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临床研究
磁共振成像在透明细胞型肝癌诊断中的价值
刘斌 杨雪 陈枫 孙君 李宏军

Cite this article as: Liu B, Yang X, Chen F, et al. The value of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2021, 12(5): 21-24.本文引用格式:刘斌, 杨雪, 陈枫, 等. 磁共振成像在透明细胞型肝癌诊断中的价值[J]. 磁共振成像, 2021, 12(5): 21-24. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2021.05.005.


[摘要] 目的 对比分析透明细胞型肝癌和普通型肝细胞癌的临床和磁共振成像特征,提高术前诊断准确率。材料与方法 回顾性分析2014年8月至2020年5月经病理证实的33例透明细胞型肝癌和87例普通型肝细胞癌,所有患者术前均接受了MR平扫和多期增强扫描,在影像归档和通信系统内获取所有患者的MR成像特征、年龄、性别、肝炎类型和甲胎蛋白(alpha-fetoprotein,AFP)值,利用SPSS 21.0对结果进行统计学分析。结果 透明细胞型肝癌丙肝的感染率为24.2% (8/33),普通型肝细胞癌感染率为4.6% (4/87);透明细胞型肝癌瘤内脂肪信号出现率为21.2% (7/33),普通型肝细胞癌出现率为2.3% (2/87);透明细胞型肝癌瘤内动脉征出现率为27.3% (9/33),普通型肝细胞癌出现率为49.4% (43/87)。结论 与普通型肝细胞癌相比,透明细胞型肝癌丙肝感染率更高,瘤内脂肪信号出现率更高,瘤内动脉征出现率更低,对术前精准诊断透明细胞型肝癌有一定的指导价值。
[Abstract] Objective The purpose of this study is to improve the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis by compare and analyze the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma and common hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials andMethods We analyzed clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of 33 cases of clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma and 87 cases of common hepatocellular carcinoma confirmed by pathological results from August 2014 to May 2020. All patients underwent MR plain scan and multi-phase enhanced scan before operation. We obtained MR imaging features, age, gender, hepatitis type and AFP result of all patients from picture archiving and communication systems, and used SPSS 21.0 to perform statistical analysis on the results.Results The infection rate of hepatitis C in clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma was 24.2% (8/33), and the infection rate of hepatitis C in common hepatocellular carcinoma was 4.6% (4/87). The incidence of intratumoral fat signal in clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma was 21.2% (7/33), and the incidence of intratumoral fat signal in common hepatocellular carcinoma was 2.3% (2/87). The incidence of intratumoral artery sign in clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma was 27.3% (9/33), and the incidence of intratumoral artery sign in common hepatocellular carcinoma was 49.4% (43/87).Conclusions Compared with common hepatocellular carcinoma, clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma present higher infection rate of hepatitis C, higher incidence of intratumoral fatty signal and lower incidence of intratumoral artery sign. It could provide certain guiding value for the accurate diagnosis of clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma before surgery.
[关键词] 磁共振成像;透明细胞型肝癌;普通型肝细胞癌;瘤内脂肪信号;瘤内动脉征
[Keywords] magnetic resonance imaging;clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma;common hepatocellular carcinoma;intratumoral fat signal;intratumoral artery sign

刘斌    杨雪    陈枫    孙君    李宏军 *  

首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院放射科,北京 100069

李宏军,E-mail:lihongjun00113@ccmu.edu.cn

全体作者均声明无利益冲突。


基金项目: 国家自然科学基金 61936013
收稿日期:2021-01-23
接受日期:2021-03-25
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2021.05.005
本文引用格式:刘斌, 杨雪, 陈枫, 等. 磁共振成像在透明细胞型肝癌诊断中的价值[J]. 磁共振成像, 2021, 12(5): 21-24. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2021.05.005.

