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肝细胞癌组织学亚型的影像学特征研究进展
丁智慧 朱绍成

Cite this article as: DING Z H, ZHU S C. Advances in imaging features of histological subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2024, 15(4): 225-228, 234.本文引用格式:丁智慧, 朱绍成. 肝细胞癌组织学亚型的影像学特征研究进展[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(4): 225-228, 234. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.04.037.


[摘要] 2019年世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)发布的第五版《消化系统肿瘤分类》将肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)组织学亚型分为粗梁-团块型、脂肪性肝炎样型、纤维板层型、硬化型、透明细胞型、嫌色细胞型、富含淋巴细胞型、富含中性粒细胞型8种。不同亚型HCC因其组织病理特征有所差异,表现出不同的影像学特征。然而,国内外关于各亚型的影像表现研究较少,临床基于组织病理学亚型的治疗建议尚未明确。基于此,本文归纳总结了已报道的HCC各亚型相关影像表现及病理特征,探讨现存之局限、未来之挑战,以期为增加HCC各亚型了解、明确治疗策略的选择提供更多理论依据。
[Abstract] In the fifth edition of the Classification of Digestive System Tumors released by the World Health Organization in 2019, the histological subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma were divided into eight types: coarse beam-mass type, steatohepatitis type, fibrolaminoid type, sclerotic type, clear cell type, chromophobe type, lymphocyte-rich type and neutrophil-rich type. Different subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma show different imaging features due to their histopathologic characteristics. However, there are few studies on the imaging manifestations of each subtype at home and abroad, and the clinical treatment recommendations based on histopathological subtypes are not clear. Based on this, this paper summarized the reported imaging findings and pathological features of each subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma, and discussed the existing limitations and future challenges, in order to provide more theoretical basis for improving the understanding of each subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma and clarifying the choice of treatment strategies.
[关键词] 肝细胞癌;亚型;影像学特征;磁共振成像;诊断
[Keywords] hepatocellular carcinoma;subtypes;imaging features;magnetic resonance imaging;diagnosis

丁智慧 1, 2   朱绍成 1, 2*  

1 郑州大学人民医院医学影像科,郑州 450003

2 河南省人民医院医学影像科,郑州 450003

通信作者:朱绍成,E-mail:zsc2686@163.com

作者贡献声明:朱绍成设计本研究的方案,对稿件重要内容进行了修改,获得了河南省重点研发与推广专项、北京康盟慈善基金会医学科研发展基金项目伦琴影像科研专项基金资助;丁智慧起草和撰写稿件,获取、分析和解释本研究的数据;全体作者都同意发表最后的修改稿,同意对本研究的所有方面负责,确保本研究的准确性和诚信。


基金项目: 河南省重点研发与推广专项 212102310729 北京康盟慈善基金会医学科研发展基金项目伦琴影像科研专项 HN-20201017-003
收稿日期:2024-01-05
接受日期:2024-03-21
中图分类号:R445.2  R735.7 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.04.037
本文引用格式:丁智慧, 朱绍成. 肝细胞癌组织学亚型的影像学特征研究进展[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(4): 225-228, 234. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.04.037.

0 引言

       肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)是全球第6常见恶性肿瘤,同时是肿瘤第3致死病因[1, 2, 3]。据2018年全球癌症数据统计显示,全球新发HCC 84万例,死亡78万例,其中我国新增及死亡占比均超过一半(约55%)[4]。HCC患者的不良预后与HCC的病理类型和分子亚类有关,常见的组织病理类型包括粗梁型、细梁型、假腺管型和致密型,35%的HCC为特殊的病理亚型[5]。世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)发布的第五版《消化系统肿瘤分类》[6]将HCC按病理亚型分为粗梁-团块型HCC(macrotrabecular-massive HCC, MTM-HCC)、脂肪性肝炎样型HCC(steatohepatitic HCC, SH-HCC)、纤维板层型HCC(fibrolamellar HCC, FL-HCC)、硬化型HCC(scirrhous HCC, SHCC)、透明细胞HCC(clear cell HCC, CC-HCC)、嫌色型HCC(chromophobe HCC, CHCC)、富含淋巴细胞型HCC、富含中性粒细胞型HCC八种。不同亚型HCC存在组织病理学上的差异[7],可能不会表现动脉期高强化和廓清的典型HCC影像特征,这给HCC的无创诊断带来了挑战。同时,部分HCC特殊亚型的预后有异于常规HCC,如MTM-HCC被认为是HCC术后早期复发的独立危险因素[8];已报道的产生粒细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, G-CSF)的HCC病例,肿瘤生长迅速、易发生转移[9],使得各HCC亚型的治疗策略尚不明确。故本文总结了HCC 8种亚型的影像学特征,并重点介绍了目前对这些亚型的病理组织学理解、与临床实践的相关性,旨在增加对HCC各亚型的了解、帮助术前无创识别HCC亚型,为管理患者、精准治疗提供更多理论依据。

