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临床研究
长期过量饮酒者心肌损伤的心脏磁共振特征追踪技术的成像评价
刘新峰 刘江勇 廖旦 付隽 王荣品

Cite this article as: LIU X F, LIU J Y, LIAO D, et al. Imaging evaluation of long-term over-drinkers myocardial injury by cardiac magnetic resonance feature tracking techniques[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2024, 15(9): 68-73.本文引用格式:刘新峰, 刘江勇, 廖旦, 等. 长期过量饮酒者心肌损伤的心脏磁共振特征追踪技术的成像评价[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(9): 68-73. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.09.012.


[摘要] 目的 探讨长期过量饮酒者心肌损伤心脏磁共振特征追踪技术(cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking technology, CMR-FT)成像的评价价值,并就过量饮酒者左室心肌应变参数影响因素进行分析。材料与方法 39例长期过量饮酒者(饮酒组)和20例无饮酒史健康志愿者(对照组)行心脏磁共振检查,采用CVI42软件计算左室心肌各向应变参数,就两组左室整体心肌应变参数做统计学分析,采用多元线性回归方程分析饮酒组左室各向应变损伤程度与日均酒精摄入量、饮酒时长的关系,构建受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线,计算左室整体心肌各向应变在鉴别两组的诊断效能。结果 饮酒组左室整体心肌径向、周向、纵向应变分别为29.43%(19.60%,33.97%)、-17.14%(-19.38%,-13.57%)、-13.75%(-16.37%,-9.89%),均低于对照组,饮酒组左室收缩期及舒张期各向峰值应变率也低于对照组(P<0.05)。回归方程分析表明日均酒精摄入量、饮酒时长是左室各向应变影响因素,日均酒精摄入量对各向应变影响大于饮酒时长。左室整体心肌各向应变鉴别两组的敏感度均在70%以上。结论 CMR-FT技术能够定量评价过量饮酒者左室心肌应变损伤程度,日均酒精摄入量、饮酒时长是左室心肌应变损伤程度重要影响因素。
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the evaluation value of cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking technology (CMR-FT) in patients with long-term over-drinkers, and analyze the influencing factors of left ventricular myocardial strain parameters in patients.Materials and Methods A total of 39 long-term over-drinker were recruited (drinking group) and 20 healthy volunteers with no drinking history (control group) were examined cardiac magnetic resonance cine examination. The global left ventricular anisotropic strain parameters of two groups were calculated by CVI42 software, and the parameters of the two groups were statistically analyzed. Multiple linear regression equation was used to analyze the relationship between the degree of left ventricular strain damage and average daily alcohol consumption and drinking time in drinking group. ROC curve was constructed to calculate the overall left ventricular anisotropic strain in the differential diagnosis of the two groups.Results The radial, circumferential and longitudinal strains of the whole left ventricular myocardium in the drinking group were 29.43% (19.60%, 33.97%), -17.14% (-19.38%, -13.57%), -13.75% (-16.37%, -9.89%), respectively, which were lower than those in the control group. The peak strain rates of the left ventricular systolic and diastolic phases in the drinking group were also lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Regression equation analysis showed that daily alcohol consumption and drinking time were the influencing factors of left ventricular strain, and daily alcohol consumption has a greater impact on strain than drinking time. The sensitivity of distinguishing the overall myocardial strain of the left ventricle in both groups is above 70%.Conclusions CMR-FT technique can quantitatively evaluate left ventricular myocardial strain in over-drinkers. The average daily alcohol consumption and drinking time are important factors influencing the degree of left ventricular myocardial strain injury.
[关键词] 磁共振成像;过量饮酒者;特征追踪;心肌应变;影响因素
[Keywords] magnetic resonance;over-drinkers;feature tracking;myocardial strain;influencing factor

刘新峰    刘江勇    廖旦    付隽    王荣品 *  

贵州省人民医院医学影像科,贵阳 550002

通信作者:王荣品,E-mail: wangrongpin@126.com

作者贡献声明::王荣品设计本研究的方案,对稿件重要内容进行了修改;刘新峰起草和撰写稿件,获取、分析和解释本研究的数据;刘江勇、廖旦、付隽获取、分析或解释本研究的数据,对稿件重要内容进行了修改;王荣品获得了贵州省高层次创新型“百层次”人才培养项目,刘新峰获得了贵州省科技计划项目、贵州省卫生健康委员会科学技术基金项目、贵州省高层次创新型“千层次”人才培养项目资金资助。全体作者都同意发表最后的修改稿,同意对本研究的所有方面负责,确保本研究的准确性和诚信。


基金项目: 贵州省科技计划项目 黔科合成果-LC〔2023〕022 贵州省卫生健康委员会科学技术基金项目 gzwkj2021-373号 贵州省高层次创新型“千层次”人才培养项目 GZSYQCC〔2024〕004 贵州省高层次创新型“百层次”人才培养项目 黔科合平台人才-GCC〔2022〕041-1
收稿日期:2024-06-19
接受日期:2024-09-10
中图分类号:R445.2  R542.2 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.09.012
本文引用格式:刘新峰, 刘江勇, 廖旦, 等. 长期过量饮酒者心肌损伤的心脏磁共振特征追踪技术的成像评价[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(9): 68-73. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.09.012.

