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临床研究
3 T MRI定量测量眼眶结构在Graves眼病分期中的诊断价值
王嫚 沈中原 阚宏 吴兴旺

Cite this article as WANG M, SHEN Z Y, KAN H, et al. Diagnostic value of quantitative measurement of orbital structure by 3 T MRI in staging of Graves ophthalmopathy[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2024, 15(5): 61-67.本文引用格式王嫚, 沈中原, 阚宏, 等. 3 T MRI定量测量眼眶结构在Graves眼病分期中的诊断价值[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(5): 61-67. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.05.011.


[摘要] 目的 应用3 T眼眶MRI技术评估Graves眼病(Graves ophthalmopathy, GO)患者泪腺参数与临床活动性评分(clinical activity score, CAS)的相关性。材料与方法 前瞻性纳入2020年2月至2023年6月安徽医科大学附属阜阳医院和安徽医科大学第一附属医院确诊的GO患者40例80只眼作为GO组,选取与GO组性别与年龄段匹配的健康人群40例80眼作为对照组。根据CAS评分将GO患者分为活动期GO组、非活动期GO组。分别对三组进行MRI常规图像及读出分段平面回波弥散加权成像(readout segmentation of long variable echo-trains diffusion weighted imaging, RESOLVE DWI)图像采集,横断位T2加权成像脂肪抑脂(T2-weighted imaging fat suppression, T2WI-FS)获得眼球突出度、泪腺突出度,横断位及冠状位T2WI-FS测量获得泪腺最大截面时的长径、短径、面积,记录横断位泪腺表观扩散系数(apparent dispersion coefficient, ADC)平均值。使用SPSS 24.0软件进行统计学分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。定量资料组间比较采用两独立样本t检验,性别、吸烟史、饮酒史、CAS评分的组间差异采用卡方检验。采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线及其曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC)评价GO活动性的诊断效能。采用Spearman's相关分析泪腺各定量参数与CAS评分的相关性。结果 (1)活动期GO组眼球突出度、横断位泪腺各参数,包含泪腺突出度、长径、短径、面积及ADC平均值,均较非活动期GO组、对照组增大,非活动期GO组较对照组升高(P均<0.05)。(2)ROC曲线结果显示,眼球突出度、横断位泪腺面积对GO患者的诊断效能最高(AUC为0.906、0.905),泪腺突出度、横断位泪腺ADC平均值对GO患者也有一定的诊断价值(0.793、0.702)。RESOLVE DWI ADC值预测GO活动性的最佳截断点为1.181×10-3 mm2/s,其敏感度高达95.00%,特异度76.30%。(3)眼球突出度(r=0.734,P<0.05)、泪腺突出度(r=0.719,P<0.05)、泪腺ADC值(r=0.742,P<0.05)与CAS呈高度相关。结论 横断位泪腺突出度、泪腺DWI ADC平均值可作为GO诊断及分期的重要参考指标。
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the correlation between lacrimal gland parameters and clinical activity score (CAS) in patients with Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) by 3 T MRI.Materials and Methods A total of 40 patients with 80 eyes of diagnosed with GO from Fuyang Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University and the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from February 2020 to June 2023 were prospectively selected as the GO group, and 40 healthy people with 80 eyes matching the gender and age of the GO group were selected as the control group. According to CAS score, GO patients were divided into active GO group and inactive GO group. The conventional MRI images and readout segmentation of long variable echo-trains diffusion weighted images (RESOLVE DWI) were used to collect images of the three groups respectively, T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) was used to obtain exophthalmos and lacrimal gland exophthalmos. The long diameter, short diameter, and area of the lacrimal gland at the maximum cross section were measured on T2-weighted imaging, and the apparent dispersion coefficient (ADC) of transverse lacrimal gland was recorded. SPSS 24.0 software was used for statistical analysis, and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. The t test of two independent samples was used to compare the quantitative data between groups. The Chi-square test was used for the differences between groups in gender, smoking history, drinking history and CAS score. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and its area under the curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of GO activity. Spearman's correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between lacrimal gland quantitative parameters and CAS score.Results (1) The parameters of ocular exophthalmia and transverse lacrimal gland, including lacrimal gland exophthalmia, long diameter, short diameter, area and ADC mean value, were increased in active phase GO group compared the inactive phase GO group and control group, while those in inactive GO group were higher compared with control group (all P<0.05). (2) ROC curve results: ocular exophthalmia and transverse lacrimal gland area had the highest diagnostic efficacy in GO patients (AUC=0.906 and 0.905), and lacrimal gland exophthalmia and the mean value of ADC in transverse lacrimal gland also had certain diagnostic values in GO patients (0.793 and 0.702). The optimal cut-off point of the optimal cut-off point of RESOLVE DWI ADC value for predicting GO activity was 1.181×10-3 mm2/s, with a sensitivity of 95.00% and a specificity of 76.30%. (3) The exophthalmis (r=0.734, P<0.05), lacrimal gland prominence (r=0.719, P<0.05), mean ADC of lacrimal gland (r=0.742, P<0.05) were strongly correlated with CAS.Conclusions The prominence of transverse lacrimal gland and the mean value of DWI ADC value can be used as important reference indexes for diagnosis and staging of ophthalmopathy of GO patients.
[关键词] Graves眼病;泪腺;定量测量;弥散加权成像;磁共振成像
[Keywords] Graves ophthalmopathy;lacrimal gland;quantitative measurement;diffusion weighted imaging;magnetic resonance imaging

