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综述
健康脊髓及脊髓疾病DTI量化研究进展
崔羽楠 苗延巍

Cite this article as: Cui YN, Miao YW. Research progress of DTI quantification in myelopathy[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2021, 12(7): 102-104, 109.本文引用格式:崔羽楠, 苗延巍. 健康脊髓及脊髓疾病DTI量化研究进展[J]. 磁共振成像, 2021, 12(7): 102-104, 109. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2021.07.024.


[摘要] 目前,脊髓磁共振成像存在诸多局限性,近年来随着扩散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)应用,改善了脊髓成像质量,使定量测量成为可能,并逐渐应用于各种脊髓疾病诊断。作者对脊髓DTI成像技术及在健康脊髓、肌萎缩侧索硬化症(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)、脊髓压迫症、脊髓炎、多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)、脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)和肿瘤等多种脊髓疾病中的应用进行了综述。脊髓DTI成像除能定量描述健康脊髓的扩散特点,还能早期诊断各种脊髓疾病并明确病变范围,监测病情进展及评估术后恢复情况。
[Abstract] At present, there are many limitations in spinal magnetic resonance imaging. In recent years, with the application of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), the quality of spinal imaging has been improved, and quantitative measurement has become possible, and it has been gradually applied in the diagnosis of various spinal diseases. In this paper, DTI imaging of spinal cord was studied in healthy spinal cord, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal cord compression, myelitis, multiple sclerosis. The applications of spinal cord injury (SCI), spinal cord injury (MS) and tumor were reviewed. DTI imaging of spinal cord can not only quantitatively describe the diffuse characteristics of healthy spinal cord, but also early diagnose various spinal cord diseases and define the lesion range, monitor the progress of the disease and evaluate the postoperative recovery.
[关键词] 脊髓疾病;扩散张量成像;肌萎缩侧索硬化;脊髓压迫症;脊髓炎;多发性硬化;脊髓损伤;脊髓肿瘤
[Keywords] myelopathy;diffusion tensor imaging;amyotrophic lateral sclerosis;spinal cord compression;myelitis;multiple sclerosis;spinal cord injuries;spinal cord neoplasms

崔羽楠    苗延巍 *  

大连医科大学附属第一医院放射科,大连 116011

苗延巍,E-mail:ywmiao716@163.com

全体作者均声明无利益冲突。


基金项目: 国家自然科学基金 81671646
收稿日期:2021-03-31
接受日期:2021-05-08
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2021.07.024
本文引用格式:崔羽楠, 苗延巍. 健康脊髓及脊髓疾病DTI量化研究进展[J]. 磁共振成像, 2021, 12(7): 102-104, 109. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2021.07.024.

       常规脊髓磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)技术,包括T1WI、T2WI在30多年的临床应用中不断成熟,确立了MRI为脊髓疾病的首选成像方法。然而,由于脊髓体积和横断面面积较小,椎骨、椎间盘、脑脊液不同介质之间磁敏感差异,以及呼吸、心跳、吞咽等生理运动因素影响,使得常规MRI序列对脊髓微细结构和病变显示欠佳,且对功能水平变化显示也难令人满意[1]

       近几年,脊髓MRI新技术被不断开发和应用,扩散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)因其能够进一步显示脊髓微细结构和功能,为脊髓病变定性和定量诊断提供丰富的影像信息,为临床治疗决策提供更客观、量化的参考信息而备受青睐[2],在脊髓方面的研究大幅度增加。

1 脊髓DTI技术进展

       DTI是在扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)基础上发展而来的一种新技术。水分子在纯介质中的扩散在各方向具有一致性,即各向同性(球形),DWI是基于这一假设。但是,在人体和动物中,水分子在不同器官和组织中扩散运动状态不一致,即存在各向异性。DTI是基于水分子各向异性扩散为前提的。扩散张量不是平面过程,以三维立体空间角度分解,量化了扩散各向异性的信号数据,对组织解剖结构,尤其白质结构可以进行精确成像。另外,DTI也可以通过扩散张量纤维束成像(diffusion tensor tractography,DTT)技术提供清晰地白质纤维走行图像[3]。尽管脑DTI已被用来更好地描述精神分裂症、痴呆和情感性疾病,并被用来评估创伤性脑损伤和缺血性脑梗死的程度以及在肿瘤切除过程中有助于保护白质通路。然而,脊髓DTI受解剖结构以及生理运动因素的影响,常规DTI在脊髓方面的临床应用十分受限,不仅图像易变形,伪影较大,而且图像信噪比低,分辨率低。如何改进常规DTI,以提高图像质量,减少图像的形变,提高DTI参数测量的准确度及确保研究的可重复性已经成为国内外脊髓MRI的研究热点[4, 5, 6]。ZOOM-DTI是目前最新的DTI方法。此技术使用2D选择性激励特殊的射频脉冲(two-dimensional radiofrequency,2D-RF),2D-RF减小相位方向的FOV,相对于一定的空间分辨率而言就是减少了K空间的数据填充,对于单次激发的图像而言,这样缩短了读出时间,相位方向的带宽相对增宽,图像的伪影及形变就会减少,明显改善了传统DTI技术在脊髓MRI方面的图像质量问题[7, 8, 9]。DTI技术不仅有希望广泛应用于未来健康脊髓以及脊髓疾病的定量研究当中,更有助于临床医生对各种脊髓疾病早期发现,早期诊断,客观、有效地监测病情以及评估外科手术治疗效果。