0 引言

       中国营养学会发布的《中国居民膳食指南科学研究报告》2021版指出,饮酒者日均摄取酒精量≥15 g定义为过量饮酒,2015至2017年数据显示,我国男女性过量饮酒者分别为56.8%、27.8%[1]。《中国居民膳食指南》2022版进一步提出少盐少油,控糖限酒,成人一天最大饮酒建议不超过15 g[2]。过量饮酒除导致胃肠道、乳腺、肝脏等患癌风险增加外[3, 4, 5],乙醇及其代谢产物乙醛等对心血管系统产生毒性作用如线粒体断裂,心肌细胞坏死、凋亡,进而引起心衰、房颤、酒精性心肌病甚至死亡[6, 7]。据统计,不当饮酒已成为导致欧洲死亡和残疾的第三大因素,约占死亡人数的5.5%[8]。牛津大学和北京大学2023年联合发表在《柳叶刀》子刊杂志上研究预测在我国,饮酒导致死亡约占男性死亡人数7%~8%[9],是较高的死亡危险因素。

       心脏磁共振特征追踪(cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking technology, CMR-FT)技术作为一种新兴分析心肌应变损伤技术,该技术以应变参数数值变化来反映心肌功能的改变,其在评价心室功能障碍方面具有优势[10, 11],它可以通过追踪心肌内外膜的运动轨迹计算心肌形变程度来发现早期心肌功能改变,而且研究表明心肌因患病导致功能损伤时,CMR-FT应变参数改变要早于射血分数的改变[12, 13]。长期过量饮酒会产生大量乙醛,引起左室心肌收缩功能下降,表现为心腔扩大,以左心室增大为主。目前,对于长期过量饮酒的心肌形变的研究较少,主要采用超声斑点追踪技术只对左室心肌整体应变分析[14, 15],未对应变率等应变参数分析,而基于CMR-FT对过量饮酒心肌功能的研究未见相关报道。因此,本研究采用CMR-FT技术的各向应变、双期应变率等应变参数来分析过量饮酒者左室心肌功能的损伤程度,既丰富了研究参数,提高了研究结果的可靠性,也进一步验证了心肌应变参数对于过量饮酒者左室心肌功能评估重要价值,同时对左室心肌应变参数影响因素进行分析,为临床病情分析、治疗决策等提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究对象

       2021年6月至2024年3月在贵州人民医院职工中招募饮酒时长≥1年过量饮酒志愿者或因过量饮酒在贵州省人民医院就诊的患者39例为饮酒组,其中男30例,女9例,记录饮酒组常规饮酒量、饮酒度数及饮酒时长(饮酒史的时间跨度)。入组标准:(1)年龄>18周岁;(2)饮酒时长≥1年,日均酒精摄入量≥15 g,酒精摄入量计算公式:饮酒量(mL)×酒精浓度(%)×0.8(酒精密度)=酒精摄入量(g)[16];(3)生命体征稳定。排除标准:(1)有MRI检查禁忌证;(2)患有糖尿病、高血压、心肌炎、冠心病及心肌病等心血管疾病患者。于2022年12月至2023年12月在本院职工中招募性别年龄与饮酒组差异无统计学意义的健康志愿者20例(男15例、女5例)为对照组,对照组的纳入标准:(1)年龄>18周岁;(2)既往无饮酒史;(3)经问询、体格检查及心脏磁共振检查、心电图等无明显异常。排除标准:(1)有MRI检查禁忌证;(2)患有糖尿病、高血压、心肌炎、冠心病及心肌病等心血管疾病患者;(3)既往体检存在其他影响实验结果的疾病。本研究遵守《赫尔辛基宣言》,经贵州省人民医院伦理委员会批准,批准文号:伦审(2022)314号,全体受试者均签署了知情同意书。