王嫚 1, 2   沈中原 3   阚宏 3   吴兴旺 1*  

1 安徽医科大学第一附属医院放射科,合肥 230032

2 安徽医科大学附属阜阳医院核医学科,阜阳 236000

3 安徽医科大学附属阜阳医院放射科,阜阳 236000

通信作者:吴兴旺,E-mail:duobi2004@126.com

作者贡献声明::吴兴旺设计本研究的方案,对稿件重要内容进行了修改;王嫚起草和撰写稿件,获取、分析本研究数据;沈中原获取、分析、解释本研究的数据,对稿件的MRI内容进行了修改;阚宏分析本研究的数据,对稿件部分内容进行了修改。全体作者都同意发表最后的修改稿,同意对本研究的所有方面负责,确保本研究的准确性和诚信。


收稿日期:2023-08-09
接受日期:2024-04-23
中图分类号:R445.2  R771.3 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.05.011
本文引用格式王嫚, 沈中原, 阚宏, 等. 3 T MRI定量测量眼眶结构在Graves眼病分期中的诊断价值[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(5): 61-67. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.05.011.

0 引言

       Graves眼病(Graves ophthalmopathy, GO)也称为甲状腺眼病或甲状腺相关性眼病[1, 2],是指甲状腺功能亢进伴有眼部炎性病变,是一种未能明确确切病因的极其复杂的自身免疫性疾病,被临床视为治疗的难点。GO发病率居眼部自身免疫性疾病首位[3],好发于中年女性,多累及双眼[4]。临床表现多样,部分GO患者早期即可出现泪腺受累的相应症状,约3%~7%的GO患者会发生危及视力的眼部改变,如甲状腺功能障碍性视神经病变和暴露性角膜溃疡,甚至严重至失明[5]。目前临床上根据GO是否为活动期而决定治疗方案,活动期GO患者可对药物[6]及局部放射治疗有效[7],而非活动期多行手术治疗[8, 9]。可见,早期诊断GO及明确其活动性直接影响到治疗方案的抉择。泪腺作为GO的重要靶器官之一,在GO发生发展过程中,与眼外肌存在相似的病理生理改变[10]

