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临床研究
磁共振弥散张量成像评估针刺治疗儿童孤独症的疗效价值研究
李予欣 党伟利 马丙祥 邢威 周荣易 孔亚敏 荆振昊

Cite this article as: LI Y X, DANG W L, MA B X, et al. Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of acupuncture in children with autism using DTI[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2024, 15(1): 61-69.本文引用格式:李予欣, 党伟利, 马丙祥, 等. 磁共振弥散张量成像评估针刺治疗儿童孤独症的疗效价值研究[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(1): 61-69. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.01.010.


[摘要] 目的 采用磁共振弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging, DTI)观察针刺治疗前后孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder, ASD)患儿脑白质微观结构的变化,以探索针刺在ASD中应用价值及DTI在评估针刺效果中作用。材料与方法 前瞻性纳入2021年11月至2022年10月在我院确诊的ASD患儿,按照随机数字表法分为针刺组和假针刺组,进行12周的干预治疗,于治疗前(第0周)及治疗后(第12周)行儿童孤独症评定量表(Child Autism Rating Scale, CARS)、孤独症儿童行为量表(Autism Behavior Checklist, ABC)、孤独症疗效评价量表(Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist, ATEC)及DTI检查。比较两组间各项量表评分变化,采用基于纤维束示踪的空间统计方法(tract-based spatial statistics, TBSS)分析两组间脑白质各向异性分数(fractional anisotropy, FA)的差异,继而比较FA有差异脑区的平均弥散率(mean diffusivity, MD)、径向弥散系数(radial diffusivity, RD)和轴向弥散系数(axial diffusivity, AD)的不同及量表评分与DTI参数相关性。结果 与假针刺组相比,治疗后针刺组各项量表评分较治疗前显著降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后两组间FA值差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),RD值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),AD值两组间在左下纵束差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。相关性分析发现:ASD患儿ATEC评分与右扣带回的FA值呈负相关,与右额枕下束、右下纵束、右扣带回的RD值呈正相关,与右扣带回的AD值呈正相关;CARS评分与右扣带回的AD值呈正相关(P<0.05)。右下纵束的FA值与ASD患儿的语言问题、感知觉异常呈负相关,RD值与社交障碍、感知觉异常呈正相关;右扣带回的FA值与语言问题、社交障碍、感知觉异常呈负相关,而RD值与上述临床症状呈正相关,AD值与社交障碍、健康问题呈正相关;双侧额枕下束FA值与感知觉异常存在负相关,右额枕下束RD值与其社交障碍、感知觉异常呈正相关;右上纵束的RD值与感知觉异常呈正相关;左丘脑前辐射束的AD值与感知觉异常呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论 针刺可能通过促进脑白质纤维束完整性增强,从而改善ASD患儿临床症状,尤其在言语、社交、感知觉、健康问题等方面,进而说明DTI在评估针刺治疗效果中具有重要价值。
[Abstract] Objective Using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to observe the changes in the microstructure of white matter in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) before and after acupuncture treatment, in order to explore the value of acupuncture in treating ASD and the role of DTI in evaluating the effectiveness of acupuncture.Materials and Methods Prospective inclusion of children diagnosed with ASD in our hospital from November 2021 to October 2022, randomized using a random number table into an acupuncture group or a sham acupuncture group, for 12 weeks of intervention. Before treatment (week 0) and after treatment (week 12), the Child Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) and DTI examination were performed. The changes in scores of various scales between the two groups were compared, and the tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) was used to analyze the differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) of white matter between the two groups. Then compare the differences in mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD) of brain regions with varying fractional anisotropy (FA), and explore the correlations between scale ratings and DTI parameters.Results Compared to the sham acupuncture group, the acupuncture group showed a significant decrease in various scale scores after treatment, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in FA values between the two groups after treatment (P<0.05), but no significant difference in RD values (P>0.05). In terms of AD values, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus (P<0.05). The correlation analysis revealed in children with ASD, the ATEC scores were negatively correlated with the FA values of the right uncinate fasciculus, positively correlated with the RD values of the right infero-frontal-occipital fasciculus, right inferior longitudinal fasciculus, and right uncinate fasciculus, and positively correlated with the AD values of the right uncinate fasciculus. The CARS scores were positively correlated with the AD values of the right uncinate fasciculus (P<0.05). The FA values of the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus were negatively correlated with language problems and sensory abnormalities in children with ASD, while the RD values were positively correlated with social impairments and sensory abnormalities. The FA values of the right uncinate fasciculus were negatively correlated with language problems, social impairments, and sensory abnormalities, while the RD values were positively correlated with these clinical symptoms. The AD values of the right uncinate fasciculus were positively correlated with social impairments and health issues. In addition, the FA values of bilateral infero-frontal-occipital fasciculus were negatively correlated with sensory abnormalities, and the RD values of the right infero-frontal-occipital fasciculus were positively correlated with social impairments and sensory abnormalities. The RD values of the right superior longitudinal fasciculus were positively correlated with sensory abnormalities. The AD values of the left anterior thalamic radiation were positively correlated with sensory abnormalities (P<0.05).Conclusions Acupuncture may improve clinical symptoms in children with ASD, particularly in areas such as speech, social interaction, perception, and health problems, possibly by promoting the integrity of brain white matter fiber bundles. This further indicates the important value of DTI in evaluating the therapeutic effect of acupuncture.
[关键词] 孤独症谱系障碍;针刺;磁共振成像;弥散张量成像;基于纤维束示踪的空间统计;神经纤维束
[Keywords] autism spectrum disorder;acupuncture;magnetic resonance imaging;diffusion tensor imaging;tract-based spatial statistics;neural fiber bundle