1.2 图像采集

       采用1.5 T磁共振扫描仪(MAGNETOM Aera,Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany)对受试者行心脏扫描,线圈采用8通道相控阵体部接收线圈,扫描前依次对受检者讲解磁共振检查注意事项、签署知情同意书、呼吸训练,受检者取仰卧位、扫描采用心电门控,采集两腔、三腔、四腔、及短轴位电影图像,采用呼气末屏气的平衡稳态自由进动脉冲序列(breath-holding balanced steady-state free-precession, bSSFP)采集电影图像,bSSFP序列参数:TE 1.74 ms,TR 58.35 ms,带宽920 Hz,FOV 340 mm×276 mm,频率编码192,偏转角100°,层厚8 mm,层间距1.6 mm,采集矩阵156×192。

1.3 图像后处理

       图像后处理在CVI 42软件5.16.0版完成,将原始图像输入到后处理软件,先对心脏形态学等观察分析,然后打开心肌应变处理模块,首先采用软件自动识别心内膜及心外膜,再人工检查校正的方式完成勾画轮廓,软件计算左室整体心肌的各向应变、应变率并输出牛眼图(图1)。随机选取10例研究对象(5例饮酒组、5例对照组),由两名具有3年以上心血管工作经验主治医生独立进行左室整体应变参数测量,其中一名观察者5天后再进行一次分析,分别用于观察者间和观察者内的可重复性评价。所有应变参数测量均由该两名具有3年以上心血管工作经验主治医生对受试者情况未知情况下完成,取其均值为最终结果。

图1  男,57岁,长期过量饮酒患者(30年饮酒史),临床诊断为酒精性心肌病。1A:舒张末期四腔心层面,左室心腔增大,左室游离壁变薄;1B:收缩末期四腔心层面,左室心腔增大,二尖瓣中度反流;1C:心肌应变分析图,在舒张末期短轴位勾画左室的心内膜(红色)和心外膜轮廓(绿色);1D~1F:左心室整体心肌应变牛眼图。1D:径向应变牛眼图;1E:周向应变牛眼图;1F:纵向应变牛眼图。1D~1F左侧色阶代表心肌应变值大小,由蓝色到红色代表应变值逐渐变大。Fig. 1 A 57-year-old man has a long history of excessive drinking (30 years of drinking history), which is clinically diagnosed with alcoholic cardiomyopathy. 1A: The four-chamber cardiac level during diastolic period, the left ventricular ventricle is enlarged and the left ventricular free wall becomes thinner. 1B: The four-chamber cardiac level during end-systole,the left ventricular heart cavity is enlarged and there is moderate mitral regurgitation; 1C: Myocardial strain analysis diagram, outlining the endocardium (red) and epicardium contour
Fig. 1  A 57-year-old man has a long history of excessive drinking (30 years of drinking history), which is clinically diagnosed with alcoholic cardiomyopathy. 1A: The four-chamber cardiac level during diastolic period, the left ventricular ventricle is enlarged and the left ventricular free wall becomes thinner. 1B: The four-chamber cardiac level during end-systole, the left ventricular heart cavity is enlarged and there is moderate mitral regurgitation; 1C: Myocardial strain analysis diagram, outlining the endocardium (red) and epicardium contour (green) of the left ventricle in the short axis at the end of diastole; 1D-1F: Bull's eye map of global myocardial strain of left ventricle in alcohol drinkers. 1D: Radial strain bull's eye map; 1E: Circumferential strain bull's eye map; 1F: Longitudinal strain bull's eye map. The left color scale in 1D to 1F represents the strain value of left ventricular myocardium, and the left color scale from blue to red represents the strain value gradually increasing.

1.4 统计学分析

       采用SPSS 19.0软件及R studio 4.3.0软件进行统计学分析,对饮酒组与对照组左室整体心肌的各向应变、收缩期及舒张期的应变率分析,符合正态分布的计量资料用均数±标准差,两组间比较采用独立本t检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料采用M(Q1,Q3)表示,两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;设日均酒精摄入量为(X1)克、饮酒时长(X2)年,ŷ为左室心肌各向应变值,构建多元线性回归方程分析饮酒组左室各向应变与日均酒精摄入量、饮酒时长的关系;构建受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线,计算左室整体心肌各向应变在鉴别两组诊断效能,取P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。可重复性检验采用组内相关系数(intra-class correlation efficient, ICC)和95%置信区间表示,ICC>0.75表明一致性较好。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组一般资料

       两组在性别、年龄、身高及身体质量指数基本资料对比(表1),研究对象中11例饮酒者表现为左心室扩大,室壁变薄,其中8例患者临床诊断为酒精性心肌病,余患者心脏形态及室壁未见明显异常。

