分享:
分享到微信朋友圈
X
临床研究
磁共振弹性成像评价胰腺导管腺癌病理分级及生存期
宋奇科 钟时玲 刘媛媛 杨锐 石喻

Cite this article as: Song QK, Zhong SL, Liu YY, et al. MR elastography for evaluation of pathological grade of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2022, 13(3): 26-30.本文引用格式:宋奇科, 钟时玲, 刘媛媛, 等. 磁共振弹性成像评价胰腺导管腺癌病理分级及生存期[J]. 磁共振成像, 2022, 13(3): 26-30. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2022.03.006.


[摘要] 目的 探讨磁共振弹性成像(magnetic resonance elastography,MRE)弹性值评价胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic adenocarcinoma,PDAC)肿瘤分级的价值,分析其对评估PDAC患者预后的价值。材料与方法 对62例诊断PDAC且接受胰十二指肠切除术患者行MRE检查,测量肿瘤弹性值,并从术后病理报告中提取肿瘤位置、切缘状态和分级等信息,观察肿瘤硬度与组织病理学的关系,分析PDAC患者总生存时间(overall survival,OS)的独立影响因素。结果 所有PDAC的平均弹性值为(3.06±0.82) kPa。高分化、中分化及低分化胰腺癌的弹性值分别为(2.31±0.62) kPa、(2.98±0.78) kPa及(3.83±1.08) kPa,不同分级间弹性值差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。PDAC弹性值与病理分级呈正相关(rs=0.831,P<0.001)。MRE弹性值诊断高、中-低分化与高-中、低分化PDAC的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)分别为0.826及0.884。弹性值是PDAC患者OS的独立影响因子(P<0.001)。结论 PDAC患者弹性值与肿瘤组织学分级密切相关,弹性值越高,病理级别越高,患者存活时间越短。
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the prognostic value of magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and its correlation with histopathological grade.Materials and Methods MRE examination was performed in 62 patients diagnosed with PDAC and undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. The stiffness was measured, tumor location, margin status and histopathological grade were extracted from postoperative pathological reports. The Cox proportional risk model was used to determine the role of stiffness in predicting overall survival (OS) and the relationship between tumor hardness and pathology was analyzed.Results The mean stiffness of all PDACs was (3.06±0.82) kPa. The mean stiffness of patients with well, moderate, and poorly differentiated PDAC were (2.31±0.62) kPa, (2.98±0.78) kPa and (3.83±1.08) kPa, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in elasticity among different histopathological grades (P<0.001). The elasticity of PDAC were positively correlated with the pathological grades of PDAC (rs=0.831, P<0.001). The area under curve (AUC) of MRE stiffness diagnosed well and moderate-poorly differentiated, well-moderate and poorly differentiated PDAC were 0.826 and 0.884, respectively. Stiffness was an independent risk factor for the survival time of PDAC patients (P<0.001).Conclusions The stiffness of PDAC was significant correlation to pathological grades of tumor; and the high stiffness was associated with lower overall survival rates after attempted curative resection of PDAC.
[关键词] 胰腺肿瘤;预后;弹性成像技术;磁共振成像;硬度值;诊断;生存期
[Keywords] pancreatic neoplasms;prognosis;elasticity imaging techniques;magnetic resonance imaging;stiffness;diagnosis;overall survival

宋奇科    钟时玲    刘媛媛    杨锐    石喻 *  

中国医科大学附属盛京医院放射科,沈阳 110004

石喻,E-mail:18940259980@163.com

作者利益冲突声明:全体作者均声明无利益冲突。


基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目 82071885,81771802,81771893 中组部国家万人计划青年拔尖人才项目
收稿日期:2021-07-23
接受日期:2022-02-10
中图分类号:R445.2  R735.9 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2022.03.006
本文引用格式:宋奇科, 钟时玲, 刘媛媛, 等. 磁共振弹性成像评价胰腺导管腺癌病理分级及生存期[J]. 磁共振成像, 2022, 13(3): 26-30. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2022.03.006.

       胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma,PDAC)是全球最致命的恶性肿瘤之一,患者5年生存率仅9%左右[1]。是人类最坚硬的实体肿瘤之一,其特征是伴有显著的促纤维组织增生反应[2]。研究证明,从胰腺上皮内瘤变到导管腺癌的进展过程中,病灶硬度逐渐增加,硬度还与肿瘤大小成比例增加,表明硬度的增加是PDAC进展中的持续过程[3]。磁共振弹性成像(magnetic resonance elastography,MRE)是一项通过动态机械波定量测量组织弹性或硬度的成像方法,可无创性地获得活体的实时机械力学参数,实现影像触诊,目前已经用于评价慢性肝炎、肝纤维化及鉴别胰腺良恶性肿瘤[4, 5, 6, 7, 8]。与高、中分化PDAC肿瘤相比,低分化PADC 肿瘤细胞周围的基质更致密、胶原纤维更厚,内部张力更高,预后更差[9]。既往研究表明[10],MRE弹性值与更具侵袭性的组织学肿瘤分级及预后密切相关。然而,并没有探讨弹性值评价不同PDAC组织病理学分级的价值。因此,本研究的目的是探讨术前MRE所测弹性值评价PDAC组织病理学分级及评估预后的价值。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

       2014年1月至2016年12月,本研究前瞻性招募计划接受胰腺癌切除术的患者。纳入标准:(1)术前经CT/MR检查高度怀疑或经组织病理学检查证实胰腺癌;(2)签署书面知情同意书,同意并接受进行MRE成像检查。排除标准包括:(1)患者磁共振弹性图质量不佳;(2)患者肿瘤直径小于0.5 cm;(3)有胰腺外其他恶性肿瘤病史;(4)有新辅助放疗或化疗病史,术前有胆道引流或胆道支架植入;(5)经病理证实为非PDAC的肿瘤。根据美国癌症联合委员会(American、Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC)第八版分期系统,从术后病理报告中提取肿瘤位置、病理大小和分级、切缘等信息[11]。本研究经我院伦理委员会批准(2014PS103K),所有受试者均签署知情同意书。

1.2 仪器与方法

       本研究采用GE 3.0 T Signa Excite HD超导型MR成像系统,8通道相控阵Torsopa体部线圈,联合阵列空间敏感编码技术(array spatial sensitivity encoding technique,ASSET),扫描MRE序列及常规T1WI、T2WI和脂肪抑制序列。MRE扫描所用的主动及被动刺激器均由美国Resoundant公司提供,将主动刺激器置于扫描室外部,产生40 Hz的低频声波。被动刺激器为定制的长方形木板,以腹带紧密贴合于受试者上腹部剑突下,以塑料连接管连接两端;长方形板贴于腹部一侧质软,远离腹部一侧为质硬的反衬板,可将机械波均匀反射入腹部。MRE扫描采用自旋回波-平面回波成像(spin-echo-echo planar imaging,SE-EPI),TR 1375 ms,TE 39.4 ms,层数32层,层厚3.5 mm,FOV 380 mm×380 mm,矩阵96×96。MRE采用屏气扫描,共5次屏气,前4次屏气22 s,第五次屏气11 s。MRE软件自动完成图像重建,若重建图像质量不佳,则重新扫描。

1.3 图像后处理及弹性值的测量

       采用Mayo Clinic研发的专用弹性处理软件AW 4.4工作站对图像进行后处理,由获得的波形图通过直接反演拟合算法生成胰腺弹性图。由两名经过培训、分别有6年及8年腹部影像诊断经验的放射科医师综合术前T1WI、T2WI图像,在MRE幅度图上绘制感兴趣区(region of interest,ROI),在逐层幅度图上绘制单个ROI,以包括尽可能大的肿瘤体积,同时尽量避开胰管、大血管及肿瘤边界,ROI自动复制至弹性图及波形图上,记录其弹性值,最终弹性值为每名患者所有ROI层面的弹性平均值,单位为kPa。

1.4 临床及病理学评估

       术后肿瘤切片用苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin staining,HE)染色。组织学评估由两名具有10年诊断经验的病理科医师共同进行,采用双盲法评估肿瘤组织学分级。结果不一致者经讨论协商,重复评价后统一。记录患者的基本资料(年龄、性别)及实验室生化检查结果(CA19-9)。

1.5 随访

       以手术结束为随访起始时间,术后每3~6个月复查胰腺增强CT或胰腺MRI和血清生化检查,计录总生存时间(overall survival,OS)。OS定义为从手术日期至死亡或最后一次随访的时间间隔,最终随访至2021年11月。

1.6 统计学分析

       采用IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0统计分析软件。以x¯±s表示符合正态分布的计量资料,以中位数(上下四分位数)表示非正态分布的计量资料,分类变量表示为计数。以Spearman秩相关分析PDAC病理分级与弹性值间的相关性。对于不同病理分级间弹性值比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用LSD检验。绘制ROC曲线,评价弹性值对于高、中-低分化与高-中分化、低分化PDAC的诊断效能,计算曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)、敏感度、特异度及诊断阈值。两组AUC比较采用DeLong检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。采用Kaplan-Meier法分析PDAC患者总生存率,以Cox比例风险模型行单因素及多因素分析其影响因素,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

