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综述
常规磁共振成像影像特征在鼻咽癌预后预测中的研究进展
杨凡 林蒙 张红梅

Cite this article as: YANG F, LIN M, ZHANG H M. Research progress of conventional MRI characteristics in prognostic prediction of nasopharyngeal carcinoma[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2024, 15(8): 218-223.本文引用格式:杨凡, 林蒙, 张红梅. 常规磁共振成像影像特征在鼻咽癌预后预测中的研究进展[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(8): 218-223. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.08.035.


[摘要] 鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma, NPC)是一种起源于鼻咽黏膜柱状上皮的恶性肿瘤。目前,临床上主要根据磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)上原发肿瘤的侵犯程度以及颈部淋巴结大小和位置来确定患者治疗方案,但仍有约10%~30%患者在治疗后发生疾病进展。目前,多功能MRI技术展现出了比常规MRI技术更好的预后预测性能,但由于常规MRI检查具有分辨率高,稳定性好以及普及性广的特点,其在临床应用中的价值不可忽视。且近年来,多项研究细致探究了NPC颅底结构侵犯情况(如颅底骨质侵犯,软组织浸润等)以及转移淋巴结的其他形态学特征(如包膜外侵,淋巴结坏死等)在NPC预后预测中的价值,且将某些常规MRI特征加入目前第八版分期能够显著提高预测性能。因此,本研究就常规MRI [如T2WI、对比增强T1WI(contrast-enhanced T1WI, CE-T1WI)、弥散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging, DWI)]的多维度原发灶和淋巴结特征在NPC预后预测中的价值进行综述,以为临床诊疗提供可靠的依据。
[Abstract] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor that originates from the columnar epithelium of the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Currently, the treatment regime for patients with NPC is mainly based on the degree of invasion of the primary tumor and the size and location of cervical lymph nodes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but disease progression still occurs in approximately 10%-30% of patients after treatment. Currently, multi-functional MRI technology has demonstrated better prognosis predictive performance than conventional MRI technology, but the value of conventional MRI in clinical applications cannot be ignored due to its higher resolution, better stability and wider availability. In recent years, several studies have investigated the value of the skull base structures invasion (e.g., skull bone invasion, soft tissue infiltration, etc.) of NPC and other morphological features (e.g., extra-nodal extension, lymph node necrosis, etc.) of metastatic lymph nodes in predicting the prognosis of NPC, and the addition of certain conventional MRI features to the current eighth edition staging can significantly improve the predictive performance. Therefore, the present study summarizes the value of multi-dimensional primary tumor and lymph node features in conventional MRI [including T2WI, contrast-enhanced T1WI (CE-T1WI), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI)] in the prognosis prediction of NPC to provide a reliable basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
[关键词] 磁共振成像;鼻咽癌;预后评估;诱导化疗;淋巴结转移
[Keywords] magnetic resonance imaging;nasopharyngeal carcinoma;prognostic assessment;induction chemotherapy;lymph node metastasis

杨凡    林蒙    张红梅 *  

国家癌症中心/国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心/中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院影像诊断科,北京 100021

通信作者:张红梅,E-mail:13581968865@163.com

作者贡献声明:张红梅设计本综述的方案,对稿件的重要内容进行了修改;杨凡起草和撰写稿件,获取、分析和解释本综述的内容;林蒙分析了本综述的内容,对稿件的重要内容进行了修改。全体作者都同意发表最后的修改稿,同意对本研究的所有方面负责,确保本研究的准确性和诚信。


收稿日期:2024-05-18
接受日期:2024-07-16
中图分类号:R445.2  R739.62 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.08.035
本文引用格式:杨凡, 林蒙, 张红梅. 常规磁共振成像影像特征在鼻咽癌预后预测中的研究进展[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(8): 218-223. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.08.035.

