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综述
2型糖尿病的小脑磁共振成像研究进展
刘建荣 魏婧 赵莲萍

本文引用格式:刘建荣, 魏婧, 赵莲萍. 2型糖尿病的小脑磁共振成像研究进展[J]. 磁共振成像, 2026, 17(2): 142-146. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.02.021.


[摘要] 2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)相关的认知功能障碍已成为重要的公共卫生问题,其潜在的神经机制尚未完全阐明。近年来的研究逐渐揭示,小脑作为感觉运动整合与认知情绪调节的关键节点,在T2DM的中枢神经病理生理过程中扮演着不容忽视的角色。现有研究提示,小脑可能是T2DM中枢损害的易感区域,其结构与功能参数的异常很可能成为认知情绪障碍的早期影像学生物标志物。本文系统综述了基于磁共振成像(结构、功能及灌注成像)所揭示的T2DM患者小脑改变及其与认知情绪障碍的关联性证据,在此基础上,进一步指出当前研究的局限性,并据此探讨了今后的研究方向,旨在为全面理解T2DM状态下中枢神经系统的神经病理生理机制提供新视角,并为相关中枢神经并发症的早期识别与精准干预提供影像学依据。
[Abstract] Cognitive dysfunction associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has emerged as a significant public health concern, the underlying neural mechanisms of which are not yet fully elucidated. Recent studies have progressively revealed that the cerebellum, as a critical node for sensorimotor integration and cognitive-emotional regulation, plays an indispensable role in the central nervous system pathophysiology of T2DM. Existing research indicates that the cerebellum may be a susceptible region for central nervous system damage in T2DM, and abnormalities in its structural and functional parameters are more likely to serve as early imaging biomarkers for cognitive decline, offering new perspectives for understanding disease mechanisms and facilitating early intervention.This paper systematically reviews evidence from magnetic resonance imaging (structural, functional, and perfusion imaging) regarding cerebellar alterations in T2DM patients and their association with cognitive and emotional disorders. Building upon this, the paper further highlights the limitations of existing research and proposes future research directions. The goal is to provide a novel perspective for a holistic understanding of the neuropathophysiological mechanisms of the central nervous system in the context of T2DM, and to furnish imaging evidence to support the early detection and precise management of associated central nervous system complications.
[关键词] 2型糖尿病;小脑;磁共振成像;结构磁共振成像;功能磁共振成像;认知功能障碍;情绪障碍;脑灌注
[Keywords] type 2 diabetes mellitus;cerebellum;magnetic resonance imaging;structural magnetic resonance;functional magnetic resonance imaging;cognitive impairment;emotional disorder;cerebral perfusion

刘建荣 1   魏婧 1   赵莲萍 2*  

1 甘肃中医药大学第一临床医学院,兰州 730000

2 甘肃省人民医院放射科,兰州 730000

通信作者:赵莲萍,E-mail:lianping_zhao007@163.com

作者贡献声明::赵莲萍设计本综述的方案,确立文章总体框架,并对稿件重要内容进行了修改获得了国家自然科学基金项目、甘肃省自然科学基金项目和甘肃省人民医院院内科研项目的资助;刘建荣起草和撰写稿件,对相关文献进行逻辑梳理及分析;魏婧搜索、分析及归类相关文献,并对稿件重要内容进行了修改;全体作者都同意发表最后的修改稿,同意对本研究的所有方面负责,确保本研究的准确性和诚信。


基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目 82360343 甘肃省自然科学基金项目 25JRRA296 甘肃省人民医院院内科研项目 2024KYQDJ-A-34
收稿日期:2025-11-05
接受日期:2026-01-08
中图分类号:R445.2  R781.64 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.02.021
本文引用格式:刘建荣, 魏婧, 赵莲萍. 2型糖尿病的小脑磁共振成像研究进展[J]. 磁共振成像, 2026, 17(2): 142-146. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.02.021.

