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临床研究
酰胺质子转移成像联合表观扩散系数鉴别软组织肿瘤良恶性的应用
吴丽芳 林燕桃 汤奕林 欧阳林 耿月华 陈懿

Cite this article as: WU L F, LIN Y T, TANG Y L, et al. Application of amide proton transfer imaging combined with apparent diffusion coefficient in the differentiation of benign and malignant soft tissue tumors[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2024, 15(12): 138-142.本文引用格式:吴丽芳, 林燕桃, 汤奕林, 等. 酰胺质子转移成像联合表观扩散系数鉴别软组织肿瘤良恶性的应用[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(12): 138-142. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.12.020.


[摘要] 目的 探讨酰胺质子转移(amide proton transfer, APT)成像联合表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC)在软组织肿瘤良恶性鉴别诊断中的应用价值。材料与方法 回顾性分析55例经病理证实软组织肿瘤,良性肿瘤31例,恶性肿瘤24例。所有患者术前均行磁共振APT及扩散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging, DWI)检查,2名观察者分别测量获取DWI的ADC值以及APT的非对称性磁化传递率[MTRasym(3.5 ppm)](APT值),比较良恶性肿瘤中ADC值及APT值的差异;绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线,评价ADC、APT及两者联合鉴别软组织肿瘤良恶性的诊断效能。结果 良性肿瘤的APT值小于恶性肿瘤(1.90%±1.06% vs. 3.29%±0.94%),差异有统计学意义(t=-5.07,P<0.01);良性肿瘤的ADC值高于恶性肿瘤[(1.70±0.54)×10-3 mm2/s vs.(1.15±0.56)×10-3 mm2/s],差异有统计学意义(t=3.68,P<0.01)。ADC、APT及二者联合的ROC曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC)、敏感度、特异度分别为0.778 [95%置信区间(confidence interval, CI):0.646~0.879]、62.5%、87.1%,0.838(95% CI:0.714~0.924)、70.8%、90.3%及0.895(95% CI:0.783~0.962)、83.3%、87.1%,DeLong检验结果显示ADC与APT的AUC差异无统计学意义(Z=0.664,P>0.05),二者联合诊断的AUC高于ADC(Z=2.086,P<0.05),但与APT的AUC差异无统计学意义(Z=1.394,P>0.05)。结论 APT及ADC均可用于软组织肿瘤良恶性病变的鉴别,二者联合可提高诊断效能。
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the application value of amide proton transfer (APT) imaging combined with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant soft tissue tumors.Materials and Methods Fifty-five patients with soft tissue tumors confirmed by pathology were retrospectively analyzed. There were 31 benign tumors and 24 malignant tumors. All patients underwent magnetic resonance APT and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) examination before operation. Two observers measured the ADC value of DWI and the asymmetric magnetization transfer ratio of APT [MTRasym (3.5 ppm), and The APT value is abbreviated]. The differences of ADC and APT values between benign and malignant tumors were compared. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of ADC, APT and their combination in differentiating benign and malignant soft tissue tumors.Results The APT values of benign tumors were less than those of malignant tumors [1.90%+1.06% vs. 3.29%+0.94%], the difference was statistically significant (t=-5.07, P<0.01). The ADC values of benign tumors were higher than those of malignant tumors [(1.70±0.54)×10-3 mm2/s vs. (1.15±0.56)×10-3 mm2/s], and the difference was statistically significant (t=3.68, P<0.01). The area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity of ADC, APT and their combination were 0.778 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.646-0.879], 62.5%, 87.1%; 0.838 (95% CI: 0.714-0.924), 70.8%, 90.3%; 0.895 (95% CI: 0.783-0.962), 83.3%, 87.1%, respectively. There was no significant difference in AUC between ADC and APT (Z=0.664, P>0.05). The AUC of the combined diagnosis of the two was higher than that of ADC (Z=2.086, P<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in AUC with APT (Z=1.394, P>0.05) alone.Conclusions Both APT and ADC can be used for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant soft tissue tumors. The combination of APT and ADC can improve the diagnostic efficiency.
[关键词] 软组织肿瘤;磁共振成像;酰胺质子转移成像;表观扩散系数;扩散加权成像
[Keywords] soft tissue tumors;magnetic resonance imaging;amide proton transfer imaging;apparent diffusion coefficient;diffusion-weighted imaging