1 MTM-HCC

       MTM-HCC定义为梁索厚度>10个细胞的HCC[10],常见于乙型肝炎感染患者[11]。研究证明MTM-HCC与更具侵袭性的生物学和分子特征密切相关[12],如高甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein, AFP)水平、抑癌基因肿瘤蛋白53(tumor protein 53, TP53)突变[13]、肿瘤较大、卫星结节和血管侵犯。据报道MTM-HCC与早期复发和低生存率相关[11],早期精确地检测MTM-HCC有助于优化个体化治疗方案。MTM-HCC在8种亚型中研究最多、文献最丰富,目前主要集中于临床及放射特征,然而对于预测MTM-HCC的最佳生物标志物尚无共识,未来还需进一步研究探讨。

       CHA等[14]研究显示MTM-HCC在CT和MRI上主要表现为瘤内动脉、动脉期瘤周强化及肿瘤边缘不光滑等影像特征。LI等[15]将动脉期病灶强化范围超过20%或50%、坏死和缺血确定为MTM-HCC独立预测因素。MULÉ等[16]基于多期增强MRI鉴别MTM-HCC与非MTM-HCC,结果显示实质性坏死是MTM-HCC独立预测因子,65%的MTM-HCC(17/26)伴有实质性坏死,预测特异性为93%(117/126)。CHEN等[12]定量定性分析比较两者的影像学表现差异,发现MTM-HCC患者较非MTM-HCC患者肿瘤明显较大、动脉期强化程度低、肝胆期(hepatobiliary phase, HBP)肿瘤/肝脏实质信号强度比值较低、肿瘤/肝脏表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC)比值较低;定性分析显示MTM-HCC患者更多表现为T2WI明显高信号、病灶坏死或缺血、靶样外观、包膜缺失或不完整、晕状强化和马赛克结构。RHEE等[17]基于MTM-HCC 提出2个诊断标准:>20%动脉期低血管成分;>50%的低血管成分和≥2个辅助表现(瘤内动脉、动脉期瘤周强化、肿瘤边缘不光滑)。其中标准1具有高敏感性,标准2具有高特异性。YANG等[18]研究多因素分析发现晕状强化是MTM-HCC亚型独立预测因子。

2 SH-HCC

       非酒精性脂肪性肝病是西方国家最常见的肝脏疾病[19]。2019 WHO《消化系统肿瘤分类》将SH-HCC分类为常见的HCC亚型之一,发生率为5%~20%[20]。SH-HCC分化良好,表现出与非肿瘤性脂肪性肝炎相似特征,即炎症、肝细胞气球样变性、Mallory-Denk小体和细胞周围纤维化[21]。与典型HCC患者相比,SH-HCC患者糖尿病和高血压发生率更高,血清胆固醇和甘油三酯水平也更高[22]。SH-HCC体积较小,分化程度较高,侵犯胆管的频率较高[22],多见于基础脂肪性肝炎患者[23]。2019 WHO《消化系统肿瘤分类》中认为SH-HCC与常规HCC预后相似,但目前尚无充分报道对此进行验证。

       INUI等[24]研究纳入20例SH-HCC患者,对临床病理和影像学特征进行评价。病理结果显示SH-HCC中分化18例(90%)、高分化2例(10%),20例肿瘤中有12例(60%)呈弥漫性脂肪肝特征,8例(40%)呈局灶性。CT结果显示16例(80%)患者平扫低密度、动脉期强化和延迟期洗脱。MRI显示20个肿瘤中有16个(80%)显示明显的脂肪沉积(其中10个弥漫性,6个局灶性),MRI T1WI反相位信号降低,动脉期明显强化。SH-HCC还需与其他含脂肝脏病变鉴别,如脂肪瘤、脂肪肉瘤、脂肪增多症、腺瘤、再生结节等[25]。SH-HCC虽富含脂肪,但具备HCC动脉期高强化、非周边廓清和包膜形成典型特征[26]

