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临床研究
IVIM全容积定量参数与直肠腺癌神经脉管侵犯、MSI状态及Ki-67指数的相关性研究
蒋雯丽 蒋伟 韦鑫 陈媛媛 刘欣杰 陈金华 陈维娟

Cite this article as: JIANG W L, JIANG W, WEI X, et al. Correlation of full-volume IVIM quantitative parameters with neurovascular invasion, MSI status, and Ki-67 index in rectal adenocarcinoma[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2024, 15(9): 80-85, 93.本文引用格式:蒋雯丽, 蒋伟, 韦鑫, 等. IVIM全容积定量参数与直肠腺癌神经脉管侵犯、MSI状态及Ki-67指数的相关性研究[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(9): 80-85, 93. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.09.014.


[摘要] 目的 探讨体素内不相干运动(intravoxel incoherent motion, IVIM)全肿瘤容积参数与直肠腺癌患者神经侵犯(perineural invasion, PNI)、脉管侵犯(lymphovascular invasion, LVI)、微卫星不稳定性(microsatellite instability, MSI)状态及Ki-67指数的相关性。材料与方法 回顾性分析136例直肠腺癌患者的影像资料和临床资料,测量病灶IVIM全容积参数包括真实扩散系数(D)、伪扩散系数(D*)及灌注分数(f)。根据病理报告中的LVI状态、PNI状态、MSI及Ki-67指数进行分组,采用独立样本t检验或Mann- Whitney U检验分析各定量参数与肿瘤病理学特征的关系。结果 直肠腺癌PNI阴性组D值[(1.174±0.164)×10-3 mm2/s]显著低于阳性组[(1.270±0.206)×10-3 mm2/s](t=-3.033,P=0.003),LVI阴性组f值0.172(0.158,0.193)显著低于阳性组0.188(0.168,0.237)(Z=-2.435,P=0.015),Ki-67低表达组f值(0.175±0.035)显著低于高表达组(0.188±0.038)(t=-2.097,P=0.038),MSI高组和MSI低组的D、D*、f值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 IVIM全容积定量参数能够在一定程度上反映直肠腺癌的病理学特征,可作为术前评估直肠腺癌生物学行为的重要影像学指标。
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the correlation of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) whole-tumor volume parameter with perineural invasion (PNI), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), microsatellite instability (MSI) status and Ki-67 index in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma.Materials and Methods Imaging and clinical data of 136 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma were retrospectively analyzed, and the true diffusion coefficient (D), pseudo-diffusion coefficient (D*), and perfusion fraction (f) of the full volume parameter of IVIM of the lesion were measured. The patients were grouped according to pathological reports of PNI status, LVI status, MSI and Ki-67 index, and the relationship between each quantitative parameter and the pathological characteristics of the tumors was analyzed by using independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U test.Results The D value in the PNI-negative group of rectal adenocarcinoma [(1.174±0.164) ×10-3 mm2/s] was significantly lower than that in the positive group [(1.270±0.206) ×10-3 mm2/s] (t=-3.033, P=0.003), the f value in the LVI-negative group 0.172 (0.158, 0.193) was significantly lower than that in the positive group 0.188 (0.168, 0.237) (Z =-2.435, P=0.015), and the f-value of the Ki-67 low expression group (0.175±0.035) was significantly lower than that of the high expression group (0.188±0.038) (t=-2.097, P=0.038). The difference in D, D*, and f values between the high microsatellite instability group and the low microsatellite instability group was not statistically significant (P>0.05).Conclusions The full volume quantitative parameters of IVIM can reflect the pathological characteristics of rectal adenocarcinoma to a certain extent, and can be used as an important imaging index for preoperative assessment of the biological behavior of rectal adenocarcinoma.
[关键词] 直肠肿瘤;腺癌;磁共振成像;体素内不相干运动;神经侵犯;脉管侵犯;微卫星不稳定性状态;Ki-67
[Keywords] rectal tumor;adenocarcinoma;magnetic resonance imaging;intravoxel incoherent motion;perineural invasion;lymphovascular invasion;microsatellite instability state;Ki-67