吴丽芳    林燕桃    汤奕林    欧阳林    耿月华    陈懿 *  

第九〇九医院(厦门大学附属东南医院)放射科,漳州 363000

通信作者:陈懿,E-mail: kiki0112@sina.com

作者贡献声明:陈懿设计本研究的方案,对稿件重要内容进行了修改,获得了福建省自然科学基金项目资助;吴丽芳起草和撰写稿件,获取、分析和解释本研究的数据;林燕桃,汤奕林,欧阳林,耿月华获取、分析和解释本研究数据,对稿件重要内容进行了修改;全体作者都同意发表最后的修改稿,同意对本研究的所有方面负责,确保本研究的准确性和诚信。


基金项目: 福建省自然科学基金项目 2023J011840
收稿日期:2024-09-11
接受日期:2024-12-10
中图分类号:R445.2  R738.6 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.12.020
本文引用格式:吴丽芳, 林燕桃, 汤奕林, 等. 酰胺质子转移成像联合表观扩散系数鉴别软组织肿瘤良恶性的应用[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(12): 138-142. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.12.020.

0 引言

       软组织肿瘤分类复杂、种类繁多,可发生于任何年龄、任何部位,多为良性、无痛性肿块,手术切除后大部分能完全治愈,但恶性肿瘤切除后复发率较高,且良恶性肿瘤临床治疗方案也截然不同,所以术前准确进行软组织肿瘤良恶性的鉴别对后续治疗方案的制订尤为重要[1, 2],对提高患者的治疗效果以及改善预后有重要意义[3, 4, 5]。虽然诊断金标准为病理活检,但其为有创操作,取样困难,且诊断结果受取样部位和取样组织大小的影响较大,通常是在后续手术过程中完成[6, 7]。目前对软组织肿瘤术前诊断一般行常规MRI及增强检查,可以显示肿瘤的边界、大小、形态、信号及强化情况,能一定程度地鉴别良恶性,但是良恶性肿瘤影像特征的重叠仍给定性诊断造成一定的难度。随着MRI技术的发展,越来越多的成像技术可以用来辅助鉴别肿瘤的良恶性,比如已广泛应用于临床的扩散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging, DWI)及最近发展起来的酰胺质子转移(amide proton transfer, APT)成像技术。APT成像是一种比较新的分子影像技术,可以无创探测病灶内游离蛋白质含量,通过比较肿瘤与正常组织中游离蛋白质含量的差异分析病灶。DWI可探测组织细胞中水分子扩散程度,其定量参数表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC)通过量化水分子在组织中的扩散情况提供肿瘤组织相关生物信息。目前APT多用于颅脑[8, 9]、乳腺[10, 11]、前列腺[12, 13]、宫颈癌[14, 15]等肿瘤良恶性的鉴别以及肿瘤分级情况,对软组织肿瘤研究较少,有研究发现APT对鉴别软组织肿瘤良恶性有一定的价值,但是单独诊断具有一定的假阴性率,为了提高诊断效能,本研究同时采用APT及DWI两种技术,评价它们在软组织肿瘤良恶性鉴别诊断中的价值,并进一步对比单指标诊断与二者联合诊断的效能差异,探索最佳诊断效能。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究对象

       本回顾性研究遵守《赫尔辛基宣言》,得到了厦门大学附属东南医院伦理委员会批准,免除受试者知情同意,批准文号:L2023033。纳入2023年1月至2024年5月期间经本院病理证实为软组织肿瘤患者的病历及影像资料。纳入标准:(1)均需接受常规MRI、DWI、APT检查;(2)MRI检查前,未接受放疗、化疗等任何形式的治疗;(3)MRI检查后一周内行手术或穿刺活检,取得病理性诊断。排除标准:图像质量差,DWI、APT不能显示病灶,不能进行图像后处理。

