致ADCmin降低[10]

3.2.2 ADCmin与HCC分化程度

       既往研究报道[21],ADCmin与HCC的分化程度有关,与本研究结果一致。然而,Kim等[22]认为ADC值与肿瘤分级无明显相关性,这可能与几种研究采用的不同分组有关,由于笔者将中高分化的HCC合并为一组,可能会加大HCC中-高分化组与低分化组间ADCmin的差异。本研究结果显示,高分化HCC的ADCmin大于低分化程度者,即肿瘤分化程度越高其ADCmin越大,与既往报道一致[14]。这可能是因为肿瘤的ADCmin对应肿瘤细胞密度最大的部分,也是增殖最活跃的区域,而肿瘤分化程度越低,恶性程度越高,增殖越活跃,因此ADCmin与HCC分化程度呈正相关[23]

3.2.3 ADCmin与HCC Ki-67表达

       Ki-67是肿瘤侵袭性的生物标志物24。本研究结果显示,ADCmin与HCC的Ki-67表达有关,HCC低表达Ki-67的ADCmin大于高表达Ki-67者。这可能是因为具有更高Ki-67的HCC,其肿瘤细胞密度和核浆比将会增加[25, 26],可能导致更明显的扩散受限,因此其ADCmin较低。但也有文献指出,Ki-67的高低表达在ADCmin中并无明显差异[17],这可能是由于Li等[17]在研究中纳入了相对较小的HCC,而本研究未限制样本大小,因此可能导致其ADCmin在高低表达Ki-67中无明显差异。

3.3 本研究的局限性

       本研究有以下几个局限性。首先,本研究只将MVI、分化程度及Ki-67纳入到HCC的侵袭性,未来需要纳入更多指标以强化ADCmin在HCC侵袭性中的价值。其次,本研究为同一中心样本,未来需要多中心更大样本进一步验证研究结果。最后,多b值体素内不相干运动(multi-b-value intravoxel incoherent motion,IVIM) DWI有可能避免因机器、序列参数不同而带来的ADC值差异,未来需要进一步探索。

       总之,最小表观扩散系数值对术前无创性评估HCC的侵袭性具有较大临床价值,有较大的潜能作为一种临床工具为临床个性化治疗提供较大帮助。

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