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临床研究
ADC值评估原发性干燥综合征唾液腺淋巴结炎性的应用价值
田曼婷 丁长伟

Cite this article as TIAN M T, DING C W. Application of ADC values to assess inflammatory lymph nodes in the drainage area of the salivary glands of patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2024, 15(5): 68-74.本文引用格式田曼婷, 丁长伟. ADC值评估原发性干燥综合征唾液腺淋巴结炎性的应用价值[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(5): 68-74. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.05.012.


[摘要] 目的 探讨原发性干燥综合征(primary Sjögren's syndrome, pSS)患者治疗前后唾液腺引流区淋巴结的表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC)值和形态变化及其在反映pSS患者疾病炎性活动程度的潜在可能性。材料与方法 收集23例pSS患者,分别于治疗前、规律治疗12周后行常规头颈部MRI与扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging, DWI)检查,经过后处理得到ADC图像。与15例健康志愿者对照,使用t检验比较pSS患者治疗前后、健康志愿者各区淋巴结的形态及ADC值。结果 pSS患者治疗前Ⅰb、Ⅱa、Ⅱb区淋巴结短径均大于健康志愿者[Ⅰb(t=2.293,P=0.028)、Ⅱa(t=2.397,P=0.022)、Ⅱb(t=1.409,P=0.030)],治疗12周后唾液腺引流各区淋巴结短径均较治疗前减小[Ⅰa(t=4.391,P<0.001)、Ⅰb(t=3.439,P=0.002)、Ⅱa(t=3.458,P=0.002)、Ⅱb(t=4.667,P=0.001)]。pSS患者治疗前Ⅰb、Ⅱa区淋巴结ADC值小于健康志愿者[Ⅰb(t=3.337,P=0.002)、Ⅱa(t=2.207,P=0.038)],治疗12周后Ⅰa、Ⅰb、Ⅱa区淋巴结ADC值大于治疗前[Ⅰa(t=3.674,P=0.001)、Ⅰb(t=2.198,P=0.039)、Ⅱa(t=2.484,P=0.004)]。结论 Ⅰb、Ⅱa、Ⅱb区淋巴结短径在鉴别pSS患者与健康志愿者可能具有应用价值,唾液腺引流各区淋巴结短径在鉴别pSS患者自身治疗前后可能具有应用价值;Ⅰb、Ⅱa区淋巴结ADC值在鉴别pSS患者与健康志愿者可能具有应用价值,Ⅰa、Ⅰb、Ⅱa区淋巴结ADC值在鉴别pSS患者自身治疗前后可能具有应用价值。
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and morphology of lymph nodes in the drainage area of salivary glands among patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) before and after treatment and healthy volunteer, and its potential in reflecting the degree of inflammatory activity of the disease in patients with pSS.Materials and Methods A total of 23 patients with pSS were collected to undergo routine head and neck MRI and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) before and after 12 weeks of regular treatment, respectively. ADC images were obtained after post-processing. Then 15 healthy volunteers were collected as controls during the same period. Using t-test to compare the morphology and ADC values of the lymph nodes in each level among the pSS patients before and after treatment, and healthy volunteers.Results The short diameters of lymph nodes in level Ⅰb, Ⅱa, and Ⅱb in patients with pSS before treatment were larger than those of healthy volunteers [Ⅰb (t=2.293, P=0.028), Ⅱa (t=2.397, P=0.022), Ⅱb (t=1.409, P=0.030)] , and the short diameters of lymph nodes in all salivary gland drainage levels were smaller after 12 weeks of treatment [Ⅰa (t=4.391, P<0.001), Ⅰb (t=3.439, P=0.002), Ⅱa (t=3.458, P=0.002), Ⅱb (t=4.667, P=0.001)]. ADC values of lymph nodes in level Ⅰb and Ⅱa in pSS patients before treatment were smaller than those of healthy volunteers [Ⅰb (t=3.337, P=0.002), Ⅱa (t=2.207, P=0.038)] , and they became larger than those of lymph nodes in level Ⅰa, Ⅰb, and Ⅱa after 12 weeks of treatment [Ⅰa (t=3.674, P=0.001), Ⅰb (t=2.198, P=0.039), Ⅱa (t=2.484, P=0.004)].Conclusions The short diameters of lymph nodes in level Ⅰb, Ⅱa and Ⅱb may be of great value in identifying patients with pSS and healthy volunteers, and the short diameters of lymph nodes in all levels may be of great value in identifying patients with pSS before and after treatment; the ADC values of lymph nodes in level Ⅰb and Ⅱa may be of great value in identifying patients with pSS and healthy volunteers, and the ADC values of lymph nodes in level Ia, Ⅰb and Ⅱa may be of great value in identifying patients with pSS before and after treatment.
[关键词] 自身免疫性疾病;原发性干燥综合征;疾病炎性活动程度;扩散加权成像;表观扩散系数;磁共振成像
[Keywords] autoimmune disease;primary Sjögren's syndrome;inflammatory activity of the disease;diffusion weighted imaging;apparent diffusion coefficient;magnetic resonance imaging

