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泪腺磁化传递成像定量参数在甲状腺相关性眼病临床活动性分期中的价值
蒋文昊 胡昊 陈欢欢 周江 陈露 陈文 吴倩 许晓泉 吴飞云

Cite this article as: Jiang WH, Hu H, Chen HH, et al. The value of quantitative parameters on magnetization transfer imaging of lacrimal glands in distinguishing the clinical activity of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2022, 13(11): 17-21.本文引用格式:蒋文昊, 胡昊, 陈欢欢, 等. 泪腺磁化传递成像定量参数在甲状腺相关性眼病临床活动性分期中的价值[J]. 磁共振成像, 2022, 13(11): 17-21. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2022.11.004.


[摘要] 目的 探讨泪腺磁化传递成像(magnetization transfer imaging, MTI)定量参数在甲状腺相关性眼病(thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, TAO)临床活动性分期中的价值。材料与方法 前瞻性纳入2020年9月至2022年1月在南京医科大学第一附属医院临床诊断为TAO的49名患者,依据临床活动性评分(Clinical Active Score, CAS)将受试者分为活动期组(≥3分,29例)和非活动期组(<3分,20例)。所有受试者均行眼眶常规MRI序列及冠状位MTI扫描,并测量泪腺磁化传递率(magnetization transfer ratio, MTR)及脂肪抑制T2WI序列上泪腺与同侧颞肌信号强度比(signal intensity ratio, SIR)。采用Mann-Whitney检验比较MRI定量参数的组间差异。采用Spearman相关分析评估MRI定量参数与CAS的相关性。采用受试者工作特征曲线分析MTR、SIR及两者联合判断TAO临床活动性的效能,并采用DeLong检验比较曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC)。结果 活动期组泪腺MTR低于非活动期组,泪腺SIR高于非活动期组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。MTR与CAS呈低度负相关(r=-0.427,P<0.001),SIR与CAS呈弱正相关(r=0.252,P=0.012)。联合泪腺MTR和SIR判断TAO临床活动性效能最优(AUC=0.809,敏感度62.5%,特异度93.1%),高于单独应用SIR,差异有统计学意义(Z=2.35,P=0.019)。结论 泪腺MTI定量参数在判断TAO临床活动性中具有可行性,可以作为常规序列的补充手段,以提高对TAO临床活动性分期的评估能力。
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the value of quantitative parameters on magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) of lacrimal gland in distinguishing the clinical activity of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO).Materials and Methods From September 2020 to January 2022, we prospectively recruited 49 TAO patients in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, and divided them into active groups (≥3 points, 29 patients) and inactive group (<3 points, 20 patients) according to the Clinical Activity Score (CAS). All subjects underwent conventional MRI and coronal MTI scan of the orbit. Magnetization transmissibility ratio (MTR) of lacrimal glands and the signal intensity ratio (SIR) on fat suppression-T2WI between lacrimal glands and temporalis were measured, respectively. Mann-Whitney U test was applied to compare the differences of MRI quantitative parameters between two groups. The correlations between MRI parameters and CAS were evaluated using Spearman correlation analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to assess the predictive value of each quantitative parameter in judging the clinical activity of TAO, and the area under the curves (AUC) were compared using the DeLong test.Results The MTRs of lacrimal glands in active group were significantly lower than those in inactive group (P<0.001), while the SIRs of lacrimal glands in active group were significantly higher than those in inactive group (P<0.001). MTR was mildly and negatively correlated with CAS (r=-0.427, P<0.001), while SIR was weakly and positively correlated with CAS (r=0.252, P=0.012). The combination of MTR and SIR showed the optimal diagnostic performance in distinguishing the clinical activity of TAO (AUC=0.809, sensitivity 62.5%, specificity 93.1%), which was better than SIR alone, and the difference was statistically significant (Z=2.35, P=0.019).Conclusions The quantitative parameters on MTI of lacrimal glands are feasible in distinguishing clinical activity of TAO, which can be used as a supplement to conventional MRI sequences to improve the performance in evaluating the clinical activity of TAO.
[关键词] 甲状腺相关性眼病;临床分期;泪腺;磁共振成像;磁化传递成像
[Keywords] thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy;clinical staging;lacrimal glands;magnetic resonance imaging;magnetization transfer imaging