       有关GO患者泪腺受累的具体机制尚不明确。超声作为GO筛查及随诊检查的首选方法,具有安全无创、经济实惠、操作简便等优势。但是,临床工作中,在规定时间内集结多位资深医师反复测量泪腺多个参数显然不切实际,影响了超声在测量泪腺中的应用。部分学者通过CT检查对甲状腺相关性眼病患者眼眶进行研究[11],但CT软组织分辨力欠佳,且有电离辐射及引发甲状腺危象可能[12, 13]。MRI作为一种无创的影像检查方法,对软组织分辨率较高,在GO患者的诊断与治疗中日益受到重视[14, 15, 16]。学者贲腾等[17]采用读出分段平面回波弥散加权成像(readout segmentation of long variable echo-trains diffusion weighted imaging, RESOLVE DWI)测量泪腺表观扩散系数(apparent dispersion coefficient, ADC)值,但其研究数据不够全面,缺少高临床活动性评分(clinical activity score, CAS)病例。吉玲等[18]研究眼球突出度、泪腺最大横截面时的最大横径、纵径与面积,测定泪腺T2值,并与GO活动性做相关性分析,但未使用RESOLVE DWI测量泪腺表观扩散系数ADC值,亦未研究泪腺突出度。本研究基于3T MRI RESOLVE DWI无创地对GO组及对照组的泪腺进行定量反复测量,通过分析GO组和对照组的泪腺诸多参数的变化,结合临床资料,深入了解GO对泪腺的影响,有助于及时、针对性治疗,以提高GO的评估及随访,从而提高GO患者的生活质量。

1 材料与方法

1.1 一般资料

       前瞻性纳入2020年2月至2023年6月安徽医科大学附属阜阳医院和安徽医科大学第一附属医院确诊的GO患者40人共80只眼作为研究对象,其中男19例,女21例,年龄16~74(41.02±13.67)岁。另选取同期在本院体检的性别、年龄相匹配的健康人群40人80只眼作为对照组,其中男20例,女20例,年龄7~77(39.52±16.90)岁。

       按照Bartly诊断GO标准[19]确定GO组,纳入标准:(1)眼睑退缩者;(2)甲状腺功能异常,即血清游离T3、游离T4水平升高,TSH水平下降;(3)眼球突出度不小于20 mm;(4)无法用其他病变解释的视神经功能障碍;(5)眼外肌受累出现眼球活动受限,影像学证实眼外肌增粗。诊断必要条件,有眼睑退缩者,需符合以下纳入标准的第(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)四条体征或检查证据之一;无眼睑退缩者,必须符合第(2)条,另符合(3)、(4)、(5)三个体征之一方可诊断为GO。排除标准:(1)既往接受激素冲击治疗、头颈部放疗、眼眶手术或核素131I治疗史;(2)合并眼部其他疾病;(3)患有其他自身免疫性疾病;(4)近期眼部外伤史。

       对照组纳入标准:(1)甲状腺功能及自身抗体正常;(2)视力、眼压、突眼度正常。对照组排除标准:(1)有甲状腺相关病史;(2)既往有眼眶相关疾病史;(3)既往有其他自身免疫性疾病史;(4)各种原因引起的继发性突眼患者,如高度近视、青光眼等。

       本研究遵守《赫尔辛基宣言》,经安徽医科大学附属阜阳医院伦理委员会批准,批准文号:KY2023057,全体受试者均签署知情同意书。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 GO患者的分组

       GO的活动度分期采用改良7分制CAS评估[6]:(1)自发性的眼球后疼痛;(2)眼球运动时伴有疼痛;(3)眼睑充血;(4)眼睑水肿;(5)球结膜充血;(6)球结膜水肿;(7)眼阜水肿。以单眼为单位,患眼临床表现符合以上任一指标记1分,定义CAS≥3分为GO活动期,即纳入活动期GO组,CAS<3分者纳入非活动期GO组。