1.2 扫描方法

       (1)采用Philips Ingenia 3.0 T MRI扫描仪,根据病变部位的大小选择关节线圈或腹部线圈,并按照不同体位进行扫描。(2)先采用常规MRI序列扫描,包含横断面T1WI、T2WI、质子密度压脂成像(proton density-fat saturation, PD-FS);DWI扫描层面定位同横断面,扫描序列采用单次激发回波平面成像(echo planar imaging, EPI)序列,b值分别取0、800 s/mm2。(3)平扫后进行APT成像。扫描以上臂为例,详见表1

表1  MRI不同扫描序列参数
Tab. 1  Different sequence scanning parameters of MRI

1.3 数据处理

       将DWI、APT图像分别传送至Philips后处理工作站与T2WI横断面图像进行融合,两名从事骨肌系统影像诊断大于8年的高年资主治医师双盲法参与阅片,于肿瘤最大层面及其相邻上、下层手动勾画病灶感兴趣区(region of interest, ROI),ROI面积约10~30 mm2,尽量避开囊变、坏死等区域,软件自动计算出ADC值及APT值,测量3次取平均值,评价结果不一致时经协商讨论得出一致意见。

1.4 统计学方法

       采用SPSS 23.0及MedCalc软件进行统计分析,符合正态分布计量资料以(x¯±s)表示,比较采用独立样本t检验;偏态分布的数据用MQ1,Q3)表示,采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验;计数资料以例或百分比表示,比较采用χ2检验;采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线分析ADC值、APT值及两者联合诊断对软组织肿瘤良恶性的鉴别价值。应用Delong检验比较各参数及联合参数诊断效能的差异。

2 结果

2.1 一般资料

       共55例病例纳入本研究中,经术后病理或穿刺病理确诊良性31例(神经鞘瘤12例、腱鞘巨细胞瘤6例、血管瘤4例、腱鞘囊肿2例、表皮囊肿2例、神经纤维瘤3例、侵袭性纤维瘤病2例)、恶性24例(淋巴瘤3例、鳞状细胞癌2例、恶性黑色素瘤3例、纤维肉瘤4例、多形性未分化肉瘤4例、脂肪肉瘤3例、滑膜肉瘤2例、转移瘤3例)。两组患者性别、年龄、肿瘤位置等一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),恶性肿瘤最大直径大于良性肿瘤(P<0.01),详见表2。典型病例影像图见图1、2。

图1  女,17岁,以“发现右足背肿块2年”入院,术后病理为丛状神经鞘瘤(良性)。1A:T1WI序列显示病灶呈均匀低信号;1B:PD-FS序列显示病灶为均匀高信号;1C、1D:DWI图(b=800 s/mm2)、ADC图,病灶均呈等信号;1E:APT图示病灶以绿色信号为主。
图2  男,70岁,以“发现右手部肿物3年余”入院,术后病理为多形性未分化肉瘤(恶性)。2A:T1WI序列显示病灶呈低信号;2B:PD-FS序列显示病灶以高信号为主、信号不均匀;2C:DWI图(b=800 s/mm2)病灶呈不均匀高信号;2D:ADC图示病灶与周围正常软组织信号减低、呈低信号;2E:APT图示病灶以红黄混杂信号为主。PD-FS:质子密度压脂成像;DWI:扩散加权成像;ADC:表观扩散系数;APT:酰胺质子转移。
Fig. 1  Female, 17 years old, admitted with the complaint of "finding a mass on the dorsum of the right foot for 2 years", and the postoperative pathology was plump neurilemmoma (benign). 1A: T1WI sequence shows homogeneous low signal; 1B: PD-FS sequence shows homogeneous high signal; 1C and 1D: DWI (b=800 s/mm2) and ADC images, all lesions are isointense; 1E: APT image, the lesions are mainly green signal.
Fig. 2  Male, 70 years old, admitted with the complaint of "finding a mass on the right hand for more than 3 years", and the postoperative pathology shows pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma (malignant). 2A: T1WI sequence shows low signal intensity; 2B: PD-FS sequence shows that the lesions are mainly high signal and heterogeneous signal; 2C: DWI image (b=800 s/mm2), with heterogeneous high signal intensity; 2D: ADC image shows the signal of the lesion is reduced and low signal, comparing to the surrounding normal soft tissue; 2E: APT image shows that the lesions are mainly mixed red and yellow signals. PD-FS: proton density-fat saturation; DWI: diffusion-weighted imaging; ADC: apparent diffusion coefficient; APT: amide proton transfer.
表2  良恶性肿瘤一般资料比较
Tab. 2  Comparison of clinical data between benign and malignant tumors