蒋雯丽    蒋伟    韦鑫    陈媛媛    刘欣杰    陈金华    陈维娟 *  

重庆医科大学附属第二医院放射科,重庆 400010

通信作者:陈维娟,E-mail: chenweijuan@hospital.cqmu.edu.cn

作者贡献声明::陈维娟设计本研究的方案,对稿件重要内容进行了修改;蒋雯丽起草和撰写稿件,获取、分析和解释本研究的数据;蒋伟、韦鑫、陈媛媛、刘欣杰、陈金华获取、分析或解释本研究的数据,对稿件重要内容进行了修改,蒋伟获得了2022年重庆市科卫联合医学(含中医药类)科研项目;全体作者都同意发表最后的修改稿,同意对本研究的所有方面负责,确保本研究的准确性和诚信。


基金项目: 2022年重庆市科卫联合医学(含中医药类)科研项目 2022MSXM136
收稿日期:2024-05-06
接受日期:2024-08-26
中图分类号:R445.2  R735.37 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.09.014
本文引用格式:蒋雯丽, 蒋伟, 韦鑫, 等. IVIM全容积定量参数与直肠腺癌神经脉管侵犯、MSI状态及Ki-67指数的相关性研究[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(9): 80-85, 93. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.09.014.

0 引言

       直肠癌是世界范围内最常见的消化系统恶性肿瘤之一[1]。据国际癌症中心团队2021年最新的统计数据显示,直肠癌在全球所有发病率和死亡率高的癌症中排名第8位[2],而腺癌占直肠癌的90%,是最常见的类型[3, 4]。体素内不相干运动(intravoxel incoherent motion, IVIM)成像是一种多b值扩散加权成像,可从分子水平反映并可量化分析组织中的单纯水分子扩散和灌注相关扩散情况,由此反映组织的病理及功能状态[5]。既往研究[6, 7, 8, 9, 10]表明,其定量参数的真实扩散系数(D)与T分期、病理分级、淋巴结转移、神经侵犯(perineural invasion, PNI)和脉管侵犯(lymphovascular invasion, LVI)和Ki-67表达水平相关,伪扩散系数(D*)与T分期、病理分级相关,可以无创地为直肠腺癌的病理学特征预测提供有价值的信息,有助于术前治疗方案的制订。据笔者所知尚无关于IVIM应用于评估微卫星不稳定性(microsatellite instability, MSI)的文献报道,且既往研究[10, 11, 12]多局限于最大层面分析,无法反映肿瘤整体特征。然而,不同感兴趣区(region of interest, ROI)的选择对评估结果的影响亦不容忽视[13, 14],其中容积ROI法因其准确性和可重复性高而备受关注[15, 16]。因此,本研究旨在深入探讨IVIM全肿瘤容积参数在评估直肠腺癌PNI、LVI、MSI及Ki-67指数的应用价值,以期填补这一领域的空白,为直肠腺癌的精准治疗提供更为有力的依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究对象

       回顾性收集2020年1月至2023年4月于重庆医科大学附属第二医院行MRI检查且经病理证实为直肠腺癌患者136例,男85例,女51例,年龄31~88(63±12)岁。纳入标准:(1)术前未接受新辅助放、化疗;(2)术前行常规MRI检查及IVIM检查;(3)MRI检查后2周内接受手术治疗;(4)术后病理确诊为直肠腺癌。排除标准:(1)既往盆腔手术史;(2)伴有其他盆腔肿瘤并接受过盆腔放疗和(或)化疗;(3)MRI序列不全或图像质量差,无法诊断;(4)病灶直径小于4 mm。本研究遵守《赫尔辛基宣言》,经重庆医科大学附属第二医院伦理委员会批准,免除受试者知情同意,批准文号:2021年科伦审第(243)号。

1.2 仪器与方法

       采用Philips 3.0 T(Netherlands, Ingenia CX)磁共振扫描仪,使用原机自带16通道相控阵体部线圈。检查前做好肠道清洁准备,扫描前20 min肌内注射盐酸山莨菪碱10 mg,以减少肠道蠕动伪影造成的影响。扫描方法:常规矢状位T2WI,正交轴位T2脂肪抑制、T1WI序列,高分辨率正交轴位T2WI,冠状位T2WI和动态增强T1WI序列。IVIM采用单次激发自旋回波平面成像序列,设定10个b值,分别为0、20、30、50、80、120、200、300、500、800、1000及1200 s/mm2,扫描时间共2 min 52 s。增强扫描对比剂采用钆喷酸葡胺(Gd-DTPA,北京北陆药业股份有限公司),剂量0.2 mmol/kg,经高压注射器以2.0 mL/s经肘静脉注射,随后以同等速率注射20 mL生理盐水。序列参数详情见表1