1.2.2 MRI检查

       所有GO患者及对照组均使用德国西门子3 T超导型磁共振扫描仪(Siemens, VIDA 3 T)以及12通道相控阵头颅线圈进行眼眶扫描。T1WI眼眶横断位(TR 600 ms,TE 10 ms),T2加权成像脂肪抑脂(T2-weighted imaging fat suppression, T2WI-FS)包括眼眶横断位(TR 4000 ms,TE 79 ms)、冠状位(TR 3800 ms,TE 79 ms)、斜矢状位(TR 3500 ms,TE 79 ms)扫描。横断位扫描定位线平行于听眦线,冠状位扫描垂直于硬腭,斜矢状位扫描平行于视神经长轴。扫描层厚3 mm,层间距0 mm,FOV 200 mm×160 mm,扫描矩阵384×384。RESOLVE DWI参数:TR 1700 ms、TE 102 ms,b值为0、1000 s/mm2,FOV 250 mm×250 mm,层厚3 mm,层间距0 mm,NEX 1,扫描时间2 min 20 s。

1.2.3 图像分析

       从事头颈部影像诊断10年以上工作经验的3位医师分别采用西门子后处理工作站分析所有图像并对每个参数值进行三次测量,取平均值并记录。因泪腺眶部及睑部在影像上不易区分,故研究中合并测量[20]。具体参数测量方法如下(图1):(1)在T2WI-FS横断位图像上,选择显示眼球及视神经的最大层面,测量角膜顶点至两侧颧弓最前缘连线的垂直距离为眼球突出度(左眼19.4 mm,右眼20.8 mm)(图1A),测量两侧泪腺最前端至两侧颧弓最前端连线的垂直距离为泪腺突出度(左眼14.3 mm,右眼14.0 mm)(图1B[21]。(2)基于T2WI-FS横断位图像,选择泪腺显示的最大层面,测量泪腺最前缘(或最上缘)至最后缘(最下缘)的距离为横断位/冠状位泪腺长径,垂直于横断位/冠状位长径最内外侧缘的距离为泪腺短径;手动勾画该层面泪腺边界获得横断位及冠状位最大截面积[横断位泪腺长径、短径、面积,左眼分别为24.8 mm、8.2 mm、151.95 mm2,右眼分别为25.3 mm、7.0 mm、154.30 mm2图1C);冠状位泪腺长径、短径、面积:左眼18.9 mm、7.0 mm、130.47 mm2,右眼18.7 mm、5.9 mm、113.67 mm2图1D)]。(3)泪腺ADC值测量[22],所得原始图像输入后台处理工作站,参考横断位T2WI-FS和RESLOVE DWI 图,在ADC图上选择泪腺最大层面,手动勾画圆形感兴趣区域(region of interest, ROI)(面积5~10 mm2),获得ADC值(左眼1.649×10-3 mm2/s,右眼1.583×10-3 mm2/s)(图1E~1F)。

       正常亚洲男性眼球突出度上限为18.6 mm[23]。若患者的两只眼球突出度之间的差值大于2.0 mm可被认为异常。一般来说,所有种族的成年女性眼球突出度较成年男性低[24]

图1  MRI图像上GO患者眼球突出度及泪腺参数的测量示意图。1A:横断位T2WI-FS测量GO患者眼球突出度;1B:横断位T2WI-FS测量GO患者泪腺突出度;1C:横断位T2WI-FS测量泪腺长径、短径、面积;1D:冠状位T2WI-FS测量泪腺长径、短径、面积;1E~1F:横断位泪腺DWI图、ADC值测量示意图。GO:Graves眼病;T2WI-FS:T2加权成像脂肪抑脂;DWI:弥散加权成像;ADC:表观扩散系数。
Fig. 1  The parameter measurement of exophthalmos and lacrimal gland prominence in GO patients on MRI images. 1A: The exophthalmos of GO patients are measured by T2WI-FS in transverse section; 1B: The lacrimal gland prominence in GO patients is measured at transverse T2WI-FS; 1C: The long diameter, short diameter, and area of lacrimal gland are measured in transverse position T2WI-FS; 1D: The long diameter, short diameter, and area of lacrimal gland are measured in the coronal position; 1E-1F: DWI map and ADC value measurement diagram of lacrimal gland in GO patients. GO: Graves ophthalmopathy; T2WI-FS: T2-weighted imaging fat suppression; DWI: diffusion-weighted imaging; ADC: apparent diffusion coefficient.