田曼婷    丁长伟 *  

中国医科大学附属盛京医院放射科,沈阳 110004

通信作者:丁长伟,E-mail:18940254003@163.com

作者贡献声明::丁长伟设计本研究的方案,对稿件的重要内容进行了修改,获得辽宁省自然科学基金项目的资助;田曼婷起草和撰写稿件,获取、分析及解释本研究的数据;全体作者都同意发表最后的修改稿,同意对本研究的所有方面负责,确保本研究的准确性和诚信。


基金项目: 辽宁省自然科学基金项目 20170541045
收稿日期:2024-01-06
接受日期:2024-04-23
中图分类号:R445.2  R392.3 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.05.012
本文引用格式田曼婷, 丁长伟. ADC值评估原发性干燥综合征唾液腺淋巴结炎性的应用价值[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(5): 68-74. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.05.012.

0 引言

       原发性干燥综合征(primary Sjögren's syndrome, pSS)是一种慢性炎症性系统性自身免疫病,女性多见,主要累及唾液腺、泪腺等外分泌腺,导致口腔和眼部干燥,组织病理学以炎性淋巴细胞浸润、晚期腺体损伤、纤维化为特征,除此之外,淋巴结、肺、肝、肾等全身多器官亦可受累[1, 2, 3, 4]。在所有腺体外表现中,淋巴结肿大较为常见,所占比例高达37%[5, 6, 7]

       近年来,头颈部专科医生普遍采用磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)作为诊断pSS受累靶器官如腮腺、颌下腺等唾液腺的参考方法[8, 9, 10]。pSS受累唾液腺的常规MRI为腺体内脂肪沉积伴腺体萎缩、纤维化[11],但由于脂肪沉积及纤维化的过程不可逆,容易掩盖仅由唾液腺淋巴细胞浸润所反映的真实炎症活动程度,因此唾液腺的常规MRI在准确反映疾病炎症活动及疗效评价时具有局限性。有研究表明[12],干燥综合征颈部淋巴结中分泌自身抗体的细胞数量增加先于受累唾液腺病理表现出现,即唾液腺损伤出现之前,其引流区淋巴结淋巴细胞反应性增生,产生针对唾液腺的自身抗体,可能在疾病早期较唾液腺更能反映疾病炎症活动程度。

       扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging, DWI)可以无创检测活体组织中水分子的扩散情况,从而反映组织的微观结构,提供有关生理或病理功能的信息。组织中水分子的扩散受限程度通过表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC)来量化,ADC与组织的细胞密度相关[13, 14, 15]。pSS唾液腺引流区淋巴结因淋巴细胞浸润,致使细胞外间隙减小,水分子扩散受限,ADC值减低。