表1  不同MRI序列扫描参数
Tab. 1  Scan parameters of different magnetic resonamce sequence

1.3 图像分析

       所有图像由两名放射科医师(副主任医师A:10年诊断经验,主治医师B:2年诊断经验)在不知病理学结果的情况下,采用双盲法在MITK Diffusion(Version2018)(http://mitk.org/wiki/MITK)软件独立进行图像处理及勾画。通过勾画病变所有横断面,剪切出整个肿瘤体积,记录体积大小并获取真实扩散系数(D)、伪扩散系数(D*)及灌注分数(f),其计算公式为:Sb/S0=(1-f)×exp(-b×D)+f×exp(-b×D*),其中Sb和S0分别为特定b值(b≠0 s/mm2)和b=0 s/mm2时体素内的信号强度,b值为依赖于扫描序列的扩散敏感因子,单位为s/mm²,重复测量3次并取平均值。勾画时参考相应层面T2WI、动态增强MRI图像以确定肿瘤边界,避开肉眼可见的出血、坏死、囊变、肠腔及血管组织(图1)。

图1  男,69岁,直肠中分化腺癌,浸润穿透固有肌层,伴神经侵犯,无脉管侵犯,免疫组化:MSI-L,Ki-67(+)60%。1A:高分辨T2WI横断位肿瘤病灶呈稍高信号;1B:IVIM(b=1200 s/mm2)显示肿瘤呈高信号,在该层面使用MITK勾画肿瘤病灶边界;1C:MITK自动生成肿瘤区域,红色区域表示该层面肿瘤范围;1D:表观扩散系数图
Fig. 1  Male, 69 years old, moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the rectum, infiltration through the intrinsic muscular is propria, with neural invasion and without vascular invasion, immunohistochemistry: MSI-L and Ki-67 (+) 60%. 1A: High-resolution T2WI transverse view of the tumor lesion showing slightly high signal; 1B: IVIM (b=1200 s/mm2) demonstrated a high signal within the tumor, and MITK was utilized to delineate the boundary of the tumor lesion at this level; 1C: MITK automatically generates tumor regions, with the red area indicating the extent of the tumor at this level; 1D: The apparent diffusion coefficient map revealed low signal intensity within the tumor lesions; 1E: Delineation of the total volume of the tumor image; 1F: Microscopic view showing perineural invasion (HE ×200); 1G: Microscopic view showing vasculature not invaded (HE ×200). MSI-L: microsatellite instability-low; IVIM: intravoxel incoherent motion.

1.4 免疫组化指标判定

       肿瘤生物标志物相关免疫组织化学检测由1名具有20年直肠病理诊断经验的副主任医师进行判断。诊断标准[17]:(1)血管腔内发现癌细胞为血管浸润阳性;(2)淋巴管内皮标记物免疫组化染色显示内皮细胞的胞浆内和(或)胞膜上呈棕黄色或棕褐色为淋巴管浸润阳性;(3)肿瘤侵犯至神经周围且至少累及33%的神经周径,或者侵及神经外膜、鞘膜和内膜的任何一层,即判定为PNI阳性,反之为阴性。联合使用4种错配修复蛋白(MLH1、MSH2、MSH6及PMS2)等抗体的表达状态来判断MSI状态[18],4种蛋白表达均为阳性时,判断为微卫星不稳定性低(microsatellite instability-low, MSI-L);至少一种蛋白表达为阴性时,判断为微卫星不稳定性高(microsatellite instability-high, MSI-H)。肿瘤细胞Ki-67指数表达定义:>60%为高表达,≤60%为低表达[19]

1.5 统计学方法

       采用SPSS 25.0(https://www.ibm.com/cn-zh/spss)统计学软件进行统计学分析。采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验评价计量资料的正态性,以(x¯±s)表示符合正态分布者,行独立样本t检验,以MP25,P75)表示符合偏态分布者,行Mann-Whitney U检验。采用组内相关系数(intra-class correlation coefficient, ICC)对两名医师的测量结果进行一致性检验,若一致性良好及以上,采用高年资医师测量数据;若一致性差,加入第三者的测量数据:>0.75为一致性好,0.40~0.75为一致性一般,<0.40为一致性差。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 患者基线资料比较

       本研究共入组了136例直肠腺癌患者,其中LVI阳性组24例,阴性组112例;PNI阴性组70例,阳性组66例;MSI-L组106例,MSI-H组30例;Ki-67低表达组64例,高表达组72例。患者基线资料见表2