       肝细胞癌是肝脏最常见的原发恶性肿瘤,发病率及死亡率均较高[1, 2, 3]。参照世界卫生组织2019年版,肝细胞癌主要包括普通型、硬化型、透明细胞型、脂肪性肝炎样型、粗梁实体型、嫌色细胞型、富于中性粒细胞型和富于淋巴细胞型[4]。透明细胞型肝癌是肝细胞癌中一种少见的病理亚型,研究表明透明细胞型肝癌的总体生存率和无病变进展生存率好于普通型肝细胞癌[5, 6]。透明细胞型肝癌具有较高的体细胞突变率,可能对免疫治疗更敏感[7]。本研究全面分析透明细胞型肝癌的临床特征和磁共振成像特征,并首次将MRI检查瘤内脂肪信号和瘤内动脉征纳入透明细胞型肝癌和普通型肝细胞癌的比较研究,探讨其术前精准诊断透明细胞型肝癌的价值。

1 材料与方法

1.1 入组和排除标准

       入组标准:(1)外科切除或肝移植术后病理证实为透明细胞型肝癌或普通型肝细胞癌;(2)病灶为单发;(3)患者术前2周内接受过MR平扫和多期增强扫描。排除标准:(1)肿瘤切除或肝移植前接受过肝动脉栓塞或射频消融等治疗;(2)临床、影像或病理资料不全。

1.2 患者的基本信息

       收集首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院2014年8月至2020年5月经病理证实的33例透明细胞型肝癌和87例普通型肝细胞癌。33例透明细胞型肝癌患者的年龄为41~76岁,平均(59.03±9.13)岁,男25例、女8例。87例普通型肝细胞癌患者的年龄为27~74岁,平均(55.99±9.78)岁,男73例、女14例。分别有13例透明细胞型肝癌和29例普通型肝细胞癌患者出现了临床症状,主要包括乏力、食欲不振、腹胀、右上腹痛、肝区不适等。本研究经过本单位医学伦理委员会批准[批准文号:京佑科伦字(2019) 086号],免除受试者知情同意。

1.3 检查方法

       MRI检查包括平扫和多期动态增强扫描(动脉早期,动脉晚期,门脉期和平衡期)。MRI扫描采用的机型为西门子3.0 T Magnetom Trio Tim磁共振扫描仪,体部线圈为8通道相控阵线圈。患者接受检查时采用仰卧位,扫描范围为膈肌顶部至肝脏下缘。四期增强检查时将屏气序列插入三维容积扫描,重复时间和回波时间分别为3.5 ms和1.28 ms,扫描层厚为3.0 mm,扫描层间距为0.6 mm。MRI增强检查采用的对比剂为钆贝葡胺(上海博莱科信谊药业有限责任公司),用量为0.1 mol/kg,流速为2.0 mL/s,用药方式为经肘前静脉注入。在对比剂注入后20 s、30 s、65 s和240 s分别进行动脉早期、动脉晚期、门脉期和平衡期扫描。

1.4 影像学分析

       由2名放射科高年资医生对所有患者的MRI图像分别进行分析,如果2名诊断医生意见不一致,通过协商给出结果。需要观察的序列包括:T1WI、T2WI、DWI、ADC、MR化学位移成像,增强扫描动脉早期、动脉晚期、门静脉期及平衡期。需要记录的内容主要包括病灶的最大径、位置,形态、弥散受限,瘤内脂肪信号、瘤内动脉征、肿瘤强化方式以及肝硬化情况,其中弥散受限指DWI (b值=800)呈高信号,ADC呈低信号;瘤内脂肪信号是指反向位较同向位信号减低;瘤内动脉征是指MR增强扫描动脉早期或动脉晚期在肿瘤内可见动脉显影。

1.5 病理检查

       病理科医生对术后的肿瘤组织规范取材并进行HE染色,必要时进行免疫组化,根据2019消化系统肝细胞癌WHO分类进行诊断,本研究透明细胞型肝癌以透明细胞比例超过50%作为诊断标准。