       CHU等[16]认为腮腺全容积ADC直方图得出的熵值在预测pSS疾病活动性上颇具前景,但pSS受累腮腺内脂肪沉积、纤维化及微血管密度增加均会对腮腺ADC值的测量产生影响,在准确反映pSS炎性活动程度上具有一定局限性。目前尚无研究聚焦于唾液腺引流区淋巴结在pSS患者治疗前后的影像学改变,及其在评价pSS疾病炎性活动程度的价值。因此,本研究比较了pSS患者自身治疗前、治疗后的唾液腺引流区淋巴结,及pSS患者治疗前唾液腺引流区淋巴结与健康志愿者之间的形态、ADC值的不同,并将其与pSS患者实验室指标行相关性分析,探讨其在反映炎性活动程度方面的潜在可能性,以作为影像学检查在评价pSS患者治疗前后炎性活动程度改变中的有益补充,在影像学上进一步协助临床评价治疗效果。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究对象

       前瞻性纳入2022年9月至2023年12月在中国医科大学附属盛京医院首次确诊且未经治疗的23名pSS患者为病例组,纳入标准:(1)符合2016年美国风湿病学会/欧洲抗风湿病联盟的SS分类(诊断)标准[1],至少有眼干或口干症状其一的患者。①每日感到口干持续3个月以上,②吞咽干性食物时需用水帮助,③每日感到眼干持续3个月以上,④眼部反复砂,⑤每日需用人工泪液3次或3次以上。(2)初次诊断未经治疗。(3)年龄18~65周岁。排除标准:(1)接受过头颈部放化疗及唾液腺手术;(2)影响唾液腺功能的疾病及药物应用史;(3)头颈部MRI图像质量不佳;(4)治疗12周后未能按时复查者。pSS患者的治疗方法依据临床个体化方案,且保证治疗12周期规律服药。所服用药物为口服硫酸羟氯喹片(纷乐,上海上药中西制药有限公司,中国)100 mg/bid或硫酸羟氯喹片(纷乐,上海上药中西制药有限公司,中国)100 mg/bid+甲泼尼龙片(美卓乐,Pfizer Italia S.r.l,意大利)4 mg/bid。同期社会招募15名性别、年龄与患者匹配的健康志愿者作为对照组。纳入标准:无口干眼干症状和影响涎腺功能的疾病。排除标准:头颈部MRI发现腮腺异常或唾液腺引流区异常肿大淋巴结。本研究经中国医科大学附属盛京医院伦理委员会批准,遵守《赫尔辛基宣言》,批准文号:2023PS1238K,全体受试者均签署知情同意书。

1.2 MRI扫描方法

       采用飞利浦公司3.0 T MR扫描仪(Philips Ingenia; Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands),16通道头颈联合线圈。pSS患者分别于首诊及治疗后12周各行一次MRI扫描,扫描时取仰卧位,扫描范围颅底至锁骨上缘,包括唾液腺引流区淋巴结(Ⅰa、Ⅰb、Ⅱa、Ⅱb)。采用轴位T1WI(TR 485 ms,TE 18 ms,矩阵272×194,FOV 190 mm×190 mm,层厚4 mm,层间距1 mm,激励次数2)、轴位T2WI(TR 2500 ms,TE 100 ms,矩阵272×194,FOV 190 mm×190 mm,层厚4 mm,层间距1 mm,激励次数2)以及轴位T2脂肪抑制序列(TR 2500 ms,TE 100 ms,矩阵272×194,FOV 190 mm×190 mm,层厚4 mm,层间隔1 mm,激励次数2)。轴位DWI采用2个b值(0、800 s/mm2)的单次激发平面回波序列(TR 3000 ms,TE 64 ms,矩阵96×96,FOV 190 mm×190 mm,层厚4 mm,层间距1 mm,NSA为2)。总扫描时间大约5 min,其中DWI扫描用时约为1.5 min。

1.3 图像分析

       将原始图像传到飞利浦星云工作站(Intellispace v9, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands),后处理得到ADC图像进行图像评估。由两名分别有10年和25年以上头颈放射学诊断经验的放射科主治医师及主任医师采用双盲法进行图像分析,意见不一致时,经协商取得一致意见。在T2抑脂序列唾液腺引流区淋巴结(Ⅰa、Ⅰb、Ⅱa、Ⅱb)选取短径最大的淋巴结,连续测量同一淋巴结长径与短径3次,得到短径平均值作为最终结果;在ADC图像上连续测量同一淋巴结3次,得到ADC平均值为最终结果(图1)。