表2  患者基线资料
Tab. 2  Patient baseline information

2.2 测量结果一致性

       两名医师测量肿瘤的D值、D*值、f值和体积大小的一致性均好(ICC=0.782,ICC=0.763,ICC=0.805和ICC=0.970)。

2.3 各参数在不同病理指标分组的差异

       LVI阳性组的f值明显高于阴性组(P=0.015);相应D、D*值差异均无统计学意义(P=0.160、0.312)。PNI阳性组的D值明显高于阴性组(P=0.003);相应D*、f值差异均无统计学意义(P=0.695、0.101)。MSI-H组和MSI-L组的D、D*、f值差异均无统计学意义(P=0.498、0.968、0.694)。Ki-67高表达组的f值明显高于低表达组(P=0.038);相应D、D*值差异均无统计学意义(P=0.240、0.452)。详见表3图23

图2  男,66岁,直肠中分化腺癌,侵及肠周脂肪,伴神经脉管侵犯,免疫组化:MSI-L和Ki-67(+)80%。2A:病变T2WI横断位图像;2B:病变IVIM(b=1200 s/mm2)图像;2C:病变D值伪彩图,D=1.451×10-3 mm2/s;2D:病变D*值伪彩图,D*=32.668×10-3 mm2/s;2E:病变f值伪彩图,f=0.206。MSI-L:微卫星不稳定性低;IVIM:体素内不相干运动。
Fig. 2  Male, 66 years old, moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the rectum with invasion of peristomal fat and neurovascular invasion, immunohistochemistry: MSI-L and Ki-67 (+) 80%. 2A: T2WI cross sectional image; 2B: IVIM (b=1200 s/mm2) image; 2C: Color map of D values, D=1.451×10-3 mm2/s; 2D: Color map of D* value, D*=32.668×10-3 mm2/s; 2E: Color map of f value; f=0.206. MSI-L: microsatellite instability-low; IVIM: intravoxel incoherent motion.
图3  女,65,直肠中分化腺癌,侵及深肌层,无神经脉管侵犯,免疫组化:MSI-H和Ki-67(+)20%。3A:病变T2WI横断位图像;3B:病变IVIM(b=1200 s/mm2)图像;3C:病变D值伪彩图,D=1.122×10-3 mm2/s;3D:病变D*值伪彩图,D*=37.778×10-3 mm2/s;3E:病变f值伪彩图,f=0.178。MSI-H:微卫星不稳定性高;IVIM:体素内不相干运动。
Fig. 3  Female, 65 years old, moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the rectum with invasion of the deep muscular layers, without neurovascular invasion, immunohistochemistry: MSI-H and Ki-67 (+) 20% 3A: T2WI cross sectional image; 3B: IVIM (b=1200 s/mm2) image; 3C: Color map of D values, D=1.122×10-3 mm2/s; 3D: Color map of D* value, D*=37.778×10-3 mm2/s; 3E: Color map of f value, f=0.178. MSI-H: microsatellite instability-high; IVIM: intravoxel incoherent motion.
表3  IVIM定量参数与不同病理学特征的关系
Tab. 3  Relationship between IVIM quantitative parameters and different pathological features

3 讨论

       本研究基于全肿瘤容积ROI法进行处理分析,深入探讨了IVIM定量参数在PNI、LVI预测中的应用价值,并且首次采用全容积勾画法应用于在MSI及Ki-67表达水平的相关性研究。研究结果显示,IVIM参数的D值在不同PNI状态、f值在不同LVI状态及Ki-67表达水平的差异具有统计学意义,而IVIM容积参数在不同MSI状态的差异无统计学意义。此外,本研究结果表明容积ROI法在不同经验的观察者间一致性较好,证实了全肿瘤容积勾画的可行性,以及该方法的可重复性和稳定性较好。因此,笔者认为基于IVIM容积定量参数无创预测直肠腺癌患者PNI、LVI和Ki-67表达水平具有一定的应用价值,对早期诊断和个性化治疗及预后有重要的指导意义。