1.6 统计学分析

       利用SPSS 21.0对患者年龄进行两个独立样本的t检验,以x¯±s表示;对患者的甲胎蛋白(alpha-fetoprotein,AFP)值和肿瘤最大径进行两个独立样本的秩和检验,以中位数(四分位数间距)表示;对患者的性别、临床症状、肿瘤位置、肿瘤形态、弥散受限、瘤内脂肪信号、瘤内动脉征、假包膜样强化、肿瘤是否经典强化和肝硬化情况进行独立样本的四格表卡方检验,对患者的肝炎类型进行R×C表卡方检验,以P<0.05作为差异有统计学意义的参考标准。

2 结果

2.1 患者临床特征分析

       两组患者的年龄、性别、临床症状和AFP结果差异均无统计学意义,详细结果见表1。两组患者的肝炎类型差异有统计学意义,详细结果见表2,不同肝炎类型之间进行卡方检验的多重比较,结果显示无肝炎组与乙型肝炎组比较χ2值为0.121,P值为0.728,结果差异无统计学意义;乙型肝炎组与丙型肝炎组比较χ2值为10.333,P值为0.001,结果差异有统计学意义;丙型肝炎组与无肝炎组比较χ2值为4.320,P值为0.038,结果差异有统计学意义。

表1  透明细胞型肝癌和普通型肝细胞癌临床特征统计结果
Tab. 1  Statistical results of clinical features of clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma and common hepatocellular carcinoma
表2  透明细胞型肝癌和普通型肝细胞癌不同肝炎类型R×C列表卡方检验结果(例)
Tab. 2  R×C list chi-square test results of different hepatitis types of clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma and common hepatocellular carcinoma (n)

2.2 病灶影像特征分析

       两组患者肿瘤的瘤内脂肪信号(图1)、瘤内动脉征(图2)的结果差异有统计学意义;肿瘤最大径、肿瘤位置、肿瘤形态、弥散受限、假包膜样强化(图3)、肿瘤是否经典强化(图4)和肝硬化情况结果差异无统计学意义,以上结果详见表3

图1  肝右叶透明细胞型肝癌的MR化学位移成像。A:同向位图像,肝右叶可见一类圆形高信号结节(箭);B:反向位图像,结节信号较同向位减低(箭)
图2  肝右叶透明细胞型肝癌的MR增强扫描动脉早期图像,肝右叶肿瘤内可见动脉显影(箭)
图3  肝右叶透明细胞型肝癌的MR增强扫描平衡期图像,肿瘤边缘呈环形强化(箭)
图4  肝左叶普通型肝细胞癌MR多期增强扫描图像。A:动脉早期肿瘤可见明显强化(箭);B:动脉晚期肿瘤较动脉早期强化程度更明显(箭);C:门静脉期肿瘤强化程度减低(箭);D:平衡期:肿瘤强化程度较门静脉期进一步减低,与周围的肝实质分界不清(箭)
Fig. 1  MR chemical shift imaging of clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma in the right lobe of the liver. A: In phase image, a round nodule in the right lobe of the liver present high signal (indicated by the arrow). B: opposed phase image, the nodule present low signal compared with in phase image (indicated by the arrow).
Fig. 2  MR-enhanced early arterial image of clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma in the right lobe of the liver. Arteries can be seen in the tumor in the right lobe (indicated by the arrow).
Fig. 3  MR-enhanced balance phase image of clear cell hepatocellular in the right lobe of the liver, circular enhancement can be seen at the edge of the tumor (indicated by the arrow).
Fig. 4  MR multi-phase enhanced images of common hepatocellular carcinoma in the left lobe of the liver. A: The tumor present obvious enhancement on early arterial phase image. B: The tumor present higher enhancement on advanced arterial phase image compared early arterial phase image (indicated by the arrow). C: The tumor present has reduced enhancement on portal vein phase image (indicated by the arrow). D: The tumor present lower enhancement on equilibrium phase image compared with portal vein phase image, and the boundary between the tumor and the surrounding liver parenchyma is not clear (indicated by the arrow).
表3  透明细胞型肝癌和普通型肝细胞癌影像特征统计结果
Tab. 3  Statistical results of imaging features of clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma and common hepatocellular carcinoma