蒋文昊 1   胡昊 1   陈欢欢 2   周江 1   陈露 1   陈文 1   吴倩 1   许晓泉 1   吴飞云 1*  

1 南京医科大学第一附属医院放射科,南京 210029

2 南京医科大学第一附属医院内分泌科,南京 210029

吴飞云,E-mail:wfy_njmu@163.com

作者利益冲突声明:全体作者均声明无利益冲突。


基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目 81801659
收稿日期:2022-07-07
接受日期:2022-11-10
中图分类号:R445.2  R771.3 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2022.11.004
本文引用格式:蒋文昊, 胡昊, 陈欢欢, 等. 泪腺磁化传递成像定量参数在甲状腺相关性眼病临床活动性分期中的价值[J]. 磁共振成像, 2022, 13(11): 17-21. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2022.11.004.

       甲状腺相关性眼病(thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, TAO)是一种自身免疫性眼眶疾病,其发病机制尚未完全明确[1]。既往文献报道甲状腺及眼眶组织共同抗原介导的自身免疫反应与其发病密切相关[2, 3]。TAO临床病程包括活动期与非活动期两个阶段,两者病理特征及治疗方案截然不同。活动期主要表现为眼眶组织的水肿、血管扩张和炎性细胞浸润,治疗手段以抗炎治疗为主。而非活动期病理特征主要为间质纤维化、胶原和脂肪浸润,治疗手段以手术为主[4, 5]。因此,准确判断TAO的临床活动性分期对制订个体化的治疗方案具有重要的指导意义。

       临床活动性评分(Clinical Active Score, CAS)[6]是目前临床上评估TAO活动性分期的主要手段,但存在潜在的主观性。MRI近年来被逐渐应用于TAO临床活动性的评估。越来越多的研究表明泪腺是TAO疾病进展过程中的重要靶器官[7, 8, 9],基于泪腺的MRI定量参数可有效反映TAO的临床病理状态,进而指导治疗决策[10, 11, 12]。然而,既往研究采用的MRI参数大多是基于脂肪抑制(fat suppression, FS)-T2WI的泪腺/颞肌信号强度比(signal intensity ratio, SIR),其主要评估潜在的泪腺炎症和组织水肿[134]。除此之外,泪腺纤维化也是TAO疾病病程的重要病理学特征和临床活动性分期的关键。磁化传递成像(magnetization transfer imaging, MTI)及其衍生的磁化传递率(magnetization transfer ratio, MTR)定量参数可以间接反映组织中大分子浓度[15, 16],目前已被广泛用于评估心脏疾病、肾脏疾病以及克罗恩病的组织纤维化进程[17, 18, 19]。在TAO领域,基于眼外肌的MTI和MTR已被证实可以辅助临床活动性分期,且可能与潜在的眼外肌纤维化有关[20],但尚未见研究采用MTI评估TAO患者泪腺改变。因此,本研究旨在探讨泪腺MTR在TAO临床活动性分期中的价值,并将其与常规泪腺/颞肌SIR联合,探讨泪腺MTR应用于TAO临床活动性分期的附加价值。

1 材料与方法

1.1 临床资料

       本前瞻性研究遵守《赫尔辛基宣言》,并且获得了医院伦理委员会批准(伦理号:2021-SRFA-024),所有患者检查前签署了知情同意书。前瞻性纳入2020年9月至2022年1月在南京医科大学第一附属医院临床诊断为TAO的患者。TAO临床诊断主要采用Bartley诊断标准:若患者出现眼睑退缩,合并以下体征或检查证据之一(①甲状腺功能异常;②眼球突出;③眼外肌受累,眼球活动受限;④视神经功能障碍)即可诊断;若患者无眼睑退缩,患者除需具备甲状腺功能异常外,还需有②③④体征之一方可诊断。研究纳入标准如下:(1)完成眼眶MRI扫描,包括常规序列及冠状面MTI;(2)图像质量均可满足进一步分析;(3)无眼眶手术减压史及放疗史;(4)无其他眼眶疾病。CAS采取7分制:(1)自发性的眼球后疼痛;(2)眼球运动时伴有疼痛;(3)眼睑充血;(4)眼睑水肿;(5)球结膜充血;(6)球结膜水肿;(7)眼阜水肿。以单眼为单位,患眼临床表现符合以上任一指标记1分,定义CAS≥3分为TAO活动期,反之为非活动期。最终纳入49例患者,男女比25∶24,年龄24~75 [52(35,59)]岁。