李予欣 1   党伟利 1, 2   马丙祥 1, 2*   邢威 3   周荣易 1, 2   孔亚敏 1, 2   荆振昊 1  

1 河南中医药大学儿科医学院,郑州 450000

2 河南中医药大学第一附属医院儿童脑病诊疗康复中心,郑州 450000

3 河南中医药大学第一附属医院磁共振科,郑州 450000

通信作者:马丙祥,E-mail:mbx1963@126.com

作者贡献声明::马丙祥设计本研究的方案,对稿件重要内容进行了修改,获得了国家自然科学基金项目、河南省特色骨干学科的资助;李予欣起草和撰写稿件;李予欣、党伟利、邢威、周荣易、孔亚敏设计本研究的方案,获取、分析或解释本研究的数据,对稿件重要内容进行了修改,其中党伟利获得了河南省中医药科学研究专项课题的资助;荆振昊获取、分析或解释本研究的数据,对稿件重要内容进行了修改;全体作者都同意发表最后的修改稿,同意对本研究的所有方面负责,确保本研究的准确性和诚信。


基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目 81973904 河南省中医药科学研究专项课题 20-21ZY2111 河南省特色骨干学科 STG-ZYX03-202129
收稿日期:2023-07-08
接受日期:2024-01-02
中图分类号:R445.2  R245.31  R748 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.01.010
本文引用格式:李予欣, 党伟利, 马丙祥, 等. 磁共振弥散张量成像评估针刺治疗儿童孤独症的疗效价值研究[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(1): 61-69. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.01.010.

0 引言

       孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder, ASD)是一种神经发育障碍性疾病,其主要特征包括社会交流交往障碍、重复刻板行为和兴趣狭窄[1]。近年来ASD发病率逐年递增,2019年我国ASD发病率平均为1%[2, 3],美国ASD最新发病率高达2.3%[4]。据中国残疾人联合会统计,我国约有1 000万ASD人群,且ASD致残率已位居儿童疾病第一位,严重影响患儿的一生[5]

       然而目前缺乏治疗ASD患儿特效药物。针刺作为中医特色疗法,被广泛应用于神经系统疾病各方面。前期大量研究表明针刺治疗可显著改善ASD临床症状[6, 7, 8],但缺乏直接的客观评估方法来确定其疗效价值。

       磁共振弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging, DTI)是一种非侵入性的影像学技术,可定量测量治疗前后脑部微结构和连接性改变,为评估针刺治疗ASD的疗效价值提供新方法[9]。本文重点关注DTI参数改变,以评估脑白质结构和神经纤维束的完整性的变化[10]。本研究旨在通过观察针刺治疗前后的量表评分和DTI相关参数的变化,分析DTI参数与临床量表评分的相关性,进而探索DTI技术在评估针刺治疗ASD的应用价值,力图为针刺在ASD治疗中的应用提供更加科学的依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究对象