2.2 两组病例APT值及ADC值比较

       良性肿瘤的APT值小于恶性肿瘤(t=-5.07,P<0.01),良性肿瘤的ADC值大于恶性肿瘤(t=3.68,P<0.01),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),详见表3

表3  良恶性软组织肿瘤APT及ADC值比较
Tab. 3  Comparison of APT and ADC values between benign and malignant soft tissue tumors

2.3 各参数单独、联合诊断效能

       APT值、ADC值及两者联合的AUC分别为0.838、0.778、0.895,APT值与ADC值(Z=0.664,P=0.500)、APT值与两者联合(Z=1.394,P=0.163)的诊断效能差异无统计学意义,ADC值与两者联合(Z=2.086,P=0.037)诊断效能差异有统计学意义,两者联合诊断的综合效能最高。ADC值以1.17×10-3 mm2/s作为临界点,诊断敏感度62.5%、特异度87.1%。APT值以2.66%作为临界点,诊断敏感度70.8%、特异度90.3%。见表45图3

图3  ADC值、APT值及两者联合鉴别软组织良恶性肿瘤的受试者操纵特征曲线,曲线下面积分别为:0.778、0.838、0.895。APT:酰胺质子转移;ADC:表观扩散系数。
Fig. 3  Receiver operating characteristic curves of ADC value, APT value and their combination for differentiating benign and malignant soft tissue tumors, the areas under the curve are 0.778, 0.838 and 0.895, respectively. APT: amide proton transfer; ADC: apparent diffusion coefficient.
表4  各参数单独、联合对软组织良恶性肿瘤的诊断效能
Tab. 4  Diagnostic efficacy of each parameter alone and in combination for benign and malignant soft tissue tumors
表5  各参数诊断效能的DeLong检验比较
Tab. 5  DeLong test comparison of the diagnostic efficacy of each parameter

3 讨论

       软组织良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断对患者的手术方式、治疗及预后分析都十分重要,本研究创新提出联合APT及DWI两种技术评估软组织肿瘤良恶性的鉴别诊断效能。研究发现APT值、ADC值在良恶性软组织肿瘤中存在差异,对术前软组织肿瘤定性有较好价值,但两者联合可以提高诊断效能。

3.1 DWI技术对软组织肿瘤良恶性的鉴别诊断价值

       DWI能够反映组织间水分子的弥散情况,许多研究[16, 17, 18]发现DWI的ADC值与软组织肿瘤的良恶性相关,良性肿瘤ADC值高,恶性肿瘤的ADC值低。LEE等[19]研究发现联合DWI及常规MRI检查可以提高对良恶性软组织肿瘤的鉴别价值,其敏感度、特异度及准确率都比单独常规MRI检查高,CHHABRA等[20]进一步研究发现DWI有助于软组织恶性肿瘤的分级,ADC值随着恶性肿瘤等级的增加而下降,差异具有统计学意义。我们的研究也证实了ADC值在良恶性软组织肿瘤中不同,这可能是和恶性肿瘤细胞排列紧密、核浆比例高、基质稀少、水分子扩散受限相关[21, 22]。另外,在研究期间,我们收集了一例富于细胞型神经鞘瘤,属于良性肿瘤,病理与肉瘤较难区分,镜下表现为丰富的梭形细胞,排列密集,水分子弥散受限,导致勾画靶区测得ADC值低于1.17×10-3 mm2/s,造成假阳性,这可能是因为ADC值只反映水分子的弥散情况,不能显示细胞内部生物信息所致,加入APT成像可以相互互补。