3 FL-HCC

       FL-HCC是由Edmondson于1956年确诊的罕见(<1%)HCC亚型[27],肝硬化、病毒性肝炎、AFP升高与FL-HCC无关[28]。大多数病例诊断时已处于晚期,通常见于无肝病的年轻患者,病因尚不清楚[29]。FL-HCC由包裹在致密纤维间质中的大型嗜酸性肿瘤细胞组成,胞浆内也可见苍白或透明的小体,电镜下显示线粒体数量增加,是FL-HCC特有的特征[28]。虽然近年来对FL-HCC研究进展迅速,但在基因组水平上的认知尚且有限。

       GANESHAN等[30]研究纳入33例术前行多期增强CT检查的FL-HCC患者,结果示67%(22/33)患者表现为孤立性肿块,64%(21/33)边界清晰,91%(30/33)呈低密度,73%(24/33)出现中央星状瘢痕。伴有中央星状瘢痕中88%(21/24)瘢痕内可见钙化,动脉期82%(27/33)呈显著强化,门静脉期64%(21/33)呈等或轻度强化。一项回顾性研究[31]纳入了31例行腹部CT检查、11例行MRI检查的FL-HCC患者,31例CT检查患者中24例(77%)肿瘤边界清晰,21例(68%)钙化,22例(71%)存在中央瘢痕,20例(65%)发生腹部淋巴结病变。11例行MRI检查患者T1WI上均呈低信号,10例T2WI呈高信号,9例存在中央瘢痕并在T1WI和T2WI显示低信号。

       综上,FL-HCC CT通常表现为单发低密度较大肿块,边界清晰、呈分叶状,65%~70%病例存在钙化、星状瘢痕以及肿瘤坏死[28]。FL-HCC非瘢痕部分MRI显示T1WI低信号、T2WI高信号,中央瘢痕T1WI和T2WI均呈低信号。MRI增强模式与CT相似,动脉期呈明显非均匀强化,门静脉和延迟期呈等或轻度强化。FL-HCC影像学特征一般需与局灶性结节性增生(focal nodular hyperplasia, FNH)鉴别,两者都见于无肝硬化病史年轻患者,且影像学都存在中央瘢痕。具体鉴别如下:FL-HCC中央瘢痕T2WI呈低信号,而FNH的中央瘢痕呈高信号[26];钆塞酸二钠(gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, Gd-EOB-DTPA)增强MRI肝胆期,FL-HCC通常表现为低信号,而FNH表现为显著高信号[32]

4 SHCC

       SHCC发病率约占HCC的5%[33],与乙型肝炎相关性较弱,血清AFP水平较低[26]。关于SHCC的预后存在争议[26],预后优于常规HCC,与常规HCC预后相似或比常规HCC预后差等皆有报道,具体还需进一步研究确定。SHCC病理特征表现为肿瘤细胞嵌于丰富的纤维间质中[34],这一病理特征使其在影像学上与胆管癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, ICC)相似,均表现为分叶状肿块,早期肿瘤外周边缘强化,随后对比剂渐进式向心填充[35]。CHOI等[35]研究显示T2WI中心低信号、包膜和纤维间隔是区分SHCC与ICC的重要影像学表现。PARK等[36]研究提出动脉高强化比例≥肿瘤直径的20%是鉴别SHCC与ICC的唯一显著MRI特征。

       KIM等[34]纳入952例HCC患者,其中39例(4%)患者为SHCC。CT表现为肿瘤边界不清(76%)、动脉期和门静脉期外周边缘强化(62%)、延迟强化(95%)、肝表面回缩(59%)。杨晓燕等[33]研究显示10例SHCC患者7例病灶形态不规则,10例均表现为T1WI低信号,7例动脉期呈环形强化,6例门静脉及延迟期持续或填充强化,SHCC包膜皱缩发生率高(5/10,50%)、延迟包膜强化发生率低(1/10,10%)。当HCC高危患者存在结构均匀、血管扩张、强化时间延长、包膜皱缩等影像表现,应首先考虑SHCC。