       本研究遵守《赫尔辛基宣言》,经河南中医药大学第一附属医院医学伦理委员会批准,批准文号:2020HL-091-01,全体受试者监护人均签署知情同意书。

       前瞻性纳入2021年11月至2022年10月在我院确诊的ASD患儿,按照随机数字表法分为针刺组和假针刺组,针刺组予针刺治疗联合基础综合训练方案,假针刺组予假针刺治疗联合基础综合训练方案。于治疗前(第0周)及治疗后(第12周)行儿童孤独症评定量表(Child Autism Rating Scale, CARS)、孤独症儿童行为量表(Autism Behavior Checklist, ABC)、孤独症疗效评价量表(Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist, ATEC)及DTI检查。纳入标准:(1)符合精神障碍诊断与统计手册(the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM)第五版的诊断标准[11];(2)CARS评分>30分;(3)年龄2~6岁,性别不限;(4)无出血倾向;(5)无MRI检查禁忌;(6)家属或监护人依从性好,能接受既定的治疗方案及要求。排除标准:(1)阿斯伯格综合征、雷特综合征、精神分裂症患儿;(2)癫痫发作者;(3)血友病等严重凝血障碍性疾病患儿;(4)参加其他临床试验的患儿。

1.2 MRI数据采集

       应用荷兰飞利浦3.0 T磁共振扫描设备(Ingenia CX, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands),32通道颅神经线圈进行检查。对于不能配合检查的患儿给予镇静,外耳道内塞入海绵耳塞以保护听力,所有程序的执行严格参照婴幼儿MRI检查的国际指南标准[12]。常规MRI扫描序列包括3D-T1W1(TR 7.7 ms,TE 3.7 ms,层厚2 mm,层间距1 mm,FOV 180 mm×240 mm,矩阵260×260)、轴位2D T2WI(TR 4 000 ms,TE 93 ms,层厚6 mm,层间隔0.6 mm,FOV 230 mm×220 mm,矩阵256×256)、轴位T2-FLAIR(TR 7 000 ms,TE 120 ms,层厚6 mm,层间隔0.6 mm,FOV 230 mm×184 mm,矩阵320×320)、矢状位2D T2WI(TR 2 500 ms,TE 225 ms,层厚2 mm,层间隔0 mm,FOV 240 mm×219 mm,矩阵384×384);DTI序列扫描参数:TR 3 966 ms,TE 94 ms,FOV 224 mm×224 mm,层厚2 mm,层数60,层间隔0 mm,16个方向,b=800 s/mm2,激励2次。为排除颅内器质性病灶,所有受试者均先行颅脑MRI平扫。

       两名10年以上诊断经验的磁共振诊断医师分别对ASD患儿的神经纤维束发育、走行情况及各向异性分数(fractional anisotropy, FA)值进行独立双盲评估,结果不一致时两者协商获得一致结论,符合图像后处理要求者进行TBSS分析。

1.3 MRI数据处理及分析

       TBSS分析方法是应用Linux系统中配置的FSL(FMRIB Software Library v6.0,https://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/)软件包对图像进行预处理。预处理步骤:(1)头动涡流校正;(2)梯度方向表校正;(3)脑组织提取;(4)张量重建,产生FA图;(5)将FA图末端图像零化,去除异常值;(6)将所有受试者FA图配准到FMRIB58_FA模板;(7)配准后的FA图通过非线性映射到脑白质平均FA纤维骨架上;(8)对骨架化的数据进行基于体素的分析,计算沿着纤维的FA值、轴向弥散系数(axial diffusivity, AD)值和径向弥散系数(radial diffusivity, RD)值。使用FSL中的非参数检验分析进行置换,置换次数为5 000次。采用独立样本t检验进行统计分析,采用无阈值簇增强(threshold-free cluster enhancement, TFCE)校正。假设检验显著性阈值设为0.05,簇大小>1 000个体素。使用Graphpad Prism8(https://www.graphpad.com/)对统计结果进行可视化处理。

1.4 治疗前后各项量表评估

       本研究选用CARS、ABC和ATEC量表进行ASD评估。ABC量表主要关注行为、社交方面;与ABC相比,CARS量表在情绪、智力方面有所偏倚;ATEC量表则包括言语、社交、感知觉和健康/生理/行为[13]。临床研究表明CARS量表敏感性高,但特异性不够,因此CARS应与ATEC量表和ABC量表一起使用[14]

1.5 治疗方案

1.5.1 针刺治疗

       由专业针灸医师进行头针结合体针操作,选穴包括四神针、颞三针、脑户、神庭、印堂、听宫、廉泉、内关。患者取坐位,在常规消毒后,头针斜刺进针,听宫穴直刺0.5寸,廉泉穴斜刺0.2~0.5寸,不留针;内关直刺0.5寸。体针采用平补平泻手法,每次留针30分钟,每周6次,疗程为12周。