表1  两组基本资料对比
Tab. 1  Comparison of two groups of basic data

2.2 两组间左室心肌应变参数比较

       饮酒组左室整体心肌径向、周向、纵向应变分别为29.43%(19.60%,33.97%)、-17.14%(-19.38%,-13.57%)、-13.75%(-16.37%,-9.89%),均低于对照组,饮酒组左室收缩期及舒张期各向峰值应变率也低于对照组(P<0.05)(表2)。

表2  饮酒组与对照组应变参数资料对比
Tab. 2  Comparison of the strain parameters of between drinking group and control group

2.3 饮酒组心肌应变参数影响因素分析

       经SPSS 19.0软件计算左室径向应变回归方程为:ŷ=43.87-0.21X1-0.30X2;左室周向、纵向应变回归方程分别为:ŷ=-25.28+0.13X1+0.16X2、ŷ=-20.10+0.10X1+0.09X2,各向应变回归方程表明左室各向应变损伤程度受日均酒精摄入量、饮酒时长影响,日均酒精摄入量越大,饮酒时长越长、各向应变功能损伤越严重,根据标准偏回归系数绝对值越大说明相应变量对其影响越大,日均酒精摄入量标准偏回归系数绝对值分别为0.79、0.85、0.82均大于饮酒时长标准偏回归系数绝对值,其对各向应变影响大于饮酒时长(表3)。

表3  回归系数估计及检验结果
Tab. 3  Regression coefficient estimation and test results

2.4 左室整体心肌的各向应变诊断效能

       左室整体心肌径向应变鉴别饮酒组与对照组诊断效能最高,AUC为0.958,其敏感度为87.2%,诊断准确率为91.5%,周向应变和纵向应变鉴别饮酒组与对照组敏感度分别为71.8%、76.9%,准确率也在80%左右(图2表4)。

图2  左室整体心肌各向应变鉴别两组的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线图。
Fig. 2  Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of left ventricular global myocardial anisotropic strain differentiation between the two groups.
表4  左室整体心肌各向应变诊断效能
Tab. 4  Diagnostic efficacy of global left ventricular myocardial anisotropic strain

2.5 一致性分析

       随机选取10例研究对象对左室整体心肌应变参数的观察者间和观察者内的一致性分析。结果显示观察者间和观察者内的ICC均>0.75,表明左室主要心肌应变参数观察者间和观察者内的一致性均较好(表5)。

表5  左室心肌应变参数观察者间与观察者内的一致性分析
Tab. 5  Inter-observer and intra-observer consistency analysis of left ventricular myocardial strain parameters

3 讨论

       本研究在国内首次采用CMR-FT技术对长期过量饮酒者的左室心肌形变能力进行分析并探讨其影响因素,结果指出饮酒组左室整体心肌各向应变、应变率均低于对照组,左室整体心肌径向、周向及纵向应变鉴别两组的敏感度分别为87.2%、71.8%、76.9%,均在70%以上,表明CMR-FT技术可以对长期过量饮酒导致心肌功能损伤程度进行评价,对临床的诊断具有一定的诊断价值。

3.1 两组间左室心肌应变参数分析

       既往对于长期过量饮酒引起心肌损伤主要集中在超声斑点追踪技术心肌应变,如HAMALA等[15]收集了65名过度饮酒者及30名对照组,采用超声斑点追踪技术分析其左室整体心肌纵向应变,发现饮酒组的整体心肌纵向应变低于对照组。袁莉芳等[17]采用该技术进一步对比分析了60例酒精性心肌病患者与60例志愿者右室心肌应变能力,病例组右室纵向应变较对照组明显下降,可见心肌应变分析可用于饮酒组心肌功能评估。但文献并未对左室心肌的径向、周向应变及各向应变率进行分析,因此,本研究进一步对比分析了饮酒组与对照组左室整体心肌应变、收缩期及舒张期峰值应变率,饮酒组左室整体心肌径向应变、周向应变、纵向应变均较对照组下降,收缩期及舒张期峰值应变率相对于对照组也不同程度降低,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),表明长期过量饮酒者左室心肌应变损伤程度可以采用CMR-FT技术进行评价。当长期过量饮酒,乙醇会引起氧化应激反应,产生大量乙醛,破坏心脏兴奋-收缩耦合,导致心肌收缩功能下降,同时破坏心肌细胞膜的完整性,引起细胞膜通透性改变,钾、镁离子丢失,线粒体功能障碍,心肌顺应性下降,心肌舒张功能也会受损[18, 19]。在心脏形态学上,长期大量饮酒后期会引起心腔扩大、心壁变薄,导致酒精性心肌病,本组研究对象中11例饮酒者表现为左心室室扩大,室壁变薄,其中8例患者临床诊断为酒精性心肌病,分析其原因发现,11例患者日均酒精摄入量均>60 g,而且饮酒时长均在10年以上。