1.2 MRI扫描技术及参数

       采用德国Siemens 3.0 T Skyra磁共振扫描仪和20通道头颈联合线圈。在眼眶MRI扫描过程中,嘱患者闭眼以减少眼球运动。常规MRI序列包括轴位、冠状位及斜矢状位FS-T2WI以及轴位T1WI。常规MRI序列具体参数如下:(1)冠状位FS-T2WI序列,TR 4000 ms,TE 75 ms,矩阵224×320,层厚3.5 mm,层数18层;(2)轴位FS-T2WI序列,TR 4000 ms,TE 79 ms,矩阵320×320,层厚3.0 mm,层数20层;(3)斜矢状位FS-T2WI序列,TR 4000 ms,TE 79 ms,矩阵346×384,层厚3.5 mm,层数17层;(4)轴位T1WI序列,TR 635 ms,TE 6.7 ms,矩阵320×320,层厚3.0 mm,层数20层。MTI采用冠状位三维梯度回波序列,在完全相同的位置及参数下,分别施加和不施加预饱和脉冲扫描两次。具体参数:TR 27 ms,TE 3.63 ms,矩阵192×192,层厚4 mm,层数20。

1.3 图像分析

       泪腺眶部及睑部在影像上不易区分,故在本研究中合并测量。首先,将扫描获得的MTI图像在Matlab软件(R2013b,MathWorks,美国)上通过标准公式(MTR=1-MT1/MT0)计算获得MTR[15]。MT1和MT0分别为施加和不施加预饱和脉冲获得的信号强度[15,21]。选取泪腺显示最大的层面,手动勾画泪腺全层感兴趣区(region of interest, ROI)(图1A),以获得平均MTR。同上,采用相同的方法在冠状位FS-T2WI图上勾画ROI,获得泪腺平均信号强度(图1B),并同时勾画同侧颞肌圆形ROI(面积为5~10 mm2),获得颞肌平均信号强度,从而计算SIR。所有定量参数均由两位从事头颈部影像诊断的医师独立测量,其中第1名医师(从事头颈影像诊断11年,主治医师)在1个月后再次测量,用以评估测量的观察者内一致性,第2名医师(从事头颈影像诊断4年,住院医师)与第1名医师的测量结果用以评估测量的观察者间一致性。取第1名医师的第1次测量结果纳入后续统计分析。

图1  甲状腺相关性眼病患者泪腺MRI定量参数磁化传递率(MTR)及信号强度比(SIR)测算示意图。在MTR图像上,选取泪腺显示最大的层面,手动勾画泪腺全层感兴趣区(ROI)(图1A)。采用相同的方法在冠状位FS-T2WI上勾画ROI,获得泪腺平均信号强度(图1B),并同时勾画同侧颞肌圆形ROI(面积为5~10 mm2),获得颞肌平均信号强度,计算SIR。
Fig. 1  Measurements of MRI-based quantitative parameters including magnetization transfer rate (MTR) and signal intensity ratio (SIR) of lacrimal glands in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy patients. Whole-slice region of interest (ROI) is manually outlined on lacrimal gland locating the maximum cross-section on MTR images (1A). The ROI is outlined on coronal FS-T2WI by the same way to obtain the mean signal intensity of lacrimal gland (1B), meanwhile a circular ROI (5-10 mm2) of ipsilateral temporalis muscle is outlined to obtain the mean signal intensity of the temporalis muscle, then SIR is calculated.

1.4 统计学分析

       采用SPSS 25.0 软件包进行统计学分析,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。定量资料采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov法进行正态性检验,不符合正态分布的定量资料用MQ1,Q3)表示,并采用Mann-Whitney 检验比较活动期组与非活动期组组间定量资料(年龄、CAS、MTR和SIR)的差异。采用卡方检验比较两组间性别构成比差异。计算Spearman相关系数以评估泪腺MTR、SIR与CAS的相关性。采用二元logistic回归方法联合MTR及SIR,利用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线分析组间比较有差异的泪腺定量参数及联合指标在判断TAO活动性的效能,并采用DeLong法[22]比较曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC)。取约登指数(敏感度+特异度-1)最大时所对应的临界值为最佳阈值。采用组内相关系数(intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC)对两位医师测量的泪腺定量参数进行一致性评价。ICC>0.80为优,0.61~0.80为良好,0.41~0.60为一般,≤0.40为较差。