       △ADC表示pSS患者治疗前后淋巴结ADC值变化,计算公式见式(1),ADC的变化率计算公式见式(2)

图1  原发性干燥综合征(pSS)患者Ⅱa区淋巴结T2抑脂图像及表观扩散系数(ADC)图像。1A:治疗前pSS患者Ⅱa区淋巴结T2抑脂图像上长短径的测量及ADC图像上ADC值的测量;1B:治疗后pSS患者Ⅱa区淋巴结T2抑脂图像上长短径的测量及ADC图像上ADC值的测量。
Fig. 1  T2 fat suppression image and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) image of lymph nodes in level Ⅱa of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). 1A: Measurement of long and short diameter on T2 fat suppression image and ADC value on ADC image of lymph nodes in level Ⅱa of patients with pSS before treatment; 1B: Measurement of long and short diameter on T2 fat suppression image and ADC value on ADC image of lymph nodes in level Ⅱa of patients with pSS after treatment.

1.4 实验室指标收集

       收集pSS患者治疗前及治疗后12周的临床实验室指标,包括免疫球蛋白G(Immunoglobulin G, IgG)、抗-SSA抗体、抗-SSB抗体、类风湿因子(rheumatoid factor, RF)、红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)等。EULAR干燥综合征疾病活动指数(EULAR Sjögren's syndrome disease activity index, ESSDAI)是衡量SS疾病活动度的金标准[17],每名SS患者分别于治疗前及治疗后12周各行一次ESSDAI评估,包含全身12个与pSS相关的系统损害,根据受累部位所占权重及疾病活动水平计算最终总评分。ESSDAI<5为低疾病活动度,5≤ESSDAI≤13为中疾病活动度,ESSDAI≥14则为高疾病活动度。临床将治疗后ESSDAI降低至少3分定义为最小临床重要改善(minimal clinically important improvement, MCII)[18]

1.5 统计学分析

       使用SPSS 23.0版本(IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp)及Graphpad Prism 8.0.0(GraphPad Prism version 8.0.0 for Windows, GraphPad Software, San Diego, California USA, www.graphpad.com)进行统计学分析及绘图。用均值±标准差描述符合正态分布的计量资料,用中位数(四分位距)描述不符合正态分布的计量资料。以P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。pSS患者自身治疗前后唾液腺引流各区短径最大淋巴结的长短径及ADC值比较采用配对t检验;pSS患者治疗前与健康志愿者唾液腺引流各区短径最大淋巴结的长短径及ADC值比较采用两独立样本t检验;pSS患者治疗前后相关实验室指标(IgG、CRP、RF、ESR、抗-SSA抗体、抗-SSB抗体)的比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验;△ADC及治疗前后实验室指标变化之间的相关性分析采用Spearman等级相关分析。采用logistic回归校正混杂因素,并将△ADC与治疗前后ESR差值即△ESR结合,运用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线计算曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC),确定△ADC评价疾病炎性活动改变的最佳阈值并计算敏感度、特异度,比较△ADC、△ESR及两个指标结合对于pSS患者炎性活动改变评估的准确性、敏感性及特异性。

2 结果

2.1 一般资料

       本研究前期共收集了符合纳入标准的23名pSS患者。所有患者均为女性,中位年龄为43岁(21~62岁),口干和眼干等症状持续时间约为5个月(2~12个月)。治疗前的ESSDAI测定结果如下:8例疾病活动度低,12例疾病活动度中等,3例疾病活动度高。治疗12周后再次进行ESSDAI评估,18名患者治疗后ESSDAI降低至少3分,达到最小临床重要改善(minimal clinically important improvement, MCII)。同期收集性别与年龄匹配的女性健康志愿者15例,中位年龄为40岁(25~65岁),pSS患者与健康志愿者年龄差异无统计学意义(t=2.164, P=0.325)。