5 CC-HCC

       CC-HCC发病率为3%~7%[26],据报道CC-HCC与肝硬化有关,预后优于非透明细胞型肝细胞癌[37]。CC-HCC组织学特点为胞浆内糖原积聚,80%以上肿瘤呈透明细胞形态,肿瘤含变性脂肪可作为诊断依据[26]。黄科峰等[38]报道了一例不典型CC-HCC影像表现,存在延迟期环形强化假包膜、病变周围胆管扩张,动脉期强化-时间密度曲线呈“快进慢出”型。有研究发现[39]较普通HCC相比,CC-HCC瘤内脂肪信号出现率更高,瘤内动脉征出现率更低。刘欣灵等[37]对37例CC-HCC研究显示,其中27例CC-HCC T1WI为等-稍低混杂信号,T2WI均表现为不均匀高信号,37例CC-HCC DWI序列均呈不均匀高信号。多期增强扫描31例表现出典型“快进快出”强化,即动脉期肿瘤呈均匀或不均匀明显强化,门脉期和/或延迟期病灶强化低于肝实质。基于上述报道,尚不能归纳出CC-HCC的影像表现,原因在于病例数目有限、选择研究的影像学方式存在差异。

6 CHCC

       CHCC是WHO第五版《消化系统肿瘤分类》中新纳入的HCC亚型,具有独特的组织学特征(嫌色型细胞伴间质变性和假性囊肿形成),发病率约为10%[40]。CHCC定义为几乎透明的细胞质和局部显著的核异型性肿瘤细胞[41]。与普通HCC相比,两者总体生存率和无复发生存率相似,但CHCC多见于女性,与端粒选择性延长表型密切相关[40]。目前国内外文献缺乏对嫌色型HCC 影像特征的研究,已知WOOD等[42]报道了6例CHCC患者CT与5例CHCC患者MRI表现,CT上表现出典型HCC影像特征,即“快进快出”;MRI上均表现为T1WI稍低信号、T2WI稍高信号,关于CHCC的影像研究还有待进一步开展。

7 富含淋巴细胞型HCC

       淋巴上皮癌(lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas, LELC)是一种由大的未分化上皮细胞和丰富淋巴样基质组成的肿瘤,广泛存在于鼻咽部、食道、胃、肺等器官,极少发生于肝脏[43]。2010年,WHO将LELC定性为未分化癌细胞,伴有明显的淋巴细胞浸润[44]。2019年WHO更新了LELC关键组织学特征,即HE染色在大多数领域淋巴细胞数量超过肿瘤细胞。此外WHO还提出了一种新的HCC亚型,称为富含淋巴细胞型HCC。关于富含淋巴细胞型HCC影像特征的文献匮乏,仅有少量研究进行描述。YUAN等[45]研究报道了3例淋巴上皮癌样HCC,在MRI上表现如下:异质性、中央坏死及T2WI呈高信号。ZHANG等[43]研究结果显示肿瘤在T1WI序列上呈低信号,增强扫描动脉期强化。

8 富含中性粒细胞型HCC

       富含中性粒细胞型HCC又称粒细胞集落刺激因子产生型HCC,是一种极为罕见的HCC亚型,发生率不到1%[26],目前关于富含中性粒细胞型HCC的最佳管理治疗信息不足。G-CSF是一种天然产生的糖蛋白,由骨髓基质细胞合成。G-CSF刺激祖细胞分化,增强中性粒细胞功能。产生G-CSF的肿瘤特点是无感染的白细胞增多和高血清G-CSF水平[46]。KOHNO等[47]报告了一例富含中性粒细胞型HCC,增强CT表现为动脉期高强化和非周边廓清,肿瘤中心呈低密度区,提示坏死或退变。AUER等[48]依据WHO《消化系统肿瘤》第五版中8种HCC亚型进行分类,探讨Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI检查术前预测价值,结果显示富含中性粒细胞型HCC多见于典型强化模式,DWI序列130个富含中性粒细胞HCC其中92个可观察到弥散受限,富含中性粒细胞HCC亚型HBP期多呈等至高信号。

9 总结与展望

       典型HCC通常可由影像学确诊,无需组织病理学证实。然而关于HCC亚型,如透明细胞型HCC、嫌色细胞型HCC、富含中性粒细胞型HCC和富含淋巴细胞型HCC等影像学特征表现并不典型,在无病理诊断情况下难以实现术前预测,因此本文总结了HCC多种亚型的影像学特征,旨在增加了解、帮助术前无创识别。另外部分HCC亚型预后较差,为临床医生在患者管理、治疗上带来阻碍。既往虽有关于HCC特殊亚型的相关研究,但样本量小且基本为单中心、回顾性研究,无法制订客观统一的诊断标准。未来尚需更多大样本、多中心、前瞻性的研究,也期待影像组学、深度学习、人工智能投入到HCC特殊亚型的预测中,从而制订出客观统一的诊断标准,以非侵入性影像诊断方式帮助临床术前识别HCC亚型,进一步实现个体化治疗。

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