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临床研究
干燥综合征下唇唾液腺MRI特征初步探索
梁云平 王苇 瞿航 顾越 任昊麟 赵义

Cite this article as LIANG Y P, WANG W, QU H, et al. Preliminary study on MRI features of the lower lip salivary glands in Sjögren's syndrome[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2024, 15(5): 75-79.本文引用格式梁云平, 王苇, 瞿航, 等. 干燥综合征下唇唾液腺MRI特征初步探索[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(5): 75-79. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.05.013.


[摘要] 目的 探讨干燥综合征(Sjögren's syndrome, SS)下唇唾液腺MRI特征及其诊断效能。材料与方法 回顾性分析232例临床可疑SS患者的临床及下唇唾液腺MRI检查资料,按2016年美国风湿病学会/欧洲抗风湿病联盟共同制订的SS分类标准分为SS组(155例)与非干燥综合征(non-Sjögren's syndrome, NS)组(77例)。观察下唇唾液腺T1WI、T2WI-非对称回波的最小二乘估算法迭代水脂分离(iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetric and least-squares estimation, IDEAL)水相影像特征(腺体体积、脂肪含量、信号特点)。基于T2WI-IDEAL水相应用ITK-SNAP软件测量、计算下唇唾液腺体积、信号强度的均值和标准差,并行单因素和多因素分析,通过二元logistic回归建立多因素联合预测模型,应用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线评价独立影响因素及联合预测模型对SS的诊断效能。结果 SS组与NS组分别有48例、12例患者下唇唾液腺MRI表现为腺体萎缩伴腺体间脂肪组织增多,T2WI-IDEAL水相信号不均匀减低,组间差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.316,P=0.023)。下唇唾液腺体积、信号强度标准差的组间差异有统计学意义(Z=-3.260、-2.803;P=0.001、0.005),是SS的独立影响因素(OR=0.999、1.014;P=0.001、0.003),预测SS的曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC)分别为0.629 [95%置信区间(confidence internal, CI):0.553~0.704]、0.613(95% CI:0.534~0.692),两者联合预测模型的AUC值为0.682(95% CI:0.608~0.756)。结论 SS下唇唾液腺MRI特征为腺体萎缩和信号不均,根据唇腺体积及信号强度标准差预测SS有一定诊断价值。
[Abstract] Objective To investigate MRI features and diagnostic efficacy of the lower lip salivary glands in Sjogren's syndrome (SS).Materials and Methods The clinical and lower lip salivary glands MRI data of 232 patients with clinically suspected SS were retrospectively analyzed and divided into the SS group (155 patients) and the non-Sjögren's syndrome (NS) group (77 patients) according to the classification criteria for SS jointly developed by the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism in 2016. The lower lip salivary glands' T1WI and T2WI-iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetric and least-squares estimation (IDEAL) water-phase imaging features (glands volume, fat content, signal characteristics) were observed. Based on the T2WI-IDEAL water-phase sequence, ITK-SNAP software was used to measure and calculate the volume of the lower lip salivary glands, the mean and standard deviation of signal intensity, and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed, and the multi-factor joint prediction model was established by binary logistic regression. The diagnostic efficacy of independent influencing factors and combined prediction model on SS was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Results MRI of the lower lip salivary glands in 48 and 12 patients in the SS and NS groups, respectively, showed glandular atrophy with increased inter-glandular fatty tissue, and the T2WI-IDEAL water-phase signal was unevenly reduced, with a statistically significant difference between the groups (χ2=5.316, P=0.023). The lower lip salivary glands volume and signal intensity standard deviation had statistically significant intergroup differences (Z=-3.260, -2.803; P=0.001, 0.005), were independent influences on SS (OR=0.999, 1.014; P=0.001, 0.003), and the areas under the curve (AUCs) of predicted SS were 0.629 [95% confidence internal (CI): 0.553-0.704] and 0.613 (95% CI: 0.534-0.692), respectively, the AUC value of the combined prediction model of the two features was 0.682 (95% CI: 0.608-0.756).Conclusions The MRI features of the lower lip salivary glands in SS are glandular atrophy and signal inhomogeneity, and the prediction of SS based on the volume of the labial glands and the standard deviation of signal intensity has a certain diagnostic value.
[关键词] 唇腺;唾液腺;萎缩;干燥综合征;磁共振成像
[Keywords] labial gland;salivary gland;atrophy;Sjögren's syndrome;magnetic resonance imaging