0 引言

       鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma, NPC)是头颈部最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其好发于中国南部、东南亚以及北非[1]。在2020年,超过13万人被新确诊为NPC[2]。随着调强放疗技术的发展以及化疗策略的优化,NPC患者的生存期及生存质量得到了明显的提升。目前,多项大样本Ⅲ期临床试验已证实诱导化疗联合同步放化疗在晚期NPC患者(Ⅲ~Ⅳ期)中的价值[3, 4]。但并不是所有患者都能从诱导化疗中获益,因此如何筛选诱导化疗适宜患者仍是一大难题。此外,即使接受了标准化治疗,仍有10%~30%的患者在随访过程中发生疾病进展[5, 6],因此治疗前对患者预后进行准确预测至关重要。

       常规磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)是NPC治疗决策制定以及预后预测的主要依据。但既往研究发现,相同TNM分期的患者即使接受类似的治疗策略也有不同的预后结局[7, 8]。目前,多功能MRI技术,如集成MRI[9]、体素内不相干运动成像[10, 11, 12]、动脉自旋标记[13, 14]、酰胺质子转移成像[15, 16]等,以及影像组学分析方法[17, 18, 19]在NPC治疗疗效预测中展现出很好性能,但其仍处于探索阶段,且稳定性较差,尚未得到广泛的应用。

       随着MRI技术的优化,常规MRI序列[T1WI、T2WI、对比增强T1加权图像(contrast-enhanced T1WI, CE-T1WI)、弥散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging, DWI)]上的影像特征受到临床医生越来越多的重视。多项研究[20, 21, 22]探究了原发肿瘤的侵犯范围(如颅底骨质侵犯,软组织浸润等),以及淋巴结的其他形态学特征(如包膜外侵,淋巴结坏死等)在NPC患者诱导化疗疗效评估以及预后预测中的价值。然而,目前还没有系统性的综述讨论基于常规MRI的影像特征在NPC预后预测中的价值。因此,本文梳理了近年来在常规MRI上原发灶和转移淋巴结的特征在NPC患者中的预后预测价值,以期加深医生对常规MRI的重视以及为NPC治疗决策制订和预后精准评估提供帮助。

1 原发肿瘤MRI影像学特征在NPC患者预后预测中的价值

       第八版美国癌症联合委员会(American Joint Committee on Cancer, AJCC)分期系统根据原发肿瘤的外侵程度,将侵犯咽旁间隙和/或邻近软组织(翼内肌、翼外肌、椎前肌)的患者归为T2期,并将侵犯颅底骨质、颈椎、翼状结构和/或鼻旁窦的患者归为T3期[23]。随着MRI技术的更新迭代,颅底骨质以及软组织浸润的评估变得更加容易且准确,有研究[20, 24]提出在相同T分期的NPC患者中,不同程度的颅底骨质侵犯或软组织浸润的患者有不同的预后,应当对其进行进一步细分。

1.1 原发肿瘤周围颅底骨质侵犯

       LI等[21]纳入了来自双中心的无远处转移的1752名NPC患者,将T3期患者按照颅底的浸润程度分为轻度(仅侵犯翼状窝和或蝶骨基底部)和重度(其余颅底侵犯)两大类,结果发现重度侵犯的T3期患者总生存期(overall survival, OS)、无进展生存期(progress-free survival, PFS)明显低于轻度侵犯T3期患者(5年OS:81.5% vs. 92.3%,P=0.001;5年PFS:71.5% vs. 83.0%,P=0.002),而轻度侵犯的T3期患者OS,PFS和T2期患者之间差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。该研究进一步发现接受诱导化疗的重度侵犯T3期患者5年OS和5年PFS明显优于未接受诱导化疗的重度侵犯的T3期患者(P值均<0.05),而在轻度侵犯的T3期患者中并未能从诱导化疗中获益(P值均>0.05)。DU等[20]的大样本多中心研究也得到了类似的结果,并提出将轻度颅底侵犯的NPC患者从原来的T3期降级到T2期。新的T分期系统在组间患者分布以及预后分层上展现出了更好的优势[20]

       CHAN等[25]纳入了从1990年到2017年之间伴有颅底侵犯的208例复发T3期NPC患者,所有患者均接受挽救性手术治疗。研究结果发现伴有蝶窦外侧壁,斜坡前后侵犯的患者术后切缘阳性率以及肿瘤复发率更高(P<0.05)。综上,不同程度的颅底骨质侵犯具有不同的预后,因此临床医生要更加仔细评估NPC颅底骨质侵犯情况。