       本研究共招募73名患者,排除11名患者,其中5名患者磁共振弹性图质量不佳(3名患者无有效的波形数据,1名患者疼痛难忍,1名患者有心脏支架);3名患者肿瘤直径小于0.5 cm;2名患者为胰腺实性假乳头状瘤,1名患者为胰腺导管内乳头状黏液肿瘤。最终62名患者纳入研究队列,年龄(61.76±11.14)岁,男34名,女28名。

       随着胰腺硬度的增加,弹性图上肿瘤的颜色为黄色或红色。62例PDAC患者的临床及病理资料见表1。所有PDAC的弹性值为(3.06±0.82) kPa。病理分级为高分化、中分化及低分化PDAC患者的弹性值分别为(2.31±0.62) kPa、(2.98±0.78) kPa及(3.83±1.08) kPa,不同分级之间弹性值差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。两两比较发现,低分化PDAC患者弹性值大于中分化及高分化PDAC患者(P均<0.001),中分化PDAC患者弹性值大于高分化PDAC患者(P<0.001) (图12)。病理分级为高分化、中分化及低分化PDAC患者的血清CA19-9水平分别为病理分级为(267.41±51.96) U/mL,(223.97±65.25) U/mL及(162.37±53.02) U/mL,不同分级之间血清CA19-9水平差异有统计学意义(P=0.003)。两两比较发现,高分化与中分化PDAC患者血清CA19-9水平差异无统计学意义(P=0.056)。高分化PDAC患者血清CA19-9水平高于低分化PDAC患者(P<0.001);中分化PDAC患者血清CA19-9水平高于低分化PDAC患者(P=0.017)。

       PDAC患者弹性值与PDAC病理分级呈正相关(rs=0.831,P<0.001)。MRE弹性值诊断高、中-低分化与高-中、低分化PDAC的阈值分别为2.51 kPa和3.50 kPa。MRE弹性值诊断高、中-低分化与高-中、低分化PDAC的AUC分别为0.826 (95% CI:0.822~0.973)及0.884 (95% CI:0.853~0.982)。CA19-9诊断高、中-低分化与高-中、低分化PDAC的阈值分别为221.50 U/mL和200.00 U/mL。CA19-9诊断高、中-低分化与高-中、低分化PDAC的AUC分别为0.713 (95% CI:0.628~0.854)及0.678 (95% CI:0.590~0.756),见图3。弹性值的AUC高于CA19-9,两两比较显示弹性值与CA19-9的AUC差异有统计学意义(P=0.002)。

       随访结束时,62例患者中56例死亡,分别以病理分级(高-中、低分化)及弹性值诊断高-中、低分化的阈值(3.50 kPa)为分割点进行分组,分析组间生存率,高-中分化患者的中位生存期为26个月,低分化患者的中位生存期为22个月;高硬度(弹性值≥3.50 kPa)组患者的中位生存期为18个月,低硬度患者的中位生存期为25个月,见图4。影响PDAC患者生存时间的单因素及多因素分析结果见表2