2.2 pSS患者治疗前后与健康志愿者唾液腺引流各区淋巴结比较

2.2.1 形态比较

       pSS患者治疗前Ⅰa、Ⅰb、Ⅱa、Ⅱb区淋巴结短径均大于健康志愿者,但仅Ⅰb、Ⅱa、Ⅱb区淋巴结差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。通过比较pSS患者唾液腺各引流区淋巴结与健康志愿者的长径与短径之比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。pSS患者治疗前、后唾液腺引流区淋巴结短径差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),且治疗后淋巴结短径小于治疗前淋巴结短径(表1)。

表1  pSS患者治疗前后与健康志愿者唾液腺引流各区淋巴结短径的比较
Tab. 1  Comparison of short diameter of lymph nodes in drainage area of the salivary glands in patients with pSS before and after treatment and healthy volunteers

2.2.2 ADC值比较

       pSS患者治疗前Ⅰb、Ⅱa区淋巴结ADC值小于健康志愿者,而pSS患者治疗后与健康志愿者唾液腺引流各区淋巴结ADC值之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。pSS患者治疗前与治疗后Ⅰa、Ⅰb、Ⅱa区淋巴结ADC值差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),且治疗后淋巴结ADC值明显大于治疗前(表2)。

表2  pSS患者治疗前后与健康志愿者唾液腺引流各区淋巴结ADC值的比较
Tab. 2  Comparison of ADC value of lymph nodes in drainage area of the salivary glands in patients with pSS before and after treatment and healthy volunteers

2.3 pSS患者治疗前后实验室指标分析

       对患者治疗前后的实验室指标进行分析后发现,只有RF和ESR差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),且治疗后有所下降。其他指标如IgG、RF、CRP、抗-SSA抗体和抗-SSB抗体的水平在治疗后也较治疗前有所下降,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表3)。

表3  pSS患者治疗前后实验室指标比较
Tab. 3  Comparison of laboratory indices before and after treatment in patients with pSS

2.4 pSS患者治疗前后唾液腺引流各区淋巴结△S、△ADC与实验室指标差值的相关性分析

       pSS患者治疗前后唾液腺引流各区淋巴结短径差值即△S与△ADC之间无统计学意义(P>0.05)。pSS患者治疗前后唾液腺引流各区淋巴结△S与△ESR、△RF之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表4)。

       pSS患者治疗前后Ⅱa区淋巴结△ADC与△ESR呈负相关(r=-0.491,P=0.017)(图2);pSS患者治疗前后唾液腺引流各区淋巴结△ADC与△RF差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表5)。

图2  原发性干燥综合征(pSS)患者治疗前后Ⅱa区淋巴结表观扩散系数(ADC)差值与红细胞沉降率(ESR)差值的相关性分析。
Fig. 2  Correlation analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) difference of lymph nodes in Ⅱa level and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) difference in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) before and after treatment.
表4  pSS患者治疗前后唾液腺引流各区淋巴结△S与△ESR、△RF差值的比较
Tab. 4  Comparison of short diameter difference with ESR and RF difference in lymph nodes in drainage area of the salivary glands before and after treatment in patients with pSS
表5  pSS患者治疗前后唾液腺引流各区淋巴结△ADC与△ESR、△RF差值的比较
Tab. 5  Comparison of ADC difference with ESR and RF difference in lymph nodes in drainage area of the salivary glands before and after treatment in patients with pSS

2.5 pSS患者Ⅱa区淋巴结ADC与ESR变化率的ROC曲线分析

       对pSS患者Ⅱa区淋巴结ADC值变化率进行ROC曲线分析,当ADC值变化率为0.138时,AUC最大(AUC=0.711)。当ADC变化率≤0.138时,敏感度和特异度分别为98.1%和50.4% [95%置信区间(confidence interval, CI):49.5%~92.8%]。

       利用logistics回归分析将ESR变化率与Ⅱa区淋巴结ADC值变化率相结合后评估疾病炎性活动程度变化得到的AUC为0.800,高于ADC变化率单独评估疾病炎性活动程度变化的AUC(0.711)和ESR变化率单独评估疾病炎性活动程度变化的AUC(0.750)(Z=-1.675、-0.936;P=0.016、0.031)。ADC和ESR变化率联合后评估疾病炎性活动程度变化的敏感度和特异度分别为98.6%和83.3%(95% CI:61.2%~98.4%)(图3)。

图3  原发性干燥综合征(pSS)患者Ⅱa区淋巴结表观扩散系数(ADC)变化率与红细胞沉降率(ESR)变化率的受试者工作特征曲线。
Fig. 3  The receiver operating characteristic curve of the rate of change in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of lymph nodes in Ⅱa level and the rate of change in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS).