梁云平    王苇    瞿航    顾越    任昊麟    赵义 *  

扬州大学附属医院医学影像科,扬州 225000

通信作者:赵义,E-mail:zhaoyi8706@163.com

作者贡献声明::赵义设计本研究的方案,对稿件重要内容进行了修改;梁云平起草和撰写稿件,获取、分析、解释本研究的数据;王苇、瞿航、顾越、任昊麟获取、分析或解释本研究的数据,对稿件重要内容进行了修改。全体作者都同意发表最后的修改稿,同意对本研究的所有方面负责,确保本研究的准确性和诚信。


收稿日期:2024-01-23
接受日期:2024-04-17
中图分类号:R445.2  R392.3 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.05.013
本文引用格式梁云平, 王苇, 瞿航, 等. 干燥综合征下唇唾液腺MRI特征初步探索[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(5): 75-79. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.05.013.

0 引言

       干燥综合征(Sjögren's syndrome, SS)是慢性自身免疫性疾病,主要累及泪腺和唾液腺,以腺体萎缩、纤维化和功能减退为突出特征,常见症状为口干、眼干,女性多发,40~50岁为高发期[1, 2, 3]。SS需结合临床症状、体征和抗体检测、唇腺活检等指标综合诊断 [4, 5]。SS唇腺活检特征性改变为局灶性淋巴细胞性涎腺炎[6, 7],其诊断SS的敏感度为80.0%、特异度为87.5%[8]。唇腺活检阳性与抗干燥综合征抗原A(Sjögren's syndrome type A, SSA)抗体阳性是诊断SS最为特异的指标[9, 10],被纳入多个国际诊断标准[11, 12, 13]。腮腺及颌下腺的MRI在SS的诊断中已经被广泛应用,其主要特征为腺体信号不均、脂肪浸润、导管扩张及腺体萎缩[14, 15]。下唇唾液腺活检对于SS诊断和治疗效果评价都具有重要价值[16, 17],但唇腺活检为有创检查,部分患者难以接受,如果唇腺MRI能够反映SS损伤特征,就可以对受检者进行筛选,提高唇腺活检阳性率,减少不必要的活检。但关于SS唇腺MRI影像特征的研究鲜有报道,既往SUMI等[18]对下唇唾液腺MRI特征进行了初步描述性研究,结果发现SS会造成唇腺体积缩小,但该研究仅纳入14例SS患者,且未对下唇唾液腺体积、信号特征进行定量分析。本研究基于大量可疑SS病例,通过观察下唇唾液腺MRI特征并定量测量下唇腺唾液腺体积、信号强度及标准差,以分析SS下唇唾液腺MRI特征及其对SS的诊断价值。本研究对于指导可疑干燥综合征患者唇腺活检具有重要潜在价值。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究对象

       本研究为回顾性研究,连续性收集2018年6月至2023年6月就诊于扬州大学附属医院临床可疑SS患者的临床及唾液腺MRI资料。患者接受唇腺活检、SSA抗体检测、未刺激静态唾液腺流率检测、Schirmer's I试验、角膜染色评分(Ocular Staining Score, OSS)等SS相关检查。以2016年美国风湿病学会/欧洲抗风湿病联盟共同制订的SS分类标准为依据,唇腺活检阳性、SSA抗体检测阳性均记3分,未刺激静态唾液腺流率检测、Schirmer's I试验、OSS阳性各记1分,符合纳入标准的患者总分≥4即可诊断为SS,将患者分为SS组和非干燥综合征(non-Sjögren's syndrome, NS)组[13]。纳入标准:(1)患者因口干、眼干等症状或自身抗体检测异常临床可疑SS;(2)年龄20~70岁。排除标准:(1)下唇唾液腺图像存在伪影;(2)下唇唾液腺区存在感染、肿瘤性病变;(3)有头颈部放疗史;(4)活动性丙型肝炎病毒感染;(5)艾滋病;(6)结节病;(7)淀粉样变性;(8)移植物抗宿主病;(9)IgG4相关性疾病;(10)临床及唾液腺MRI资料不完整。