1.5.2 假针刺治疗

       选用国际公认无刺激量的假针具(带有针垫的钝头针)作为假针刺治疗工具[15]。患者取坐位,穴位常规消毒后,将假针针垫下部固定在相应穴位上,针尖刺入假针针垫。其余操作与针刺治疗保持一致。

1.5.3 基础综合训练方案

       基础综合训练包括推拿按摩、应用行为分析法、认知行为训练、言语训练、作业疗法、音乐疗法治疗。以上项目由具有专业资质的康复治疗师进行,每日1次,每次20 min,6次/周,疗程为12周。

1.6 统计学分析

       所有数据均采用SPSS 25.0统计软件对两组受试者的性别、年龄、治疗前后的CARS、ABC、ATEC及DTI的参数FA、RD、AD值进行统计分析。用均数±标准差描述定量资料;以例(%)来表示定性资料。定性资料性别采用卡方检验;定量资料符合正态分布两组间比较选用两独立样本t检验;定量资料不符合正态分布选用非参数两独立样本t检验;其中RD、AD值组间比较结果采用TFCE校正。控制年龄,采用偏相关分析ASD相关量表评分与FA有差异脑区的FA值、RD值、AD值的相关性。所有统计学分析均以P<0.05为具有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 一般资料

       本研究年龄组间比较选用独立样本t检验,性别则采用卡方检验,经统计分析差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性,具体见表1

表1  两组基本信息比较
Tab. 1  The comparison of two sets of basic information

2.2 针刺治疗前后各项量表评分变化

       治疗前两组间量表评分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。治疗后针刺组各项量表评分降低较假针刺组显著,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表2),说明针刺组疗效优于假针刺组。

表2  针刺治疗前后各项量表评分变化
Tab. 2  The comparison of two sets of basic information

2.3 治疗后两组间全脑FA值变化

       与假针刺组相比,治疗后针刺组FA值体素数超过1 000的团块有9个,提示这9个神经纤维束为针刺组和假针刺组FA值差异显著的功能活动区,具体见表3图1~5的JHU White-Matter Tractography Atlas图谱脑区。

图1  1A为两组孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)患儿全脑各向异性分数(FA)值差异显著的区域图,红色和橙色区域是两组差异显著,区域颜色越接近于橙色代表该区域的FA值越高。1B~1E分别是右下纵束、左额枕下束、左钩状束、左丘脑前辐射束的FA可视图,区域颜色越接近于橙色代表该区域的FA值越高。
Fig. 1  1A shows the regions with significant differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) value between the two groups of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients. The red and orange regions indicate significant differences between the two groups, and the closer the color of the region is to orange, the higher the FA value of that region. 1B-1E display the FA visual maps of the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus, the left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, the left uncinate fasciculus, and the left anterior thalamic radiation, respectively. The closer the color of the region is to orange, the higher the FA value of that region.
表3  两组儿童全脑FA值差异显著的脑白质纤维束
Tab. 3  The white matter fiber bundles with significant differences in FA values between two groups of children

2.4 两组FA差异脑区AD值改变

       治疗前两组间AD比较分析显示局部脑区差异不显著(P>0.05),说明两组治疗前在这些脑区发育情况基本一致,具有可比性。治疗后两组各神经纤维束AD值均较治疗前降低,两组间AD值差异在左下纵束差异显著(P<0.05),具体结果见表4

表4  针刺组和假针刺组AD值比较
Tab. 4  Comparison of AD values between the acupuncture group and the sham acupuncture group

2.5 两组FA差异脑区团块RD值改变

       治疗前两组间RD值在左钩状束、左丘脑前辐射束、左皮质脊髓束、右额枕下束、右扣带回差异不显著(P<0.05),说明两组在上述神经纤维束发育基本一致,具有可比性。治疗后针刺组RD值降低或不变,假针刺组RD值不变或增高,两组差异不显著(P>0.05)(表5),上述结果可能与样本量过少有关,后期研究需要增加样本量。

表5  针刺组和假针刺组RD值比较
Tab. 5  Comparison of RD values between the acupuncture group and the sham acupuncture group