1.2 原发肿瘤周围颅底软组织浸润

       KANG等[26]纳入了在2008年1月到2010年3月期间接受调强放疗的608名NPC患者,探究咀嚼肌间隙浸润情况对预后的影响。该研究结果显示伴有咀嚼肌间隙浸润的患者的OS和无局部区域复发生存期(local relapse-free survival, LRFS)明显低于无咀嚼肌间隙浸润的患者(5年OS:75.6% vs. 86.7%,P=0.043;5年LRFS:81.5% vs. 88.6%,P=0.048),然而无远处转移生存期(distant metastasis-free survival, DMFS)差异无统计学意义(5年DMFS:80.3% vs. 85.0%,P=0.147)。该研究[26]进一步亚组分析显示与仅有翼内肌浸润的患者相比,同时伴有翼外肌浸润的患者OS,LRFS更短(P值均<0.05),其风险比(hazard ratio, HR)分别为1.676 [95%置信区间(confidence interval, CI):1.117~2.515,P=0.013]和3.287(95% CI:1.189~9.083,P=0.022)。

       DONG等[27]将NPC周围软组织浸润程度分为三度(轻度:腭帆提肌、腭帆张肌浸润;中度:椎前肌浸润;重度:翼内肌、翼外肌、颞下窝浸润),结果发现三组5年OS分别为90.5%、81.7%、70.4%,5年PFS分别为82.9%、72.5%、61.2%,组间差异具有统计学意义(P值均<0.05),并且在重度软组织浸润的患者中,诱导化疗能明显提高生存期[5年OS(有vs.无):84.5% vs. 70.7%,P=0.034]。

       此外,CUI等[28]的研究将1225名初诊NPC患者的颅底软组织浸润进一步细分成六类,利用网络分析探究不同软组织浸润与生存之间的关系,研究结果提出应将伴有双侧咽旁间隙或者颈动脉鞘浸润的T2期患者升级为T3期。QUAN等[29]的研究结果发现诱导化疗能够明显提高伴有颈动脉鞘浸润的NPC患者的OS(HR:0.42,P=0.019)。CHAN等[30]研究发现即使接受了肿瘤完全切除,伴有颈内动脉包绕的复发的Ⅱ期NPC患者更容易发生系统性转移(P=0.03)且具有更差的5年OS(P=0.03)。综上,原发肿瘤浸润的颅底软组织范围越广,患者治疗失败的风险越高。此外,我们应当注意到诱导化疗的使用可以明显提高部分患者的生存期。

1.3 原发肿瘤坏死

       JIANG等[31]研究发现原发肿瘤坏死是局部晚期NPC患者诱导化疗治疗反应以及PFS的不良独立预测因子。此外,SUN等[32]纳入了9298名NPC患者,结果发现放疗后鼻咽部坏死(MRI表现:不连续的黏膜线以及软组织缺损,无强化[33])的发生率约为2.9%,且通过多因素Cox回归分析发现其是OS的不良独立预测因子(HR:3.87,P<0.001)。此外,在两个独立验证组里均观察到伴有放疗后鼻咽部坏死的患者预后明显更差(P值均<0.001)。

       综上,各项研究精准评估了原发肿瘤的颅底结构浸润情况并证实了不同浸润程度的NPC具有完全不同的治疗反应及预后。因此,在临床实践中,临床医生应当更加细致地评估原发肿瘤周围结构的浸润情况。但是由于颅底结构较为复杂,即使常规MRI技术分辨率明显提升,其准确评估仍然较为困难,且该情况在经验不足的年轻医生中尤其明显。未来随着人工智能辅助诊断技术的不断发展,可能会很好的改善这一不足。

2 淋巴结MRI影像学特征在NPC患者预后预测中的价值

       头颈部转移淋巴结的影像诊断标准[34, 35]:(1)任何大小的内侧咽后组淋巴结,外侧咽后组淋巴结短径大于5 mm,Ⅱ区淋巴结短径大于11 mm,余颈部淋巴结短径大于10 mm;(2)伴有包膜外侵犯或者坏死;(3)三个或以上淋巴结融合,每个淋巴结短径大于8 mm。目前,第八版TNM分期系统只纳入了淋巴结大小和位置特征,而近年来多项研究已证实基于常规MRI的淋巴结的其他特征在预后预测中的价值。

2.1 淋巴结包膜外侵犯

       淋巴结包膜外侵犯(extra-nodal extension, ENE)被定义为淋巴结融合,边界欠清或侵入周围脂肪间隙或肌肉[36]。有研究发现咽后组淋巴结ENE(P<0.001)和颈部淋巴结ENE(P<0.001)均是NPC患者诱导化疗疗效的独立危险因子[31]。也有研究发现伴有淋巴结ENE的NPC患者有更短的DMFS(HR:1.52,P=0.016)和PFS(HR:1.78,P=0.004)[34]。MAO等[37]的研究将淋巴结ENE分为四级:0级,无包膜外侵;1级,只侵犯结节周围脂肪;2级,淋巴结融合;3级,淋巴结侵入周围组织结构。该研究结果发现3级ENE是NPC患者OS(HR:1.87,P<0.001),PFS(HR:1.74,P<0.001),DMFS(HR:1.85,P=0.004)以及LRFS(HR:2.28,P=0.003)的独立危险因子,因此,提出将N1或N2期伴有3级ENE的NPC患者归为N3期,该分类标准相较于第八版分期标准在多项研究中展现出更好的优势[38, 39, 40]。综上,ENE不仅是NPC患者转移淋巴结评估的一个重要指标,还在NPC预后预测中发挥着重要价值。