       本研究遵守《赫尔辛基宣言》,经扬州大学附属医院伦理委员会批准,免除受试者知情同意,批准文号:2023-YKL09-(课04)。

1.2 检查方法

       采用美国GE SIGNA Architect 3.0 T磁共振扫描仪和19通道头颈线圈,检查过程中禁止吞咽动作,扫描范围上至眼眶上缘,下至颌下腺下缘。扫描参数如下:FSE横断位T1WI,FOV 20 cm×20 cm,层厚3 mm,层间隔1 mm,TR 705 ms,TE 10 ms,翻转角111°,回波链长度3,扫描矩阵288×224,采集次数2,带宽31.25 Hz;最小二乘估算法迭代水脂分离(iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetric and least-squares estimation, IDEAL)成像横断位T2WI,FOV 20 cm×20 cm,层厚3 mm,层间隔1 mm,TR 3227 ms,TE 85 ms,翻转角111°,回波链长度12,扫描矩阵288×256,采集次数1,带宽41.67 Hz。

1.3 图像分析

       由两名分别具有6年和17年MRI诊断经验的影像主治医师在不知晓患者病史和临床资料的情况下在IMPAX(6.5.5.3020)图像存储与传输系统(picture archiving and communication system, PACS)工作站上观察并记录下唇唾液腺T1WI、T2WI-IDEAL水相影像特征(腺体体积、脂肪含量、信号特点),参考SS腮腺及颌下腺MRI特征(脂肪浸润、信号不均、腺体萎缩)判断唇腺是正常唾液腺或符合SS病变特征,协商一致做出诊断。

       上述两名医师基于T2WI-IDEAL水相应用ITK-SNAP(4.0.0,www.itksnap.org)软件分别逐层勾画下唇唾液腺形态,下唇唾液腺一般分布在2~3个扫描层面,勾画腺体时尽量避开周围组织(图1),勾画完成后软件自动计算下唇唾液腺整体体积、信号强度均值及标准差。检验两名医师测量数据的一致性,一致性较好则取两名医师测量值的平均值为最终结果。两名医师进行上述观察、分析与测量前均进行了统一培训。

图1  基于T2WI-IDEAL水相应用ITK-SNAP软件勾画下唇唾液腺示意图。1A红色区域为下唇唾液腺勾画范围(箭);1B为ITK-SNAP软件合成下唇唾液腺三维结构图。IDEAL:最小二乘估算法迭代水脂分离。
Fig. 1  Schematic diagram of the salivary glands of the lower lip is drawn using ITK-SNAP software based on the T2WI-IDEAL water-phase sequence. The red area in 1A is the outlined range of the salivary glands of the lower lip (arrow); 1B shows the 3D structure of the salivary glands of the lower lip synthesized by ITK-SNAP software. IDEAL: iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetric and least-squares estimation.

1.4 统计学分析

       所有数据采用SPSS 27.0统计软件分析。采用Shapiro-Wilk检验和Levene检验进行正态分布与方差齐性检验,近似服从正态分布的计量资料用均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用Student's t检验;呈偏态分布的计量资料用中位数(四分位数间距)表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料用频数表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。采用组内相关系数(intra-class correlation coefficient, ICC)检验观察者间下唇唾液腺体积、信号强度均值和标准差的一致性。采用二元logistic回归进行多因素分析、建立联合预测模型,采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线评价独立影响因素诊断SS的效能。

2 结果

2.1 一般资料

       根据纳入与排除标准最终收集232例可疑SS患者,其中确诊SS 155例、NS患者77例。两组患者临床资料对比见表1。两组间年龄及病程差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。两组间性别、抗SSA/Ro抗体阳性率、唇腺活检阳性率、未刺激静态唾液腺流率阳性率、角膜荧光染色评分阳性率、Schirmer's I试验阳性率的差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。

表1  两组患者临床资料比较
Tab. 1  Comparison of clinical data between the two groups

2.2 正常下唇唾液腺MRI表现

       下唇唾液腺多位于双侧第二前磨牙之间的下唇区域,前部切牙对应区域腺体多为单层,后部区域腺体可为两层或三层。下唇唾液腺T1WI信号略高于肌肉信号,T2WI-IDEAL水相呈均匀高信号,米粒样簇状分布,腺体内侧及腺体间隙内可见脂肪信号(图2)。