2.6 临床量表评分与DTI参数间的关联分析

       ATEC量表由语言问题、社交障碍、感知觉异常、健康问题四个方面组成,为探究临床量表评分与影像学指标之间是否存在关联,本文采取相关分析方法对各维度之间的相关性及其关联紧密程度、相关关系方向进行分析。

       本研究发现ASD患儿ATEC评分与右扣带回的FA值呈负相关(r=-0.280,P=0.028),与右额枕下束、右下纵束、右扣带回的RD值呈正相关(r=0.262,P=0.038;r=0.252,P=0.046;r=0.332,P=0.008),与右扣带回的AD值呈正相关(r=0.299,P=0.019);CARS评分与右扣带回的AD值呈正相关(r=0.268,P=0.037)。

       右下纵束、右扣带回的FA值与ASD患儿的语言问题存在负相关(r=-0.278,P=0.029;r=-0.304,P=0.016);右扣带回的FA值与社交障碍呈负相关(r=-0.268,P=0.035);右下纵束、左额枕下束、右额枕下束和右扣带回的FA值与ASD患儿的感知觉异常存在负相关(r=-0.287,P=0.024;r=-0.274,P=0.031;r=-0.260,P=0.041),结果见表6

       右扣带回的RD值与ASD患儿的语言问题呈正相关(r=0.300,P=0.017);右下纵束、右额枕下束、右扣带回的RD值与ASD患儿的社交障碍呈正相关(r=0.255,P=0.044;r=0.276,P=0.029;r=0.332,P=0.008);右下纵束、右额枕下束、右上纵束、右扣带回的RD值与ASD患儿的感知觉异常呈正相关(r=0.269,P=0.033;r=0.282,P=0.025;r=0.251,P=0.047;r=0.316,P=0.012),结果见表7。左丘脑前辐射束的AD值与感知觉异常呈正相关(r=0.278,P=0.030);右扣带回的AD值与社交障碍和健康问题呈正相关(r=0.260,P=0.043;r=0.336,P=0.008),结果见表8

表6  临床量表评分与FA值的相关性
Tab. 6  Correlation between clinical rating scores and FA values
表7  临床量表评分与RD值的相关性
Tab. 7  Correlation between clinical rating scores and RD values
表8  临床量表评分与AD值的相关性
Tab. 8  Correlation between clinical rating scores and AD values

3 安全性评价

       本研究纳入对象为儿童,针刺前由专业针灸医师对ASD患儿年龄、疾病状态、针刺的历史与反应、情绪与合作程度等进行评估。针刺时严格遵守无菌操作,出现疼痛和不适感给予安抚和安慰;针刺过程中可能出现出血或淤血,处理方法为轻轻压迫出血部位;针刺后密切观察针刺部位是否有发红、肿胀、脓液等迹象。

4 讨论

       本研究采用DTI技术,结合基于白质骨架的空间统计TBSS分析方法,通过观察针刺治疗前后ASD患儿DTI参数改变,分析各神经纤维束的DTI参数与ASD核心症状及共患病的关联性,旨在为针刺治疗ASD的疗效提供客观化评价依据。结果发现治疗后两组FA值差异显著,而两组间RD值差异无统计学意义,左下纵束的AD值两组间差异有统计学意义。这说明针刺可促进ASD患儿脑白质纤维束完整性增高。相关性分析发现右下纵束的FA值与ASD患儿的语言问题、感知觉异常呈负相关,RD值与社交障碍、感知觉异常呈正相关;右扣带回的FA值与语言问题、社交障碍、感知觉异常呈负相关,而RD值与上述临床症状呈正相关,AD值与社交障碍、健康问题呈正相关;双侧额枕下束FA值与感知觉异常呈负相关,右额枕下束RD值与其社交障碍、感知觉异常呈正相关;右上纵束的RD值与感知觉异常呈正相关;左丘脑前辐射束的AD值与感知觉异常呈正相关,FA、RD、AD值改变反映脑白质完整性、髓鞘成熟、轴突密度变化,故脑白质完整性的改变可能进而影响ASD患儿的语言、社交、感知觉和健康问题。

       目前国内外缺乏采用可视化工具评价针刺治疗ASD疗效的研究,本研究是一项随机、对照、单中心、小样本的临床观察,研究发现针刺可能通过促进脑白质纤维束完整性增高,进而改善ASD患儿临床症状,尤其表现在言语、社交、感知觉、健康问题等方面。