1.3 统计学分析

       使用SPSS 24.0软件进行统计学分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。定量资料采用x¯±s表示,采用两独立样本t检验进行组间比较。性别、吸烟史、饮酒史、CAS评分的组间差异采用卡方检验。采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线及曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC)分析眼眶各定量参数判断GO活动性中的价值。对泪腺各定量参数与CAS评分间的相关性行Spearman's相关分析。Spearman's 相关系数r的绝对值判定,通常情况下,0.7<∣r∣≤1为高度相关,0.4<∣r∣≤0.7为显著性相关,∣r∣≤0.4为低度相关[25]

2 结果

2.1 GO组与对照组各参数比较

       GO组和对照组两组年龄和性别差异无统计学意义,冠状位泪腺长径、冠状位泪腺短径差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05),见表1

表1  GO组与对照组的临床资料及MRI眼眶参数比较
Tab. 1  Comparison of clinical data and MRI orbital parameters between GO group and control group

2.2 GO活动期与非活动期两组一般情况

       GO活动期组17例34只眼。GO患者促甲状腺素受体抗体(thyrotropin receptor antibody, TRAB)均阳性。GO活动期组与非活动期组在性别、年龄及是否吸烟、饮酒上差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。除冠状位泪腺长径和短径,GO活动期组眼球突出度及泪腺各参数均较GO非活动期组、对照组增大,GO非活动期组较对照组升高(P均<0.05)(表2)。

表2  GO患者活动期与非活动期组的临床资料及MRI眼眶参数比较
Tab. 2  Comparison of clinical data and MRI orbital parameters between active and inactive GO

2.3 泪腺各定量参数值对GO诊断效能

       各定量参数对GO诊断的AUC由高到低分别为:眼球突出度0.906、横断位泪腺面积0.905、横断位泪腺长径0.824、横断位泪腺短径0.820、泪腺突出度0.793、冠状位泪腺面积0.719、泪腺ADC值0.702。RESOLVE DWI ADC值测量泪腺用于诊断GO的最佳截断点为1.302×10-3 mm2/s(表3图2A)。

       各定量参数对GO分期的AUC高到低分别为:横断位泪腺面积0.912、眼球突出度0.880、横断位泪腺短径0.831、泪腺ADC值0.814、横断位泪腺长径0.790、泪腺突出度0.753、冠状位泪腺面积0.731。

       ROC曲线分析发现,RESOLVE DWI ADC 值预测GO活动性的最佳截断点为1.181×10-3 mm2/s,其敏感度高达95.00%,特异度为76.30%,AUC(95% CI)为 0.814(0.721~0.907)(图2B)。

图2  MRI上眼球突出度及泪腺各参数诊断GO(2A)及预测GO活动性(2B)的ROC曲线。GO:Graves眼病;ROC:受试者工作特征;ADC:表观扩散系数。
Fig. 2  The ROC curve of ocular prominence and lacrimal gland parameters on MRI to diagnose GO (2A) and predict GO activity (2B). GO: Graves ophthalmopathy; ROC: receiver operating characteristic; ADC: apparent diffusion coefficient.
表3  泪腺各定量参数诊断Graves眼病的效能
Tab. 3  Efficacy of lacrimal gland quantitative parameters in diagnosing Graves ophthalmopathy

2.4 GO组眼球突出度、泪腺突出度和泪腺平均ADC值与CAS相关性分析

       GO横断位上眼球突出度、泪腺突出度及泪腺ADC值与CAS呈高度正相关,r值分别为0.734、0.719、0.742(P均<0.05)(图3)。

图3  MRI横断位上GO眼球突出度(3A)、泪腺突出度(3B)及泪腺ADC值(3C)与CAS的相关图。GO:Graves眼病;ADC:表观扩散系数;CAS:临床活动性评分。
Fig. 3  Correlation graph of ocular exophthalmia (3A), lacrimal gland exophthalma (3B), ADC value (3C) of lacrimal gland with CAS in Graves ophthalmopathy patients at MRI transversal position. GO: Graves ophthalmopathy; ADC: apparent diffusion coefficient; CAS: clinical activity score.