2.2 淋巴结坏死

       淋巴结坏死在MRI上表现为局灶性T2WI高信号,增强T1WI低信号伴或不伴环形强化[41]。LIU等[42]纳入1224例初诊无远处转移的NPC患者,结果发现淋巴结坏死是OS(HR:1.52,P=0.017),PFS(HR:1.47,P=0.006),DMFS(HR:1.57,P=0.014)的独立危险因子。JIANG等[31]的研究也得到了类似的结果。LI等[34]的研究将淋巴结坏死特点进行细分(如淋巴结坏死数目,单或双侧淋巴结坏死),结果发现多发淋巴结坏死(数目大于等于3个)是DMFS(HR:2.05,P=0.020)和PFS(HR:1.78,P=0.004)的不良独立预测因子,且单或双侧淋巴结坏死是LPFS的独立预测因子(HR:1.94,P=0.035)。该研究进一步亚组分析显示伴有多发淋巴结坏死的NPC患者更能从诱导化疗中获益(P=0.030)。BIN等[43]回顾性纳入648名病理证实的NPC患者,逐层分别勾画转移淋巴结以及淋巴结的坏死区域,并将两者相除以探究转移淋巴结坏死比率的预后价值。结果发现坏死比率大于17.37%的患者与无淋巴结坏死的患者相比具有更短OS(HR:1.77,P=0.003),PFS(HR:1.64,P=0.007)以及DMFS(HR:1.62,P=0.019)。

       约8.5%(33/387例)的NPC患者在放疗结束后出现咽后组淋巴结坏死[44]。CAO等[44]研究发现放疗后咽后组淋巴结发生坏死的患者更容易出现远处转移(HR:2.88,P=0.002),也更能从诱导化疗中获益[5年DMFS:85.3%(诱导化疗组)vs. 56.5%(无诱导化疗组),P<0.001]。综上,淋巴结坏死的数目、面积以及位置是NPC预后评估的预测因子。发生坏死的淋巴结数目越多,坏死的面积越大,NPC患者的预后就越差。

2.3 淋巴结数量

       转移淋巴结的累积效应也在多项研究中得到证实。ZHAO等[45]纳入792例NPC患者(其中N1期患者438例),由两位高年资医师分别统计每例患者的转移淋巴结个数,并使用最大选择秩统计量确定最佳截断值(4个)。该研究结果发现无论是在所有患者(N0~N3期)中还是在N1期患者中,转移淋巴结个数大于4的患者具有明显更短的OS(HR:3.32,P=0.008),DMFS(HR:3.48,P=0.001)以及PFS(HR:2.25,P=0.009)。研究者进一步采用配对分析显示,NPC患者(转移淋巴结个数>4)更能从诱导化疗中获益(P<0.05)。MA等[35]将转移淋巴结数量进一步分为四组(无风险组:0个转移淋巴结;低风险组:1~4个转移淋巴结;中风险组:5~9个转移淋巴结;高风险组:>9个转移淋巴结),并提出将处于高风险组的N2期患者升级到N3期,结果显示新提出的N分期系统在OS(C指数:0.747 vs. 0.741,P=0.002),PFS(C指数:0.674 vs. 0.669, P=0.035)上明显优于第八版N分期。此外,ZHOU等[46]研究发现转移淋巴结的累积区域数(≤1;2~6;≥7)也是DMFS(HR:2.45,P<0.001)的独立危险因子。综上,NPC的转移淋巴结数量/区域越多,患者预后越差。因此找到一个准确可靠的NPC转移淋巴结评估标准至关重要。