图1  男,53岁,低分化胰腺导管腺癌。1A:T2WI图,病灶表现为T2稍高信号影;1B:幅度图,病灶表现为低信号;1C:弹性图,肿瘤区域呈黄色及红色,弹性值为3.84 kPa;1D:病理诊断为低分化胰腺导管腺癌,肿瘤细胞核异型性明显,排列成无规则状或条索状癌巢(HE ×200)。
图2  男,67岁,高分化胰腺导管腺癌。2A:T2WI图,病灶表现为T2稍高信号影;2B:幅度图,胰头部肿胀,呈等信号;2C:弹性图,肿瘤硬度为1.73 kPa;2D:病理诊断为高分化胰腺导管腺癌,肿瘤细胞核失去极性,形成较好的腺体结构,与正常胰腺导管有不同程度的相似(HE ×200)。
Fig. 1  A 53-year-old male patient with poorly differentiated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). 1A: T2WI, the lesion showed slightly higher signal; 1B: Amplitude, the lesion showed low signal; 1C: Elastogram, the PDAC shown yellow and red, with the stiffness measured using MRE was 3.84 kPa; 1D: Pathological diagnosis was poorly differentiated PDAC, tumor cells with obvious nuclear atypia, arranged in irregular or cord-like nests (HE ×200).
Fig. 2  A 67-year-old male patient with well-moderate differentiated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). 2A: T2WI, the lesion showed slightly higher signal; 2B: Amplitude graph, swelling of head of pancreas, showed normal signal as well as the surrounding tissue signal; 2C: Elastogram graph, the stiffness measured using MRE was 1.73 kPa; 2D: Pathological diagnosis was well-moderate differentiated PDAC, tumor cell nuclei lose polarity and form better glandular structures, which were similar to normal pancreatic ducts to varying degrees (HE ×200).
图3  弹性值诊断胰腺导管腺癌病理分级的ROC曲线。3A:高分化与中-低分化;3B:高-中分化与低分化。
图4  胰腺导管腺癌患者生存曲线。4A:以弹性值进行分组,弹性值≥3.50 kPa组预后较差,风险比为2.547 (95% CI:1.809~5.950);4B:以病理分级进行分组,低分化组比高-中分化组预后差,风险比为1.863 (95% CI:1.068~3.139)。
Fig. 3  ROC curve for the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma pathological grading by elasticity value. 3A is well differentiated and moderate-poorly differentiated; 3B is well-moderate differentiated and poorly differentiated.
Fig. 4  Survival curve of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. 4A is grouped by elasticity value, the group with stiffness ≥ 3.50 kPa had poor prognosis with a hazard ratio of 2.547 (95% CI: 1.809-5.950); 4B is grouped by pathological grade, the poorly differentiated group had a worse prognosis than the well-moderate differentiated group, with a hazard ratio of 1.863 (95% CI: 1.068-3.139).
表1  患者的基本资料特征
Tab. 1  Baseline characteristics of patients
表2  术前胰腺导管腺癌患者生存时间的单因素及多因素分析结果
Tab. 2  Univariate and multivariate analysis of overall survival of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in preoperative

3 讨论

       本研究通过对PDAC患者行术前MRE成像,发现通过MRE测量的弹性值与肿瘤组织学分级呈正相关,组织学分级越高的患者弹性值越高。MRE弹性值诊断高、中-低分化与高-中、低分化PDAC的AUC值均>0.8,有较好的诊断价值。术前MRE的弹性值是影响术后预后的独立因素,较硬的PDAC与较低的OS相关。

3.1 体素内不相干运动扩散加权成像评价PDAC组织学分级

       体素内不相干运动扩散加权成像(intravoxel incoherent motion-diffusion weighted imaging, IVIM-DWI)成像使用多个b值将信号衰减拟合为双指数函数,然后区分无灌注扩散和毛细血管灌注,从而可以同时评估扩散和灌注参数[10]。Ma等[12]研究表明,IVIM-DWI的慢表观扩散系数(ADCslow)和灌注分数(perfusion fraction,f)对评估PDAC分化程度有重要价值,f值与PDAC分化程度呈正相关,而D值与分化程度呈负相关。然而Ma等的研究只评估了ADCslow值和f值对高-中分化和低分化PDAC的诊断效能。ADCslow值和f值分别是基于PDAC组织水分子真实扩散情况和微循环血流灌注评估分化程度。高-中分化PDAC丰富的大导管样结构内含大量黏液,黏液中含有大分子蛋白限制水分子的扩散,导致ADCslow值减低。MRE则是基于弹性值来评估PDAC分化程度,我们的研究显示,分化程度越高,肿瘤的弹性值越低,究其原因可能是由于PDAC病理级别不同,其组织学特征及生物力学特征也不相同。研究表明,与高、中分化PDAC相比,低分化PDAC导管周围基质张力更高,纤维直径更厚,更致密,肿瘤细胞比例更大[9],我们的研究结果与之相符。

3.2 影像学评估PDAC生存期

       既往研究报道术前动态增强影像特征可预测PDAC的预后。在Fukukura等[13]的研究中,测量肿瘤在不同时期的CT值,得到实质期肿瘤强化程度高的患者比强化程度低的总体生存时间更长,中位生存时间分别是60.8个月和18.3个月,并将实质期测得的肿瘤CT值的中位值48 HU作为分界点纳入多因素生存分析中,得到实质期肿瘤强化是影响预后的独立因素。Lee等[14]研究发现,增强MRI及增强CT中PDAC的强化方式(环状强化)与其细胞间质比例及预后密切相关。蔡小丽等[15]研究发现,胰腺实质期肿瘤与周围胰腺实质的CT值差可评估预后,CT值差越大,患者存活的时间越短,预后越差。除此之外,研究表明[16],DWI的ADC值与胰腺导管腺癌的OS存在显著相关性,ADC值越低,预后越差。