3 讨论

       本研究在常规MRI基础上创新性引入RESOLVE DWI技术,对GO患者的泪腺突出度及其诸多径线、ADC平均值进行定量测量并与CAS做相关性分析,结果发现,眼球突出度、横断位泪腺突出度、长径、短径、面积及ADC平均值在GO活动期组大于GO非活动期组,GO非活动期组较对照组升高;眼球突出度、横断位泪腺面积对GO患者的诊断效能最高;RESOLVE DWI ADC平均值预测GO活动性的敏感度高达95.00%。可见,采用RESOLVE DWI技术测量GO患者的泪腺可作为诊断GO及预测活动性的推荐方法,为未来研究GO患者泪腺功能状态、评估治疗效果及随访提供了新的参考依据。

3.1 GO与眼球突出度

       GO为Graves病常见甲状腺腺外症状,约占1/4~1/2[26]。GO临床表现中,最常见的是双侧眼球突出,约占80%~85%,眼睑肿胀、后缩超过90%[27]。本研究GO组平均眼球突出度,非常接近LI等[28]的研究结果,略高于INOUE等[29]研究结果。本研究中眼球突出度对GO的诊断效能最优、分期效能仅次于横断位泪腺面积,与部分学者研究结果不一致,吉玲等[18]和王斐斐等[30]结果显示GO活动期与非活动期的眼球突出度差异均无统计学意义。分析原因,或许与以下几点因素有关:本研究GO组均为住院患者;眼球突出度多数大于上限3 mm,多数符合欧洲GO专家组(European Group on Grave's Orbitopathy, EUGOGO)评估的中重度;T2WI-FS横断位测量眼球突出度值略大于参照HUANG等[31]T1WI测量值。

       LI等[28]研究中详细介绍GO患者男性平均眼球突出度稍大于女性的平均眼球突出度,与MCKEAG等[32]研究的患有甲状腺功能障碍视神经病变的男女比例类似。分析原因,男性患者的自我感受及就诊时眼球突出症状相对女性来说更加严重有关。CEVIK等[33]结果显示GO组平均左侧眼球突出度明显高于对照组。本研究中GO患者按照CAS分期,并未发现左眼与右眼的眼球突出度的差异有统计学意义,有待更多数据验证。肖许甲等[34]认为眼球突出和眼睑退缩不会对GO患者的生活质量造成影响。但是,眼球突出是导致眼表损害的危险因素[35]。LUO等[36]研究指出GO患者的眼球突出度与眼内压呈正相关。因此,为防止眼表损害和角膜病变的发生,仍需高度关注GO患者的眼球突出度,MRI横断位T2WI-FS测量简便、无创、可重复性高,是评估眼球突出度的推荐方法。

3.2 GO患者泪腺的常规MRI参数改变及意义

       眼外肌是GO研究中最多的结构,是决定GO诊断和判断活动性的重要因素[37],而泪腺作为GO发生发展过程中的另一个重要靶点,国内外对其研究较少[38]。泪腺突出度是近期提出的影像学测量指标[20],可能受累并参与眼表损害[39]。GAGLIARDO等[20]研究发现,活动期GO患者的泪腺突出度明显高于非活动期GO,非活动期高于对照组。GAO等[12]的研究发现泪腺突出度严重程度与CAS呈正相关。以上结果与本研究结果一致。另外,HU等[40]研究发现,激素治疗的GO患者行MRI扫描,发现泪腺突出度越大,对糖皮质激素治疗更敏感,陈露等[41]验证以上观点。虽然泪腺突出度已在诊断GO及预测其活动性、评估治疗效果中有所报道,但仍需更多大规模的纵向研究来进行论证。