4.1 针刺治疗ASD的中医渊源

       本研究采用针刺这一中医传统绿色疗法治疗ASD患儿,疗效显著且安全性高。ASD病位在脑,与五脏关系密切,脏腑功能不调导致神的紊乱和(或)不足,其核心发病机制为“五脏神乱”,故针刺治疗以调神为要[16]。针刺治疗ASD的临床疗效显著,得到国内学者的认可[17, 18, 19, 20],但缺乏高级别循证证据。研究表明头针在言语能力和社交能力改善方面起到关键作用[13]。结合课题组提出的“五脏神理论”,本研究选用头针联合体针治疗,脑为元神之府,故通调元神主要取头部穴位,如脑三针、四神针、定神针、智三针等[20]。体针方面,针刺内关可通调三焦之气以补养气血,充盈脑髓,改善ASD患儿认知功能[6]

4.2 ASD患儿DTI参数改变及其意义

       FA值是反映脑白质微观结构的综合指标,髓鞘形成、白质组织、纤维束和轴突密度都与FA值密切相关[21];故当出现轴突或神经元损伤时,FA值降低[10]。AD值和RD值作为轴突和髓鞘损伤的DTI标志物,AD值改变可反映轴突的完整性和纤维束的病理变化,RD值变化可反映纤维束的异常病理改变,如RD值增加可能与轴突损伤和髓鞘损伤有关,而RD值降低则提示白质神经纤维微观结构完整性增强和髓鞘发育成熟,MD值增加表明白质组织质量较差[10]。脑白质髓鞘化是中枢神经系统发育重要环节,随着年龄增长,髓鞘发育逐渐成熟,白质纤维束完整性增高,FA值会由小变大[22],而RD值、AD值和MD值则随年龄的增高而降低[23]

       研究表明脑白质损害、髓鞘发育不良、神经连接异常与ASD病理机制相关[24, 25]。ASD发病与髓鞘发育及白质神经纤维束完整性关系密切[26]。ASD患儿广泛脑区存在白质损害,脑部微观结构发生改变导致功能缺陷,从而导致ASD核心症状出现[27]。本研究结果显示针刺后FA值增高的脑区的RD值降低,证实脑白质微结构的改变可能与髓鞘有关,推测针刺治疗ASD机制可能是促进髓鞘发育和白质微观结构完整性。

       本研究发现治疗后两组ASD患儿FA值显著差异脑区为两侧额枕束、双侧下纵束、右上纵束、左钩状束、右扣带回、左皮质脊髓束和左丘脑前辐射束。上述脑区纤维束异常在ASD研究中常被报道[28, 29, 30]。额枕下束是一种长且贯穿颞叶的半球内关联纤维,以往有报道显示ASD患儿的左额枕上束、左侧前冠辐射FA值降低,干预后该区域的FA值增高[28]。研究发现左额枕下束FA值与ASD患儿语言理解[31]、注意力缺陷程度有关[32]。与额枕束不同,上纵束是一种主要的关联纤维通路,可分三个部分,上纵束Ⅰ~Ⅱ涉及视觉空间的感知,而上纵束Ⅲ涉及语言处理,故上纵束与运动行为、空间注意力和语言的调节有关[33]。LIBERO等[34]研究发现,与正常同龄人相比,ASD患儿左上纵束FA值显著降低,而RD值显著增加。上纵束的白质微观结构差异与ASD特征有关[35],左上纵束与ASD患儿非语言沟通障碍有关[36],其RD值与语言分数呈负相关,MD值与语言障碍程度呈正相关[37]。下纵束是一个多层次的双向束,其损伤可能是ASD情绪困难的病理生理学基础[38]。ANDREWS等[30]的研究发现ASD儿童扣带束、上纵束FA值较正常儿童低。钩状束是连接额叶的额下回和眶回与颞叶的海马和杏仁核之间的重要纤维束[39],在ASD患者的社会情感技能中发挥关键作用[40]。YIN等[29]研究发现ASD患儿的左上纵束、左皮质脊髓束、左下纵束的FA值均降低。皮质脊髓束起源于皮层运动区、感觉区,除与感觉运动密切相关[41],还与ASD患儿的限制和重复行为相关[42]。上述研究结果与本研究结果相吻合,均表明ASD患儿存在广泛白质微观结构损害[43],且证明干预治疗可能通过促进ASD患者白质完整性发挥作用。