3 讨论

       本研究通过比较pSS患者治疗前后与健康志愿者唾液腺引流区淋巴结的形态与ADC值发现,pSS患者治疗前唾液腺引流区淋巴结短径大于健康志愿者,ADC值小于健康志愿者;治疗后淋巴结短径较治疗前减小,ADC值较治疗前增高,故淋巴结短径和ADC值在鉴别pSS患者自身治疗前后与健康志愿者方面可能具有应用价值。另一方面,Ⅱa区淋巴结△ADC与△ESR呈负相关,在反映pSS疾病炎性活动程度具有潜在价值,且ADC变化率与ESR变化率相结合能够提高评估疾病炎性活动改变程度的准确性。本研究首次聚焦唾液腺引流区淋巴结在反映pSS患者疾病炎性活动程度的潜在可能性,得出淋巴结的形态及ADC值或较pSS受累靶器官腮腺等更能真实反映pSS短期的疾病活动程度改变,在影像学上协助临床评价治疗效果。

3.1 pSS患者治疗前后与健康志愿者唾液腺引流各区淋巴结形态比较

       本研究通过比较pSS患者、健康志愿者唾液腺引流区淋巴结的形态发现,pSS患者治疗前Ⅰb、Ⅱa、Ⅱb区淋巴结短径均大于健康志愿者,这是因为pSS患者疾病活动期除唾液腺、泪腺等外分泌腺受累外,长期慢性炎症还可刺激受累器官引流区淋巴结,导致相应区域淋巴结反应性增生[19, 20]。而pSS患者、健康志愿者Ⅰa区淋巴结短径无显著差异的原因可能是Ⅰa区淋巴结作为口底、下颌骨前牙槽突的引流区[21],健康志愿者因常见的口腔及牙龈等部位的炎症,也可导致该区淋巴结受到炎症刺激而反应性增生。治疗后pSS患者全身炎症反应得到缓解,各区淋巴结(Ⅰa、Ⅰb、Ⅱa、Ⅱb区)短径均较治疗前减小。

       一般情况下,正常淋巴结形态呈长椭圆形,长径与短径之比大于2,在机体受到感染、免疫及肿瘤的刺激下,可发生大小及形态的变化[22, 23, 24]。本研究中,pSS患者唾液腺各引流区淋巴结与健康志愿者的长径与短径之比不具有显著差异。说明pSS受累淋巴结虽反应性增生,但其形态仍保持正常的长椭圆形,病变性质趋于良性。

3.2 pSS患者治疗前后与健康志愿者唾液腺引流各区淋巴结ADC值比较

       本研究通过比较pSS患者、健康志愿者唾液腺引流区淋巴结的ADC值发现,pSS患者治疗前Ⅰb、Ⅱa区淋巴结ADC值小于健康志愿者,ADC值可定量反映水分子扩散运动速度,二者呈负相关[25, 26],pSS患者炎性淋巴结因纤维结缔组织增生、炎性细胞浸润,细胞内体积与细胞外空间体积比率增高,水分子弥散受限,ADC值减低[27]。而pSS患者治疗后Ⅰa、Ⅰb、Ⅱa区淋巴结ADC值大于治疗前,这可能是由于药物规律治疗后全身炎症反应得到缓解,淋巴细胞浸润减少,导致细胞内体积与细胞外空间体积比率降低,ADC值增高[15, 28]