3.2 饮酒组心肌应变参数影响因素分析

       XU等[20]根据日均酒精摄入量、饮酒时长及频率,将过量饮酒者分为轻中重度饮酒者,轻度(日均酒精摄入量>90 mg或>2~3瓶啤酒,连续5~8年,每周3~5天)、中度(日均酒精摄入量90 mg>每天2~3瓶啤酒,持续9~20年,每周3~5天)和重度(日均酒精摄入量>150 mg乙醇或>4瓶啤酒,持续超过10年,每周6~7天),其研究指出与非饮酒者的健康对照组和轻度饮酒组相比,中、重度组的左房应变率均有所降低。孙艳红等[21]通过分组研究发现早期酒精性心肌病患者左室周向峰值应变与饮酒量、饮酒时长有关,饮酒量相同,饮酒时长越长,周向峰值应变下降也明显,饮酒时长基本一致时,饮酒量越多者,周向峰值应变也明显下降,但该研究是在二维超声下完成,易受操作者手法及图像质量影响,而且仅研究周向峰值应变。本研究采用多元线性回归方程分析饮酒组左室各向应变与日均酒精摄入量、饮酒时长的关系,指出日均酒精摄入量越大,饮酒时长越长、各向应变功能损伤越严重,而且日均酒精摄入量对各向应变影响大于饮酒时长,与以上研究结论具有较好的一致性。这提示我们在日常生活中不要大量饮酒,同时也要兼顾饮酒时长,减轻过度饮酒对心肌造成的损伤,避免心血管不良事件发生[22]

3.3 左室整体心肌各向应变诊断效能

       以往的研究[23, 24]表明,CMR-FT技术对心血管疾病诊断与鉴别诊断具有较高的诊断效能,YE等[25]采用CMR-FT技术对100例急性心肌梗死的患者左室应变参数分析发现,左室心肌周向应变和纵向应变对抬高型心肌梗死诊断敏感度均在90%以上,AUC也在0.8左右,ZHU等[26]将该技术的左室纵向应变参数用于鉴别左室心肌致密化不全与扩张型心肌病,心尖部纵向应变AUC可达0.883,表明心肌应变参数具有较高的诊断能力。HAO等[27]将该技术推广用到亚临床肥厚性心肌病和亚临床高血压性心脏病鉴别诊断,发现左室整体径向应变最有效,敏感度和特异度分别为84%和88%,AUC为0.885,冉纯杰等[28]进一步探讨了左室整体径向、周向、纵向应变在诊断心肌淀粉样变性价值,发现各向应变对心肌淀粉样变性具有较好的诊断价值,敏感度均在75%以上。本研究结果表明左室整体心肌各向应变在诊断饮酒组心肌损伤方面也具有极高价值,径向应变诊断效能最高,AUC为0.958,诊断准确率为91.5%,周向应变和纵向应变诊断敏感性也在70%以上,分别为71.8%、76.9%。这为我们下一步对复杂心肌病变的诊断提供了新思路。

3.4 局限性

       本研究存在一定不足:首先,饮酒组均来自本地区,地域之间应变参数可能存在一定差异;其次,饮酒组在计算日均酒精摄入量时,是以个人常规饮酒量及饮酒度数等计算,结果可能存在一定偏倚;另外,本研究只对两组左室应变能力进行了分析,但长期过量饮酒可能对右心室的应变能力也有影响,这需要在下一步研究中进行探讨。在饮酒组应变参数的影响因素方面,研究对两个主要影响因素进行了探讨,可能存在一些细小因素对参数值有一定影响。

4 结论

       总之,CMR-FT技术可以通过计算心肌内外膜的运动轨迹来发现早期心肌功能改变并定量其损伤程度[29, 30],对长期过量饮酒心肌损伤也有一定诊断价值,为临床的治疗及随访提供影像数据支持。此外,该技术在系统性硬皮病、结缔组织病、新型冠状病毒感染等[31, 32]特殊疾病引起心肌功能损伤方面评估也表现出了极高的价值,相信随着推广应用深入,CMR-FT技术价值将会更大。

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上一篇 基于组织特征追踪的心脏磁共振左房应变分析在肥厚型心肌病左室舒张功能障碍评估中的价值
下一篇 CMR技术评估肥厚型心肌病患者左心房心肌形变的初步研究
  
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