3 讨论

       透明细胞型肝癌发病率约0.4%~37%[8, 9],透明细胞型肝癌的1年、3年及5年的总体生存率(90.2%、70.6、55.9%)明显高于普通型肝细胞癌(82.8%、62.7%、47.7%),手术切除是透明细胞型肝癌最好的治疗方式[10];普通型肝细胞癌恶性程度较透明细胞型肝癌高,被发现时多为中晚期,治疗多以肝动脉化疗栓塞或局部消融为主[11]。透明细胞型肝癌的临床症状、年龄、性别及AFP结果与普通型肝细胞癌相比差异无统计学意义[12],本研究统计分析两组患者的结果与既往研究基本一致。透明细胞型肝癌较普通型肝癌更容易合并丙型肝炎[13],本研究统计分析的结果与既往研究基本一致。

       在CT或MR图像上,透明细胞型肝癌的大小、强化方式、肿瘤破裂情况、门静脉侵犯和淋巴转移等与普通型肝细胞癌相比差异无统计学意义,但假包膜样强化在透明细胞型肝癌更常见[14],在本研究中透明细胞型肝癌的假包膜样强化出现率虽然高于普通型肝细胞癌,但二者比较的结果差异无统计学意义,这与既往研究结果不一致。陈枫等[15]研究表明透明细胞型肝癌脂肪变性CT图像显示率较普通型肝细胞癌更高,本研究中两组病例磁共振检查的肿瘤内脂肪信号差异有统计学意义,透明细胞型肝癌出现率高于普通型肝细胞癌,这与既往研究结果一致,这可能与肿瘤细胞内含较多的糖原和脂质有关。本研究首次将瘤内动脉征[16]作为磁共振成像特征纳入透明细胞型肝癌和普通型肝细胞癌的比较研究,研究结果显示两组病例瘤内动脉征差异有统计学意义,透明细胞型肝癌的瘤内动脉征出现率更低,瘤内动脉征与肝细胞癌的微血管浸润呈正相关[17],微血管浸润往往提示患者的预后不良,本研究透明细胞型病理组织肝癌微血管浸润出现率(7/33)明显低于普通型肝细胞癌(49/87),因此微血管浸润率低可能是透明细胞型肝癌预后好于普通型肝细胞癌的原因之一。

       关于透明细胞型肝癌的病理诊断标准国际上尚未达成一致意见[18, 19]。一些研究者将透明细胞比例超过30%作为诊断透明细胞型肝癌的标准[20],另一些研究者认为即使透明细胞含量少于30%也可以做出透明细胞型肝癌的诊断[21],中国病理科医生将透明细胞含量超过50%作为诊断透明细胞型肝癌的标准[22]。本研究中的33例透明细胞型肝癌的病理诊断参照中国病理科医生诊断标准。

       透明细胞型肝癌术前精准诊断对患者的治疗和预后具有重要意义,本研究的结果表明透明细胞型肝癌较普通型肝细胞癌丙型肝炎感染率更高,MRI检查图像上肿瘤内脂肪信号出现率更高,瘤内动脉征出现率更低,对透明细胞型肝癌的术前精准诊断具有一定的指导价值。本研究存在一定的局限性,MRI扫描均为常规序列,受透明细胞型肝癌样本量小的影响未进行放射组学分析,影像特征与病理对照分析不够全面,因此不仅需要引入磁敏感成像、灌注成像等扫描方法丰富扫描参数,而且还需要进一步扩大样本量并利用放射组学的方法进行全面深入地研究。

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