3.2 APT成像对软组织肿瘤良恶性的鉴别诊断价值

       APT成像是近年来在化学交换及磁化传递理论基础上发展起来的一种新型磁共振分子成像技术,能够无创性地检测内源性、位于细胞质内的游离蛋白质及多肽分子,从而间接反映活体内部的代谢变化和生理病理信息[23, 24, 25, 26]。APT成像对组织中的移动蛋白很敏感,不同肿瘤蛋白质和多肽水平都有不同程度的升高,且良恶性间存在显著差异[27, 28, 29]。研究发现[21, 30]恶性膀胱肿瘤的APT值高于良性肿瘤,敏感度及特异度均达到90%以上,并且与恶性肿瘤的分级相关,高等级膀胱肿瘤的APT值高于低级别。ZHANG等[31]也发现APT成像在鉴别乳腺良性纤维腺瘤和恶性乳腺肿瘤具有较高的诊断性能,比DWI更好,并且APT值与乳腺癌的一些预后因素相关,其他在颅脑、前列腺、宫颈等肿瘤都有类似发现。我们研究也发现软组织恶性肿瘤的APT值高于良性肿瘤,这可能是因为恶性软组织肿瘤细胞增殖活跃,局部蛋白质与多肽物质含量会明显增加;且肿瘤微血管密度高有利于游离蛋白质与水中氢质子交换,促进细胞生长与代谢,导致APT信号强度值提高[32, 33, 34]。另外,我们收集病例发现肌肉血管瘤的APT值显著高于其他良性肿瘤,可能是因为其血管丰富,含有丰富的血红蛋白,为了维持血管生长及新生血管,代谢活跃等原因,结合DWI、常规MRI信号及强化方式等综合评价或许能提高准确率。

3.3 联合DWI及APT成像两种技术对软组织肿瘤良恶性的鉴别诊断价值

       我们研究发现APT对软组织肿瘤良恶性诊断的特异度稍高于ADC及两者联合,其值分别约90.3%、87.1%、87.1%,但是两者联合诊断的AUC、敏感度均高于APT、ADC单独诊断,并且与ADC差异具有统计学意义,与APT虽然差异无统计学意义,但敏感度、综合诊断效能均提高。其原因可能是一方面APT在反映细胞密度和分子扩散方面不如ADC敏感[12];另一方面,APT成像可以在宏观变化之前更敏感地检测到细胞微结构分子的变化,并比ADC更准确地描述细胞的内部生物信息[31],使得两种技术的优势相互补充。

3.4 本研究的局限性

       首先,样本含量少,研究中得出的ADC与APT值的临界点需要进一步加大样本量进行考证。其次,我们发现一些良性肿瘤(如血管瘤、富于神经细胞鞘瘤)使用APT及ADC诊断时效能较差,这时,我们应该结合常规MRI的信号、大小、边界及强化等情况综合考虑,下一步我们也将进一步结合软组织肿瘤常规及增强影像特征及加强对患者治疗前后的随访情况,进一步提高两者的诊断效能,并探索APT及ADC对恶性软组织肿瘤的分级情况有无意义。

4 结论

       综上所述,APT及ADC值可作为鉴别软组织肿瘤良恶性的量化指标,二者联合可提高诊断效能,提供更多肿瘤的细胞代谢信息,为临床术前肿瘤定性提供参考价值。

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