图2  女,47岁,NS患者,口干2个月,正常下唇唾液腺MRI。2A:T2WI-IDEAL水相图,唇腺(箭)呈均匀高信号;2B:T1WI图,唇腺(箭)信号较邻近口轮匝肌略高,腺体周围可见脂肪高信号。NS:非干燥综合征;IDEAL:最小二乘估算法迭代水脂分离。
Fig. 2  MRI of normal lower lip salivary glands in a 47-year-old female patient with NS and xerostomia for 2 months. 2A: T2WI-IDEAL aqueous phase image, the labial gland (arrow) shows uniform high signal; 2B: T1WI image, the signal of labial gland (arrow) is slightly higher than that of the adjacent orbicularis oris muscle, and high signal of fat is seen around the gland. NS: non-Sjögren's syndrome; IDEAL: iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetric and least-squares estimation.

2.3 下唇唾液腺萎缩MRI表现

       48例SS患者及12例NS患者下唇唾液腺呈萎缩改变,表现为腺体体积变小,分布稀疏,腺体间脂肪组织增多,T2WI-IDEAL水相信号不均匀减低(图3),诊断为下唇唾液腺体积萎缩的患者数量组间分布差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.316,P=0.023)。

图3  女,58岁,SS患者,口干3个月,下唇唾液腺萎缩MRI。3A:T2WI-IDEAL水相图,唇腺呈高信号(箭),与正常下唇唾液腺相比,其腺体颗粒明显变小;3B:T1WI图,唇腺呈点状低信号(箭),腺体周围脂肪高信号明显增多。SS:干燥综合征;IDEAL:最小二乘估算法迭代水脂分离。
Fig. 3  MRI of salivary gland atrophy of the lower lip of a 58-year-old female SS patient with 3 months of dry mouth. 3A: T2WI-IDEAL aqueous phase image, the labial gland showed high signal intensity (arrow), compared with the normal lower lip salivary gland, the gland granules are significantly smaller; 3B: T1WI image, the labial glands shows punctate hypointense signal (arrow), and the high signal of the fat around the glands is significantly increased. SS: Sjögren's syndrome; IDEAL: iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetric and least-squares estimation.

2.4 下唇唾液腺体积、信号强度均值和标准差差异性分析及其对SS的预测效能评价

       两名医师测量下唇唾液腺体积、信号强度均值和标准差的ICC为分别0.969 [95%置信区间(confidence internal, CI):0.960~0.976]、0.986(95% CI:0.982~0.989)、0.995(95% CI:0.994~0.996),一致性良好(P<0.001)。

       单因素和多因素分析(表2表3)显示,下唇唾液腺体积、信号强度标准差的组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.001、0.005),是SS的独立影响因素。通过下唇唾液腺体积、信号强度标准差及两者联合二元logistic模型预测SS,ROC曲线(图4)分析AUC值分别为0.629(95% CI:0.553~0.704)、0.613(95% CI:0.534~0.692)、0.682(95% CI:0.608~0.756)。以最大约登指数对应的唇腺体积及信号强度标准差为截断值计算敏感度和特异度,唇腺体积截断值为586.05 mm3,敏感度和特异度分别为51.0%、70.1%,信号强度标准差截断值为141.57,敏感度和特异度分别84.5%、39.0%。

图4  下唇唾液腺体积、信号强度标准差及两者联合logistic回归模型预测SS的ROC曲线分析。SS:干燥综合征;AUC:曲线下面积;ROC:受试者工作特征。
Fig. 4  ROC curve analysis of lower lip salivary gland volume and signal intensity standard deviation, and their combined logistic regression model prediction of SS. SS: Sjögren's syndrome; AUC: area under the curve; ROC: receiver operating characteristic.
表2  两组患者下唇唾液腺体积、信号强度均值和标准差差异性分析
Tab. 2  Differential analysis of lower lip salivary glands volume, the mean and standard deviation of signal intensity in two groups of patients
表3  SS多因素二元logistic回归分析
Tab. 3  SS Multifactor binary logistic regression analysis