2 结果

2.1 活动期组与非活动期组临床及影像定量参数比较

       49例TAO患者中,活动期组29例,其中男15例,女14例,年龄52(37,57)岁;非活动期组20例,其中男10例,女10例,年龄54(33,62)岁。活动期组CAS为3(3,4)分,非活动期组CAS为1(1,2)分。活动期组与非活动期组年龄及性别构成比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

       泪腺各定量参数测量的观察者内及观察者间一致性均为优(ICC:0.805~0.903)。活动期组泪腺MTR低于非活动期组,SIR高于非活动期组,两者差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.001,表1图2)。活动期与非活动期TAO患者各一例影像图像见图3

图2  泪腺MRI定量参数组间比较的箱式图。MTR为磁化传递率;SIR为信号强度比。
Fig. 2  Box-plot showing the comparisons of MRI-based quantitative parameters of lacrimal glands between groups. MTR: magnetization transfer rate; SIR: signal intensity ratio.
图3  活动期与非活动期甲状腺相关性眼病(TAO)患者各一例影像图像。图3A~3C 为活动期TAO 患者。男,64 岁,影像学表现为双侧眼外肌增粗,FS-T2WI 信号增高,泪腺肿胀,FS-T2WI 信号增高。左/右侧泪腺信号强度与同侧颞肌信号强度比(SIR)分别为3.442/3.401,左/右侧泪腺磁化传递率(MTR)分别为0.314/0.336。图3D~3F 为非活动期TAO患者。男,39 岁,影像学表现为双侧下直肌及上睑提肌复合体稍增粗,FS-T2WI 信号增高不明显,泪腺稍饱满,FS-T2WI信号未见明显增高,左/右侧泪腺SIR值分别为2.048/1.979,左/右侧泪腺MTR值分别为0.458/0.469。
Fig. 3  MR images of one active and one inactive thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) patient, respectively. 3A-3C represent a 64-year-old man with active TAO. MRI shows that bilateral extraocular muscles are thickened with increased signal intensity on FS-T2WI, meanwhile lacrimal glands are swollen with increased signal intensity on FS-T2WI. Signal intensity ratio (SIR) values are 3.442/3.401 on the left/right lacrimal gland, and magnetization transfer rate (MTR) values are 0.314/0.336 on the left/right lacrimal gland. 3D-3F represent a 39-year-old man with inactive TAO. MRI shows that bilateral inferior rectus and superior rectus-levator complex are slightly thickened without obviously increased signal intensity on FS-T2WI, meanwhile lacrimal glands are slightly enlarged without increased signal intensity on FS-T2WI. SIR values are 2.048/1.979 on the left/right lacrimal gland, and MTR values are 0.458/0.469 on the left/right lacrimal gland.
表1  TAO患者活动期组与非活动期组临床参数及各泪腺定量参数比较
Tab. 1  Comparison of clinical parameters and quantitative parameters of lacrimal glands between the active and inactive TAO patients

2.2 CAS与影像定量参数相关性

       相关性分析显示,CAS与MTR呈低度负相关(r=-0.427,P<0.001)(图4A),与SIR呈弱正相关(r=0.252,P=0.012)(图4B)。

图4  甲状腺相关性眼病患者泪腺MRI定量参数与临床活动性评分(CAS)的相关性曲线。泪腺磁化传递率(MTR)与CAS呈低度负相关(r=-0.427,P<0.001)(图4A);泪腺信号强度比(SIR)与CAS呈弱正相关(r=0.252,P=0.012)(图4B)。
Fig. 4  Correlation analysis results between MRI-based quantitative parameters of lacrimal glands patients and Clinical Active Score (CAS) in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) patients. Magnetization transfer rate (MTR) is mildly and negatively correlated with CAS (r=-0.427, P<0.001) (4A), while signal intensity ratio (SIR) is weakly and positively correlated with CAS (r=0.252, P=0.012) (4B).