3.3 pSS患者治疗前后实验室指标比较

       本研究对比23例pSS患者治疗前后的实验室指标发现,仅ESR及RF指标变化存在显著差异,且治疗后指标降低。ESR受血浆中纤维G蛋白原、胆固醇、球蛋白等因素影响,为免疫性疾病的非特异炎症反应指标,可反映机体整体的炎症反应状态[29],pSS患者常因全身炎症反应或高免疫球蛋白血症导致血清ESR水平增高,经过治疗后炎症活动得到控制,ESR随之改善[30, 31]。RF是判断类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA)疾病活动性和药物治疗效果的主要指标,RF指标升高常与RA患者处于疾病活动期相关,继发性干燥综合征(secondary Sjögren's syndrome, sSS)患者RF指标升高者往往合并RA,而pSS患者中出现RF阳性率也并不低(约40%)[32]。既往报道[33]RF阳性的SS患者ESSDAI疾病活动评分高于RF阴性者,随着病情得到控制或缓解后,RF指标降低。pSS患者受累外分泌腺的淋巴细胞浸润以B淋巴细胞为主,刺激机体合成抗-SSA、抗-SSB等自身抗体。本研究得出pSS患者治疗前后抗-SSA抗体、抗-SSB抗体指标无显著差异,这与此前相关研究[34]结果一致,该研究发现抗-SSA和抗-SSB抗体阳性通常在pSS整个疾病过程中保持不变,即使用利妥昔单抗给予B细胞清除治疗后仍然存在,抗-SSA和抗-SSB抗体一方面与SS患者较小的诊断年龄、更长的病程、外分泌腺功能紊乱、复发性腮腺肿大有关,另一方面与小唾液腺(唇腺等)淋巴细胞浸润强度相关[35],故抗-SSA、抗-SSB抗体在反应短期全身炎症活动程度变化的意义可能不高。本研究中pSS治疗前后IgG也无显著差异,与SHAO等[36]研究结果不同,在他们的研究中,服用依古拉替莫治疗24周的SS患者IgG较治疗前显著改善,差异可能主要来源于治疗药物及治疗时间的不同。此外,CRP在治疗前后无显著差异的原因可能是本研究纳入患者样本量较少,个体差异较大所致。

3.4 pSS患者治疗前后ADC差值与ESR差值联合评价疾病炎性活动改变

       本研究pSS患者治疗前后Ⅱa区淋巴结ADC差值与ESR差值呈负相关,即Ⅱa区淋巴结作为pSS主要受累靶器官腮腺的引流区淋巴结,可能与ESR一样,对反映pSS患者疾病炎性活动改变有一定价值。治疗12周后ESSDAI评分较基线水平减低至少3分被认定达到MCII[17],本研究中符合MCII者比例约78%(18/23),说明治疗12周后78%患者疾病活动度较基线减低,药物治疗有效。当ADC变化率截断值为0.138时,AUC为0.711,将ADC变化率与ESR变化率相结合,AUC提高到0.800。说明Ⅱa区淋巴结ADC在定量评估pSS患者疾病炎性活动改变方面有较高的效能,结合ESR可进一步提高准确性。

3.5 局限性及展望

       本研究有一定的局限性:(1)本研究样本量较小,为排除既往经过治疗后导致pSS患者炎性活动程度改变的影响,任何过去接受过治疗的患者都不纳入研究;(2)治疗后未行淋巴结组织病理学检查,无法确定ADC是否能够真实反应组织内部的结构变化;(3)本研究选择治疗后12周作为疗效评价时间节点,仅能反映pSS患者短期内疾病活动状态。今后可进一步规范临床试验方法,扩大样本量,增加和完善治疗前后的病理学检查,并进行长期追踪观察,更好地确定唾液腺引流区淋巴结ADC在pSS治疗前后的变化规律。

4 结论

       pSS患者治疗前唾液腺引流区淋巴结短径多大于健康志愿者,ADC值小于健康志愿者,经过治疗后淋巴结短径较治疗前减小,ADC值较治疗前增高,可以认为唾液腺引流区淋巴结形态及ADC值在鉴别pSS患者自身治疗前后与健康志愿者方面具有应用价值。且Ⅱa区淋巴结作为pSS主要受累靶器官腮腺的主要引流区域,在反映pSS疾病炎性活动程度具有潜在价值。

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