4.3 DTI显著差异脑区与临床症状关联性

       本研究发现右扣带回的FA值与语言问题、社交障碍、感知觉异常呈负相关,而RD值与上述临床症状呈正相关,AD值与社交障碍、健康问题呈正相关。扣带皮层是情绪控制和认知过程相关的大脑区域[44]。研究显示左扣带回FA值与ASD患儿情绪问题相关[45, 46],前扣带回和胼胝体FA值增高与婴儿注意定向行为增加相关[47]。虽然大量研究显示扣带回在情绪问题、认知方面起作用,但在ASD中的研究结果并不一致。近期,研究者发现扣带回不仅参与情绪处理,还与躯体运动区和躯体感觉区有联系[48],该结果与本研究结果基本一致。

       本研究亦发现右下纵束的FA值与ASD患儿的语言问题、感知觉异常呈负相关,RD值与社交障碍、感知觉异常呈正相关;双侧额枕下束FA值与感知觉异常存在负相关,右额枕下束RD值与其社交障碍、感知觉异常呈正相关;右上纵束的RD值与感知觉异常呈正相关;左丘脑前辐射束的AD值与感知觉异常呈正相关。下纵束是一种长且贯穿颞叶的半球内关联纤维,连接着枕叶与颞叶,语言理解主要与左侧下纵束的完整性有关,而语言产出主要与左侧弓形束的完整性有关[31]。BOETS等[49]研究表明ASD神经纤维束长距离连接不足,特定纤维束的FA值减少,并指出这种异常结构连接和发育异常仅出现在下纵束,可能与下纵束长度有关;探讨右下纵束FA值降低与ASD临床特征间的关联性发现,右下纵束参与ASD的视觉处理。既往研究指出右下纵束、双侧丘脑前辐射束与ASD患儿记忆功能相关[50]

       额枕下束是大脑最长的关联纤维束之一,其与视觉处理亦有关,刺激额枕下束会出现严重的幻视[51]。左侧额枕下束的完整性与ASD患儿语言理解[31]、注意力缺陷程度[32]、认知功能相关[50]。上纵束是分三部分,上纵束Ⅰ~Ⅱ涉及视觉空间的感知,而上纵束Ⅲ涉及语言处理,故上纵束与运动注意力和语言的调节有关[33]。上纵束和额枕下束与听觉处理亦相关[52]。DAVID等[53]的研究显示:内侧额叶皮质区域的上纵束、额枕下束和弓状束的FA值与感觉处理敏感性评分呈负相关。研究证实左丘脑前辐射束与ASD患儿执行功能相关[54];右丘脑前辐射束和右钩束与社交障碍相关[55]。上述研究结果与本研究结果基本一致,均表明特定白质纤维束差异与ASD特定行为特征相关。

       本研究采用基于脑白质纤维骨架的分析方法,该方法对脑白质结构的变化更敏感[56]。但DTI存在一定局限性,此外,即使本研究纳入的两组受试者在年龄、性别方面无差异,也不能完全排除性别对脑白质微观结构的影响。研究发现,与正常个体相比,女性ASD患者具有广泛的非典型脑神经连接,但男性不存在该现象[57]。不同性别人群的胼胝体的轴突直径存在差异,女性胼胝体的弥散率差异与年龄呈正相关,而男性则没有这种年龄相关性[58]

4.4 局限性

       本研究存在的不足:(1)治疗周期长,导致部分患者脱落;(2)样本量较小,缺乏年龄和病程分层;(3)本研究未能设置健康对照组;(4)针刺的远期疗效需要进行随访研究;(5)早期脑区改变是否可作为临床症状改变的敏感预测因素,需要进一步研究。针刺治疗作为一种辅助治疗手段,其疗效机制仍有待深入研究和确认,未来的研究还需要大规模、高质量的临床试验和研究设计,以验证针刺治疗ASD的疗效机制。

5 结论

       综上所述,针刺治疗可改善ASD患儿语言、社交、感知觉和健康问题,DTI有望成为针刺治疗ASD临床疗效的可视化评价工具。该研究为针刺在ASD中的应用提供循证证据和理论基础,对丰富治疗效果评估方法、推动个体化治疗以及探索中医传统疗法在ASD治疗中的应用具有重要意义。

       针刺治疗ASD疗效显著但机制不明,未来研究可进一步探索针刺对ASD的作用机制、长期效果和个体化治疗策略。此外,多模态融合成像技术的应用和大样本、多中心研究可为针刺在ASD中的应用提供更为全面的支持和指导。

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