2.4 淋巴结成簇或融合

       淋巴结成簇(nodal grouping, NG)定义为在一个区域内三个及以上的淋巴结[42]。LIU等[42]研究发现NG是NPC患者OS(HR:1.64,P=0.011),PFS(HR:1.62,P=0.002),DMFS(HR:1.97,P=0.001)和LRFS(HR:1.62,P=0.037)的独立危险因子,且在N1和N2期患者中,伴有NG的患者接受诱导化疗后表现出更长的OS(P=0.022)、PFS(P=0.007)以及DMFS(P=0.021)。淋巴结融合(matted lymph nodes, MLN)定义为大于等于3个相邻淋巴结,中间脂肪部分被包膜外侵所替代[47, 48]。DONG等[49]研究发现约24.6%(195/792)的患者发生MLN,且发生MLN的NPC患者具有明显更短的OS(P<0.001),DMFS(P<0.001)和PFS(P=0.034)。因此,临床上医生不仅要评估转移淋巴结内部的特点,还要着眼于一个区域内部以及淋巴结周围的情况,当NPC淋巴结发生NG或MLN征象时,往往提示患者预后较差。

2.5 淋巴结位置

       NPC患者不管伴有单侧还是双侧咽后组转移淋巴结均被归为N1期[50]。HUANG等[51]探究了单/双侧咽后组淋巴结转移对NPC预后的影响,该研究纳入了1225名病理证实的NPC患者,其中474(38.7%)例患者有单侧咽后组淋巴结转移,337(27.5%)例患者有双侧咽后组淋巴结转移。在N1期患者中,单侧咽后组转移的患者5年OS(89.4% vs. 82.6%,P=0.016),5年DMFS(91.5% vs. 82.9%,P=0.004)以及5年PFS(80.3% vs. 71.2%,P=0.016)明显高于伴有双侧咽后组转移的患者。MA等[52]的研究引入了区域淋巴结密度(regional lymph node density, RLND)这一概念,其定义为转移淋巴结数量除以受累颈部区域数量。经过73个月(中位时间)的随访,结果显示RLND是OS(HR:1.36,P=0.031)和PFS(HR:1.30,P=0.047)的独立危险因子。

       根据第八版AJCC分期系统,转移淋巴结位于环状软骨尾状端以下归为N3期。既往研究也发现伴有颈部低水平淋巴结转移的NPC患者预后更差[52]。LIU等[22]研究了1164例NPC患者(743例为双侧淋巴结转移)的1907个最尾端转移淋巴结距第一颈椎横突下缘中点的距离(spread distance, SD)在预后预测以及治疗决策制定中的价值。利用X-tile软件确定最佳截断值为7 cm,研究结果发现SD是OS、DMFS、PFS的独立预测因子(HR分别为1.725、1.553、1.414,P值分别为0.005、0.026、0.023)。该研究进一步亚组分析显示诱导化疗明显提升N1-2期NPC患者(SD>7 cm)的OS(P=0.033),而在剩余患者(SD≤7 cm)中,同步放化疗在OS,DMFS和PFS上表现出更好的优势(所有P≤0.005)。综上,转移淋巴结的单/双侧以及与原发肿瘤之间的距离均是NPC预后的独立预测因子。转移淋巴结位置离原发肿瘤越远,NPC患者发生转移或者复发风险增高,患者预后越差。

2.6 咽后组淋巴结大小

       PENG等[53]纳入1638名非远处转移NPC患者发现咽后组转移淋巴结轴位最短径(>1.5 cm vs. ≤1.5 cm)是OS(HR:1.59,P=0.02),PFS(HR:1.63,P<0.001)以及DMFS(HR:1.75,P=0.002)的独立预测因子,并提出将伴有咽后组转移淋巴结轴位最短径>1.5 cm的患者归为N2期。

       综上,转移淋巴结的多维度影像特点有助于精准预测NPC患者预后,在治疗前综合评估颈部转移淋巴结的MRI特点(ENE、坏死、数量、NG、MLN、位置、大小等)能够为临床治疗提供额外的信息。但目前研究中对于转移淋巴结的判定标准均基于影像学,仍存在一定的假阳性和假阴性的风险,因此需要进一步研究。

3 总结与展望

       治疗前准确预测NPC预后十分重要,这有助于及时调整治疗和随访策略。常规MRI技术稳定性高、图像质量好、普遍性广,使得临床医生能够更加细致、全面地评估NPC原发肿瘤的浸润情况以及转移淋巴结的特点。随着MRI研究的不断细致深入以及人工智能技术的不断完善,相信未来能够实现更加准确的治疗前NPC预后预测,以提升患者的生存率和生存质量。

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