3.1 IVIM容积参数在评估直肠腺癌PNI和LVI的价值

       IVIM成像能够定量反映肿瘤组织细胞密度、微循环血管密度等微观结构的变化[20, 21],较扩散加权成像显著提高了对组织特征的敏感性[22, 23],对直肠癌术前分期、组织病理学分级等具有重要的辅助诊断价值[6, 24]。然而,IVIM参数的准确性和可重复性受到多种因素的影响,包括b值的设定、ROI的选择等,这些在一定程度上限制了其在临床中的广泛应用[14, 15]。LVI状态是预测淋巴结转移及远处转移的重要预后指标[25, 26]。肿瘤的LVI包括血管侵犯和(或)淋巴管侵犯,是指在脉管内存在肿瘤细胞簇或单个肿瘤细胞,或指肿瘤细胞破坏淋巴管壁和血管壁[27]。IVIM定量参数f值反映毛细血管丰富程度、D值反映真实水分子扩散受限程度,D*反映毛细血管长度及血流速度[28]。本研究发现LVI阳性组的f值高于阴性组,而D和D*值则无显著差异。既往研究表明[29]直肠腺癌LVI时,肿瘤内新生血管扩张、新生血管壁薄、管腔不规则、分支紊乱、管壁内皮细胞不成熟而通透性高、没有或者只有游离的周细胞和疏松的基底膜等。而f值指毛细血管容积占整个组织容积的比值,因此笔者认为f值可间接反映肿瘤内血管生长和LVI情况。此外,PNI是肿瘤细胞侵犯神经周围结构并沿神经结构扩散转移的过程[17, 30, 31],PNI与局部复发之间具有强相关性[32, 33, 34]。本研究发现PNI阳性组的D值高于阴性组,可能是肿瘤侵犯神经时,会增加癌细胞排列密度,增大了微血管密度,细胞间隙减小,导致水分子扩散受限[9],与李夏铷等[28]研究结论相似,进一步证实了D值与PNI的相关性。

3.2 IVIM容积参数在评估直肠腺癌MSI和Ki-67表达水平的价值

       MSI是由DNA错配修复蛋白功能缺失所导致,是重要的基因标记物,在结直肠癌的发病过程中起着关键作用[35, 36]。然而,本研究发现MSI状态与D、D*及f值之间无显著差异,推测可能是MSI未直接作用于微循环灌注、水分子扩散层面,也可能与MSI更常见于黏液性癌有关[37, 38],这需要扩大样本量进一步进行验证。王莉莉等[39]研究发现,直肠腺癌患者的磁共振扩散峰度成像(diffusion kurtosis image, DKI)的轴向扩散率、径向扩散率、轴向峰度、平均峰度和MSI状态存在一定的相关性,有一定的预测价值,推测是因为DKI能够提供体内呈非正态分布的水分子扩散信息,比IVIM能够更加敏感、真实地反映组织的微观结构[38]。此外,Ki-67是一种用于鉴定相关增殖细胞核抗原的单克隆抗体,广泛应用于肿瘤恶性程度及预后的评估方面[12]。研究表明,Ki-67表达水平与直肠癌的分化水平、浸润和转移等密切相关,直接影响患者预后[40, 41],本研究发现Ki-67高表达水平组的f值高于低表达水平组,与朱海滨等[10]研究结果类似,这可能与Ki-67诱导生成血管内皮生长因子,进而增加肿瘤血管灌注有关[42]。表明了f值在一定程度上反映了肿瘤血管生成速度,与Ki-67的表达呈正相关。

3.3 本研究的局限性

       尽管本研究取得了一定的成果,但仍存在一些局限性。(1)本研究仅收集了直肠腺癌的数据,未纳入黏液腺癌和印戒细胞癌等其他类型,使结果有一定的局限性;(2)免疫组化切片取材仅为部分肿瘤区域,与勾画的全容积范围无法完全匹配,结果可能产生偏倚;(3)目前对于Ki-67的表达指数高低尚无明确统一判定标准,不同的标准可能对结果存在影响;(4)本研究为回顾性分析,可能产生选择偏倚;(5)本研究仅评估了IVIM全容积参数与不同病理结局的相关性,并未联合其他与这些病理结局相关的因素建立预测模型,因此只是一项初步研究,未能达到临床应用的效果。因此下一步将扩大样本量,纳入更多临床指标,进行多中心数据收集,以便在后续研究中获得更坚实可靠的证据。

4 结论

       综上所述,IVIM全肿瘤容积定量参数与直肠腺癌PNI、LVI和Ki-67指数具有一定的相关性,能够在术前无创地预测直肠癌的病理特征,为直肠癌的个体化治疗方案的制订及预后预测提供更加准确、可靠的客观量化指标。

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上一篇 CMR技术评估肥厚型心肌病患者左心房心肌形变的初步研究
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