2 健康脊髓的DTI研究

       健康脊髓的DTI研究主要集中在年龄、性别以及不同节段的DTI参数改变。杨丛慧等[10]研究发现,健康颈髓的部分各项异性分数(fractional anisotropy,FA)值与年龄呈负相关,表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值与年龄呈正相关,这一结果与魏梁锋等[11]及Wang等[12]研究结果一致。除了FA值与ADC值,Wang等[12]研究还发现白质中柱的平均扩散率(mean diffusivity,MD)值与年龄呈负相关,灰质、白质前柱以及白质后柱的MD值与年龄呈正相关。Vedantam等[13]研究发现在上颈段与中颈段FA值与年龄呈负相关。然而,这四项研究的受试者年龄均大于18岁。Singhi等[14]的研究显示,从新生儿期到青春期,颈髓平均FA值与年龄呈正相关,平均ADC值与年龄呈负相关。究其原因,新生儿期到青春期,是脊髓生长、发育的时期,而青春期以后,脊髓是一个退行性改变的过程,包括生理性的脊髓体积减小,神经细胞老化,神经胶质细胞增生及神经纤维脱髓鞘改变等生理变化。Vedantam等[13]研究进一步显示,50岁以后颈髓的FA值会明显下降,提示50岁以后脊髓的退变速度会明显加快。但是,Chang等[15]和Brander等[16]研究显示不同年龄的颈髓的DTI参数没有差异。

       魏梁锋等[11]研究显示,脊髓的DTI参数值与性别无关。McColl等[17]关于颈髓与性别的关系的研究发现女性更容易因脊髓损伤后受疼痛的影响而发生生活质量下降。

       Manconi等[18]和Chen等[19]研究均显示不同颈髓节段的FA值与ADC值没有显著差异。然而,Chang等[20]研究发现,不同颈髓节段的DTI参数具有差异,并发现部分参数随着颈髓节段变化有一定规律性。此研究通过测量分析颈1~7椎间盘水平颈髓灰质、白质的磁化转移率(magnetization transfer ratio,MTR)、FA值和横截面积(cross-section area,CSA)进行分析,发现MTR、FA值,CSA均随着颈髓节段递增而渐次降低,同时发现MTR随着身高的增加而降低,体质量和颈髓长度存在负相关关系。

3 脊髓疾病的DTI研究进展

       近年来,脊髓DTI成像研究主要涵盖以下6种疾病:肌萎缩侧索硬化症(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)、脊髓压迫症、脊髓炎、多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)、脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)以及脊髓肿瘤。

3.1 ALS

       ALS的研究始终缺乏敏感而准确的生物标志物[21]。Patzig等[22]研究发现ALS患者的颈髓、胸1-胸3脊髓中与运动有关的白质纤维束FA值下降。Wang等[23]研究显示ALS患者的颈2~4节段双侧皮质脊髓束的FA值下降而ADC值明显增加。Rasoanandrianina等[24]研究发现ALS患者的脊髓FA值降低不仅存在于与运动有关的皮质脊髓束和灰质前角,也存在于与感觉传导有关的白质后柱,并指出FA值下降与ALS患者的临床上肢运动神经元评分(Upper Motor Neuron Scores,UMN评分)存在很强的相关性。Nair等[21]研究同样发现ALS患者颈髓白质FA值下降和RD值增加,并与患者用力肺活量、手指和足叩击速度以及疾病严重程度有显著的相关性。

3.2 脊髓压迫症

       目前mJOA评分、Nurick评分以及NDI评分是临床评价脊髓压迫症严重程度以及外科手术治疗效果的主要方法。三种评分均是对患者行动能力和灵活程度的主观评分:mJOA评分主要评估患者上肢运动灵活度(使用筷子的熟练程度),Nurick评分评估患者的下肢行走能力,而NDI评分则依据患者各种日常活动的受限程度进行评估。研究发现DTI可以在脊髓型颈椎病(cervical spondylotic myelopaythy,CSM)患者出现T2WI发生不可逆的信号改变前,检测到脊髓早期改变,表现为FA值降低和ADC值增加[25, 26, 27]。随着疾病的进展,CSM患者的mJOA评分与FA值减小和ADC值增加显著相关[25, 26]。除了在早期诊断方面,DTI在评估CSM严重程度方面也优于常规序列,在评价减压术后恢复程度上也有一定的帮助,但目前研究结果存在争议。部分研究显示,无论CSM患者的减压术前、术后的mJOA评分均与FA值、MD值、AD值、RD值变化显著相关,术后FA值即刻增大且于术后2年患者达到最大程度的恢复,而ADC值仅于术后1个月与主观运动改善量表呈中度相关性。另外,CSM患者的Nurick评分与FA值呈显著负相关。此外,颈部残疾指数(Neck Disability Index,NDI)评分、mJOA评分和FA值变化相关性研究结果尚不统一。Rajasekaran等[27]认为颈部残疾指数(Neck Disability Index,NDI)评分与FA值变化有关。Shim等[28]、Zheng等[29]、Iwasaki等[30]和Dong等[31]的研究结果一致,即JOA评分与FA值变化显著相关,并且Rasoanandrianina等[24]还发现FA值与Nurick评分呈显著负相关,Shim等[28]还提出主观运动改善量表得分仅与术后1个月平均ADC呈中度正相关。与上述研究结果不同,有研究认为CSM患者术前FA值与正常对照组无明显差异,但术后先是显著降低,术后3、6、12个月亦或24个月升高,表明术后FA值可能是比术前FA值更准确的预后因素[32, 33]