2.3 MTR及SIR判断TAO临床活动性的诊断效能

       ROC曲线分析显示,以MTR≤0.40判断 TAO处于活动期,其效能最优(曲线下面积0.760,敏感度65.0%,特异度86.2%);以SIR≥2.27判断TAO处于活动期,其效能最优(曲线下面积0.717,敏感度53.4%,特异度85.0%);联合MTR及SIR时,诊断效能进一步提高(曲线下面积0.809,敏感度62.5%,特异度93.1%)。与单独应用SIR比较,曲线下面积差异具有统计学意义(0.809 vs. 0.717,Z=2.35,P=0.019)(图5)。

图5  泪腺MRI定量参数判断TAO临床活动性的受试者工作特征曲线。联合SIR和MTR的曲线下面积最大,为0.809。TAO:甲状腺相关性眼病;SIR:信号强度比;MTR:磁化传递率。
Fig. 5  Receiver operating characteristic curve of distinguishing the clinical activity of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy by using MRI-based quantitative parameters of lacrimal glands. The combination of signal intensity ratio (SIR) and magnetization transfer rate (MTR) shows the largest area under the curve, which is 0.809.

3 讨论

       既往MTI应用于TAO眼外肌的研究表明,MTR可反映眼外肌的纤维化程度,并为疾病活动性区分和CAS预测提供附加价值[20]。泪腺作为眼眶重要的组成部分以及TAO的重要靶器官之一,在TAO发生发展过程中,与眼外肌存在相似的病理生理改变[23]。已有研究分别应用FS-T2WI及扩散加权成像发现,TAO活动期组与非活动期组间泪腺MRI定量参数存在差异,并在TAO临床活动性分期中发挥良好的诊断效能[7,10, 11]。本研究以泪腺为切入点,引入MTI新技术,证实了应用泪腺MTI定量参数判断TAO临床活动性的可行性,并且MTI可以作为常规MRI序列的补充手段,以提高对TAO临床活动性分期的评估能力。

       MTI通过描述组织中自由氢原子核与结合于大分子上的氢原子核之间的磁化传递过程,从而间接反映组织中大分子的浓度,现已被应用于评估多种疾病的纤维化进程[18, 24]。Jiang等[25]研究发现MTI可监测肾动脉狭窄继发的肾脏纤维化,且MTR与肾脏纤维化程度呈正相关。Li等[19]研究发现,MTR可随克罗恩病患者肠纤维化程度的增加而升高,进而区分炎症性及纤维性肠管狭窄。在本研究中,非活动期TAO患者的泪腺MTR显著高于活动期TAO患者。考虑到TAO的病理特征,笔者认为泪腺MTR的升高可能与非活动期泪腺组织纤维化进程有关[4,26]。泪腺MTR与CAS的低度负相关可能进一步提示,随着疾病活动性的降低,泪腺纤维化程度进展。另一方面,活动期组TAO患者泪腺SIR值显著高于非活动期组,与既往研究结果一致[5],可能与活动期患者泪腺组织水肿、炎性细胞浸润,在FS-T2WI图像上表现为泪腺形态肿大、信号增高有关[27]。泪腺SIR与CAS的弱正相关也进一步验证了泪腺组织炎性改变可随疾病活动性的增加而进展。

       ROC曲线结果表明,应用泪腺MTR和SIR判断TAO患者处于活动期均具有良好的诊断效能,两者联合后诊断效能进一步提高。本研究结果表明,MTI和常规FS-T2WI可以分别从纤维化和炎性水肿两方面反映泪腺病理改变。两者联合应用,可更为全面地评估TAO发生发展中的病理特征,从而实现更为精准的活动性分期诊断,为后续制订不同治疗计划提供客观依据。

       本研究还存在一些不足。首先,本研究样本量相对较少,未来大样本量以及纳入健康对照组的研究将进一步验证和完善本研究的结果。其次,MTR是一个相对简单和快速的半定量测量方法[28, 29],可能受到包括脉冲序列、B1场、有效翻转角度和偏移量在内的多重因素影响[15]。未来不受上述因素影响的更加定量化的MTI技术[28]可能提供更稳定、准确的诊断信息。最后,由于无法常规获得TAO患者泪腺的组织标本,组织的确切病理状态尚不清楚。未来进一步研究泪腺的影像指标与组织学改变的相关性将有助于准确阐述影像学参数的病理生理学意义。

       综上所述,应用泪腺MTR进行TAO临床活动性分期中具有可行性。MTI可作为常规MRI序列的补充手段,以提高对TAO临床活动性分期的评估能力,从而为临床制订治疗方案提供客观依据。

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