       WONG等[22]研究表明泪腺横断位面积、长径、短径、DWI ADC值和冠状位面积、短径均可用于诊断GO。吉玲等[18]研究结果显示GO活动期组与非活动期横断位泪腺短径较正常对照组升高。以上研究与本研究结果存在差异,本研究结果显示,对诊断GO和分期泪腺冠状位长径和短径差异无统计学意义。分析原因,可能与用于测量泪腺的序列不同导致泪腺边界的清晰度不同有关,另外,不能排除泪腺的测量误差因素。

3.3 GO患者泪腺的RESOLVE DWI ADC值

       临床上,单一使用CAS评估GO活动性存在局限性[42]。近几年有学者使用不同MRI技术联合CAS对GO患者的泪腺进行研究[43, 44],但多数通过测量泪腺的结构来辅助GO的活动性分期,有关泪腺功能改变的研究并不多。曹一杨等[45]基于分段读出平面回波成像的扩散张量成像(readout-segmented echo-planar imaging based diffusion tensor imaging, rsEPI-DTI)测量泪腺ADC与部分各向异性(fractional anisotraphy, FA)可用于评估GO的临床活动性,两者联合可以提高评估效能。蒋文昊等[46]利于泪腺磁化传递成像研究甲状腺相关眼病,结果显示活动期组泪腺磁化率低于非活动期组,与CAS呈负相关。RESOLVE DWI技术通过反应组织中水分子的扩散运动情况,进而反映水分子弥散和毛细血管微循环灌注的状态,其扩散图像质量高,同时具备无创、定量、快速、操作方便的优势[47]。KILICARSLAN等[48]利用RESOLVE DWI测量GO患者眼外肌,但国内外学者少见利用此技术对GO患者的泪腺进行研究。本研究创新性地使用RESOLVE DWI技术定量测量GO患者泪腺ADC平均值,研究结果与RAZEK等[49]报道一致,认为泪腺ADC平均值可作为诊断GO及判断活动性的评估指标,但本研究GO组和对照组的ADC平均值、用于诊断GO和分期的最佳截断点均小于RAZEK等[49]的报道结果,分析原因,与MRI机器及参数的不同有一定关系。但是,泪腺RESOLVE DWI ADC平均值仍可提示GO活动性;泪腺存在炎症细胞浸润和间质水肿,水分子扩散速度加快,而非活动期纤维化和脂肪沉积代替水肿,水分子扩散减慢[50]

3.4 GO的危险因素

       FAN等[51]研究结果显示GO疾病严重程度与男性、年龄较大、吸烟、甲状腺疾病家族史和眼球突出度显著相关。本研究认为诊断GO和判断活动期年龄和性别差异无统计学意义,与部分学者研究结果一致[45, 46, 52]。分析原因,可能与判断GO活动性的指标不同有一定关系。BARTALENA等[26]指出吸烟是Graves病和GO病情发展的独立危险因素。本研究未发现吸烟与GO活动性存在相关性,与CHEN等[52]研究结果一致。

3.5 本研究的局限性

       本研究的局限性:(1)未对GO患者的泪腺组织进行病理活检,未探讨其病理改变与MRI泪腺参数的关系;(2)限于医院现有条件,无法进行泪液成分分析,未能探讨其与泪腺参数的内在联系;(3)未能比较某种治疗方式前后GO患者泪腺ADC平均值及泪腺突出度的变化。

4 结论

       综上所述,本研究应用MRI定量参数发现活动期GO患者的泪腺明显增大,除了眼球突出度、横断位泪腺面积和长径对GO的诊断和分期具有重要价值外,泪腺突出度与泪腺ADC平均值也可反映GO患者泪腺的炎性水肿程度,可作为辅助GO临床诊断和分期的可靠影像学指标。

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