3.3 弹性值对PDAC预后的影响

       既往研究多是基于原子力显微镜或超声弹性成像所测弹性值预测PDAC预后。Nguyen等[17]用原子力显微镜测量PDAC细胞的杨氏模量,发现PDAC中的细胞刚度和侵袭潜力之间存在很强的关联,原子力显微镜对PDAC组织生物力学的测试显示,较硬的PDAC可诱导邻近胶原纤维的结构更加致密。更重要的是,纤维化不是机体对肿瘤被动的反应,相反,纤维化可以通过提高PDAC组织间硬度来直接激活关键信号通路[如Yes相关蛋白(Yes-associated protein,YAP)],以促进肿瘤的进展、侵袭和转移[18]。纤维化及组织液压的增高同时影响化疗药物的输送,导致PDAC的化疗耐药性,同时,较硬的细胞外基质可以诱导PDAC细胞代谢发生变化,通过肌酸磷酸化途径增强肿瘤的侵袭性及转移[19, 20]。在Shi等[21]的临床研究中,侵袭性内镜超声弹性成像获得的应变比(strain ratio,SR)与胰腺癌的不良预后相关,SR与肿瘤间质比例正相关。Vincent等[22]在动物中发现,PDAC肿瘤系中局部弹性值与局部药物分布及血管通畅性呈反比关系。然而上述对于PDAC弹性值的测量多是在术后或有侵袭性的。目前用MRE弹性值预测PDAC预后的研究较少,张显怡等[10]对231例PDAC患者行术前MRE检查,并将所有PDAC弹性值的中位值3.0 kPa设为阈值,分成高弹性值组和低弹性值组,发现较硬的PDAC与较低的无病生存率(disease free survival,DFS)和OS相关[危险比分别为1.922 (P<0.001)和1.532 (P<0.001)]。本试验研究结果与之相似,采用无创性方法,通过术前MRE成像,测量胰腺癌硬度,将弹性值诊断高-中、低分化的阈值(3.50 kPa)为界值点,得到弹性值高于阈值的患者总体生存时间短于弹性值低于阈值的患者,在多因素分析中,得到弹性值是影响患者预后的独立影响因素。

       局限性:(1)本研究为单中心研究,缺乏多中心验证;(2)本研究样本量较小;(3) MRE分辨率不及传统MRI,尚不适用于小病灶(直径小于0.5 cm);(4)受试者性别、被动刺激器位置等因素对弹性值测量结果的影响尚需进一步观察。

       总之,本研究运用术前无创性MRE评估胰腺癌病理学分级及预后与弹性值的关系,将MRE弹性值纳入术前PDAC临床特征分析中发现,MRE测量的弹性值是OS的独立影响因素,并与PDAC组织学分级呈负相关。PDAC术前行无创MRE检查,有助于评价其组织学分级及预后。