2.5 NS组患者下唇唾液腺体积与年龄相关性分析

       NS组患者年龄与下唇唾液腺体积Spearman相关分析显示年龄与下唇唾液腺体积呈中度负相关(r=-0.437,P<0.001)。

3 讨论

       本研究发现部分SS患者下唇唾液腺MRI表现为腺体萎伴腺体间脂肪组织增多,T2WI-IDEAL水相信号不均匀减低,与SS腮腺及颌下腺MRI特征相似。下唇唾液腺的体积、信号强度标准差是SS独立影响因素,其预测SS的AUC值分别为0.629、0.613,两者联合预测模型AUC值为0.682,有一定诊断价值。通过分析下唇唾液腺MRI特征可以对可疑SS患者下唇唾液腺是否存SS病变进行初步诊断,具有指导唇腺活检、提高活检阳性率的潜在价值。

3.1 SS唇腺MRI特征与唇腺病理改变一致

       唇腺活检证实局灶性淋巴细胞性涎腺炎通常伴有腺泡萎缩、导管扩张和纤维化等非特异性炎症,与非SS患者相比,SS患者唇腺脂肪组织的浸润程度更高,但脂肪组织增多的病理意义尚未阐明,有研究者认为脂肪浸润可能是衰老的特征,而不是SS所致[5, 19, 20, 21],本研究中SS患者唇腺萎缩、脂肪信号增多及信号不均等MRI特征与SS唇腺的非特异性炎症改变一致。

3.2 SS唇腺MRI特征诊断效能

       腮腺与颌下腺脂肪浸润分级及定量测量值对SS的诊断都具有较高价值[15, 22]。丁长伟等[23]报道根据腮腺脂肪浸润分级诊断SS阳性率达95.2%;纪权书等[24]报道颌下腺MRI脂肪信号分级诊断SS敏感度为80.7%;张赞霞等[25]采用腮腺脂肪分数(fat fraction, FF)诊断SS,AUC值为0.757。本研究通过唇腺体积及信号强度标准差诊断SS的AUC分别为0.629、0.613,两者联合预测模型AUC值为0.682,诊断效能相对较低,笔者推测可能是因为唇腺体积变化及信号强度标准差反映的是唇腺萎缩、纤维化及脂肪浸润等SS晚期非特异性炎性改变[26],故对早期SS下唇唾液腺损伤诊断价值有限,且唇腺非特异性炎症受年龄因素影响较大[27],本研究中NS组患者下唇唾液体积与年龄中度负相关,这就导致通过下唇唾液腺体积变化诊断SS的特异性降低。既往研究显示常规MRI对SS早期腮腺及颌下腺损伤诊断价值有限[28],动脉自旋标记技术、ADC值、FF值、T2值等特殊MRI检查参数对早期SS腮腺损伤诊断效能较高[29, 30],其在SS唇腺损伤诊断中的应用价值有待进一步研究。

3.3 SS唇腺影像特征研究及意义

       相较于SUMI等[18]对下唇唾液腺MRI特征的研究,本研究纳入155例SS患者,样本量相对更大,本研究亦测量、计算了下唇唾液腺体积及信号强度和标准差,较全面探索了下唇唾液腺的形态和信号改变及对SS的诊断价值。超高频超声可以实现高达30 μm分辨率成像,有研究报道SS唇腺超高频超声的特征表现为信号不均,信号评分与唇腺活检灶性指数显著相关,能够准确识别活检阴性患者,减少不必要的活检[31, 32],SS唇腺超高频超声的特征与本研究中SS患者唇腺T2WI-IDEAL水相信号不均减低的特征相一致,超声受操作者主观影响较大,MRI相对更加客观。

3.4 本研究的局限性

       本研究有以下局限性:第一,尽管本研究扫描所示下唇腺MRI图像可满足分析,但分辨率仍相对较低,未来可尝试在下唇唾液腺MRI中使用显微镜线圈以获得更高分辨率的图像;第二,本研究下唇唾液腺体积由人工勾画后进行测量,尽管勾画前做了统一培训,所得结果进行了一致性检验,但其可重复性仍难免受一定程度的主观因素影响。

4 结论

       综上,本研究发现SS下唇唾液腺MRI特征为腺体萎缩和信号不均,根据唇腺体积及信号强度标准差预测SS有一定诊断价值。

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