3.3 脊髓炎

       Lee等[34]研究均发现DTI可能成为脊髓炎更敏感的检查方法,可以检测在T2WI上看不到的细微病变,即病变部位的FA值降低。然而,一项个案研究显示一位11岁男性患者,根据国际脊髓损伤神经分类标准诊断为横惯性脊髓炎,患者经治疗后仍显示颈4水平功能缺失,但其MRI结果为阴性,DTI参数值也接近正常值[35]。Lee等[34]对10例特发性横贯性脊髓炎患者进行研究,除病变颈髓节段的FA值减小有意义外,与其相邻的下段脊髓的FA值也会减小,且减小的程度越大则预后越差,提示DTI可能评估预后。

3.4 MS

       von Meyenburg等[36]发现MS患者脊髓双侧FA值下降具有不对称性,且与双侧肢体不对称电生理缺陷具有显著相关性,反映了人脊髓中特定的结构-功能关系。在MS中,较长的姿势反应潜伏期可能与不平衡和跌倒的可能性增加有关,Lee等[37]研究证实MS患者的姿势反应潜伏期越长,则FA值降低越明显。

3.5 SCI

       目前,多个研究发现急性损伤颈髓节段表现为FA值降低[38, 39, 40]。其中,Lewis等[38]还发现急性SCI患者MD值无明显变化。Zhu等[39]认为ADC值无明显变化。Chen等[40]动物实验进一步证实急性损伤脊髓的FA值及AD值下降。

       Kim等[41]发现慢性损伤颈髓节段的DTI参数与脑脊液流量、功能测量和诱发电位相关,而且与临床评估指标也具有相关性,即FA值越小,ADC值越大,颈髓损伤越严重。此项研究结果与Wang-Leandro等[42]的慢性脊髓损伤的动物实验研究结果一致。

3.6 脊髓肿瘤

       DTI可以用于鉴别脊髓肿物性质,即肿瘤与瘤样病变,前者的FA值更低,而ADC值更高[43]。颈髓星形细胞瘤的DTI和DTT特征发现,星形细胞瘤的FA值降低,ADC值、RD值、AD值升高。常规MRI序列对于髓内胶质瘤或肿胀性脱髓鞘病变的鉴别诊断并不明确,但是病变区域FA值显著减小提示为高级别胶质瘤。当其他影像学特征无法确定时,DTI可能有助于诊断颈髓胶质母细胞瘤[44]。利用DTI对具体不同类型的肿瘤进行研究,对各种肿瘤有了更进一步的了解。如将DTI用于儿童脊髓脂肪瘤的研究,FA值的分析表明脂肪瘤的存在似乎对脊髓圆锥的髓鞘形成有影响,大部分临床症状也是在髓鞘形成期出现的[45]

       近年来,利用DTI来确定脑内肿瘤微浸润程度的尝试已取得成功,因此推测这项技术也可以用于脊髓。尽管脊髓内浸润性肿瘤与非浸润性肿瘤瘤体的常规MRI参数没有差异,但是浸润性肿瘤的瘤体周围测得的FA值增加是有显著意义的,那么定量分析肿块周围的DTI参数可用于鉴别浸润性和非浸润性脊髓内肿瘤[46]。DTI对T2WI无法显示的瘤周病理改变的评估是敏感的,同时DTT的轴向图像可能更有价值[47]。在涉及具有明显纵向束扭曲的颈髓内肿瘤病例中,术中计算机断层扫描(intraoperative computed tomography,iCT)联合DTI可以准确显示肿瘤与正常组织的边界,对外科确定肿瘤切除范围有很大的帮助[48]

       综上所述,脊髓DTI成像除能定量描述健康脊髓的扩散特点,还能早期诊断各种脊髓疾病并明确病变范围,监测病情进展及评估术后恢复情况。相对于传统的脊髓MRI技术,DTI对健康脊髓和脊髓疾病的定量研究有一定的优势,期待未来DTI对脊髓疾病定量研究的价值被不断的挖掘,使其能够更有效地帮助各种脊髓疾病的早期诊断、治疗效果监测以及预后的评估。

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