[1]
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2020, 70(1): 7-30. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21590.
[2]
Rice AJ, Cortes E, Lachowski D, et al. Matrix stiffness induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer cells[J]. Oncogenesis, 2017, 6(7): e352. DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.54.
[3]
Payen T, Oberstein PE, Saharkhiz N, et al. Harmonic motion imaging of pancreatic tumor stiffness indicates disease state and treatment response[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2020, 26(6): 1297-1308. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-3669.
[4]
Shi Y, Gao F, Li Y, et al. Differentiation of benign and malignant solid pancreatic masses using magnetic resonance elastography with spin-echo echo planar imaging and three-dimensional inversion reconstruction: a prospective study[J]. Eur Radiol, 2018, 28(3): 936-945. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-5062-y.
[5]
Shi Y, Guo QY, Xia F, et al. MR elastography for the assessment of hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection: does histologic necroinflammation influence the measurement of hepatic stiffness?[J]. Radiology, 2014, 273(1): 88-98. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.14132592.
[6]
Shi Y, Xia F, Li QJ, et al. Magnetic resonance elastography for the evaluation of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B and C by using both gradient-recalled echo and spin-echo echo planar imaging: a prospective study[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2016, 111(6): 823-833. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2016.56.
[7]
Venkatesh SK, Yin M, Ehman RL. Magnetic resonance elastography of liver: technique, analysis, and clinical applications[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2013, 37(3): 544-555. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.23731.
[8]
Shi Y, Qi YF, Lan GY, et al. Three-dimensional MR elastography depicts liver inflammation, fibrosis, and portal hypertension in chronic hepatitis B or C[J]. Radiology, 2021, 301(1): 154-162. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2021202804.
[9]
Laklai H, Miroshnikova YA, Pickup MW, et al. Genotype tunes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissue tension to induce matricellular fibrosis and tumor progression[J]. Nat Med, 2016, 22(5): 497-505. DOI: 10.1038/nm.4082.
[10]
张显怡. 磁共振弹性成像评估胰腺导管腺癌间质纤维化程度及预后的价值[D]. 沈阳: 中国医科大学, 2020. DOI: 10.27652/d.cnki.gzyku.2020.001556.
Zhang XY. The value of MR elastography in evaluating the degree of stroma fibrosis and prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma[D]. Shenyang: China Medical University, 2020. DOI: 10.27652/d.cnki.gzyku.2020.001556.
[11]
van Roessel S, Kasumova GG, Verheij J, et al. International validation of the eighth edition of the American joint committee on cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system in patients with resected pancreatic cancer[J]. JAMA Surg, 2018, 153(12): e183617. DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2018.3617.
[12]
Ma WL, Zhang GW, Ren J, et al. Quantitative parameters of intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion weighted imaging (IVIM-DWI): potential application in predicting pathological grades of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma[J]. Quant Imaging Med Surg, 2018, 8(3): 301-310. DOI: 10.21037/qims.2018.04.08.
[13]
Fukukura Y, Takumi K, Higashi M, et al. Contrast-enhanced CT and diffusion-weighted MR imaging: performance as a prognostic factor in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma[J]. Eur J Radiol, 2014, 83(4): 612-619. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.12.016.
[14]
Lee S, Kim SH, Park HK, et al. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: rim enhancement at MR imaging predicts prognosis after curative resection[J]. Radiology, 2018, 288(2): 456-466. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2018172331.
[15]
蔡小丽, 纪若云, 张显怡, 等. 可切除胰腺导管腺癌CT强化程度与病理的相关性[J]. 中国医学影像技术, 2020, 36(6): 873-877. DOI: 10.13929/j.issn.1003-3289.2020.06.016.
Cai XL, Ji RY, Zhang XY, et al. Correlation of CT enhancement degree and pathology of resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma[J]. Chin J Med Imaging Technol, 2020, 36(6): 873-877. DOI: 10.13929/j.issn.1003-3289.2020.06.016.
[16]
Garces-Descovich A, Morrison TC, Beker K, et al. DWI of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a pilot study to estimate the correlation with metastatic disease potential and overall survival[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2019, 212(2): 323-331. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.18.20017.
[17]
Nguyen AV, Nyberg KD, Scott MB, et al. Stiffness of pancreatic cancer cells is associated with increased invasive potential[J]. Integr Biol (Camb), 2016, 8(12): 1232-1245. DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00135a.
[18]
Özdemir BC, Pentcheva-Hoang T, Carstens JL, et al. Depletion of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and fibrosis induces immunosuppression and accelerates pancreas cancer with reduced survival[J]. Cancer Cell, 2015, 28(6): 831-833. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.11.002.
[19]
Carvalho TMA, di Molfetta D, Greco MR, et al. Tumor microenvironment features and chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: insights into targeting physicochemical barriers and metabolism as therapeutic approaches[J]. Cancers (Basel), 2021, 13(23): 6135. DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236135.
[20]
Papalazarou V, Zhang T, Paul NR, et al. The creatine-phosphagen system is mechanoresponsive in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and fuels invasion and metastasis[J]. Nat Metab, 2020, 2(1): 62-80. DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0159-z.
[21]
Shi S, Liang C, Xu J, et al. The strain ratio as obtained by endoscopic ultrasonography elastography correlates with the stroma proportion and the prognosis of local pancreatic cancer[J]. Ann Surg, 2020, 271(3): 559-565. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002998.
[22]
Vincent P, Wang HX, Nieskoski M, et al. High-resolution ex vivo elastography to characterize tumor stromal heterogeneity in situ in pancreatic adenocarcinoma[J]. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2020, 67(9): 2490-2496. DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2019.2963562.

上一篇 基于DWI和FLAIR的机器学习预测急性脑卒中发病时间的研究
下一篇 急性和缓解期多发性硬化全脑的相干局部一致性研究
  
诚聘英才 | 广告合作 | 免责声明 | 版权声明
联系电话:010-67113815
京ICP备19028836号-2