0 引言

       糖尿病在全球范围内的流行态势持续加剧,已成为21世纪最为严峻的公共卫生挑战之一。国际糖尿病联盟数据显示,2021年全球20~79岁成人糖尿病患病率已达10.5%(约5.366亿人),预计至2045年将攀升至12.2%(约7.832亿人)[1, 2]。作为一种系统性代谢疾病,糖尿病常引起多器官并发症,如视网膜病变、肾病、心血管事件及神经病变等[2, 3]。2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)占糖尿病总人群的90%以上,其特征表现为胰岛素抵抗及进行性β细胞功能衰竭所导致的慢性高血糖状态[4]。值得注意的是,认知功能障碍已成为T2DM重要的中枢神经系统并发症[5, 6],超过30%的患者存在轻度认知损害[7],而在合并抑郁症状的个体中,认知衰退程度往往更为显著[8, 9, 10]。 传统神经科学观点认为,高级认知功能的解剖定位主要集中于大脑皮层[11]。然而,1998年“小脑认知情感综合征”假说首次被提出[12],自此开启了小脑非运动功能的研究序幕。有研究基于对小脑卒中患者的静息态功能磁共振成像和神经心理学评估,发现小脑功能网络的中断与较差的认知及社会情感功能存在相关[13]。有研究进一步揭示了小脑通过错误的监督学习机制,实现了对非运动功能学习形式的支持[14]。具体而言,由爬行纤维激活所引发的浦肯野细胞复合峰电位构成了联想性小脑学习的关键指导信号[15]。人类小脑在高级认知功能中存在着显著的亚区域特异性:小脑Crus Ⅱ和Ⅹ小叶的灰质体积与认知灵活性和处理速度相关;小脑Crus Ⅰ和Ⅵ小叶的灰质体积与认知控制功能相关。此外,工作记忆功能与Crus Ⅰ、Crus Ⅱ、Ⅵ和Ⅹ小叶均存在相关[16]。经过多年研究积累,解剖连接、功能影像到临床神经心理学的多层次证据,共同构建了小脑参与认知-情感调控环路的理论框架,推动小脑认知神经科学逐步发展为独立交叉学科[17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23]。 在T2DM群体中,神经影像学研究已揭示涉及默认模式网络、边缘系统及前额叶-小脑回路等多脑区的自发神经活动异常。磁共振成像技术以其无创和多模态成像的优势[24],不仅为阐释T2DM认知情绪障碍的神经机制提供了重要工具,也为在体识别相关神经影像学生物标志物奠定了方法学基础[25, 26, 27]。然而,现有综述多围绕全脑(尤其大脑)的影像特征展开,缺乏聚焦于小脑神经影像学进展的综述。为此,本综述聚焦于T2DM相关的小脑改变,系统梳理了基于磁共振成像技术揭示小脑结构与功能异常的证据,深入探讨其与患者认知损伤及情绪障碍之间的潜在机制,旨在为全面理解T2DM状态下中枢神经系统的神经病理生理机制提供新视角,并为相关中枢神经并发症的早期识别与精准干预提供影像学依据。

1 小脑的功能解剖组织

       功能脑图谱上小脑划分为Ⅰ~Ⅹ个亚区(图1[28],Ⅰ~Ⅴ为前叶,与运动执行及即时回忆功能相关;Ⅵ~Ⅸ为后叶,与语音流畅性、工作记忆、延迟回忆等高级认知任务密切相关[29];Ⅹ为绒球小结叶,与平衡控制相关[30]。小脑小叶通过脑桥与大脑皮层不同功能区域相连接,形成复杂的拓扑结构[31]。在重复经颅磁刺激中发现,对小脑Crus Ⅱ进行特定频率的刺激,可观察到额叶兴奋性增强和大脑网络效率提升,并伴随工作记忆表现的改善[32]

图1  人类小脑功能分布图[28]
Fig. 1  Functional distribution map of the human cerebellum[28].

2 T2DM相关小脑改变的磁共振成像证据

       随着多模态神经影像技术的广泛应用,越来越多的研究提示T2DM患者的小脑在结构、功能及血流灌注等多个层面发生显著改变,这些变化与认知情绪障碍密切相关,并可能随病程进展呈现动态演化特征。

2.1 小脑结构影像学改变

       基于体素的形态学分析一致显示,T2DM患者存在广泛的小脑灰质萎缩,主要表现为后叶(如Crus Ⅰ、Ⅵ及Ⅶb小叶)体积减小[33, 34, 35]。本课题组前期研究发现,右侧Crus Ⅰ小叶灰质体积减小与胰岛素抵抗指数呈负相关,Ⅶb、Crus Ⅰ/Ⅱ小叶的灰质体积与T2DM患者的执行/视觉空间表现呈正相关,提示糖代谢紊乱可能参与小脑结构的重塑过程[35]。此外,长期血糖控制水平(以糖化血红蛋白为标志)也与小脑灰质体积萎缩程度相关,进一步支持慢性高血糖对小脑结构的累积性损害效应[36]。在T2DM共病阿尔茨海默病的患者中,T2DM的并存加速了小脑的萎缩,并进一步促进认知功能的衰退[37]。弥散张量成像为大脑微观结构的体内评估提供了有价值的手段。有研究揭示了T2DM患者小脑-脑干通路及各小叶间连接纤维的完整性受损。采用确定性纤维追踪技术的分析显示,患者小脑与脑干之间联络纤维的数量显著减少,这一结构连接异常可能为解释糖尿病相关共济失调及执行功能减退提供新的神经影像学证据[38]。有研究显示,白质损伤程度与收缩压水平呈正相关[39],并随病程延长而加剧[40],提示代谢与血管因素的共同参与。此外,小脑区域内平均扩散率值的普遍升高进一步证实该部位存在弥漫性组织损伤,可能反映了神经元丢失、髓鞘脱失或胶质增生等病理改变,并且蒙特利尔认知评估量表子阈评分(包括视觉空间功能、语言、注意力和抽象)与小脑皮层平均扩散率值呈负相关[41]。综上,T2DM对小脑的影响表现为结构萎缩与白质纤维连接受损,这些异常共同构成其认知障碍的神经基础,也为针对小脑的早期干预靶点提供了影像学依据。

2.2 小脑功能影像学改变

       静息态功能磁共振成像研究显示,T2DM患者的小脑呈现复杂的自发神经活动紊乱,表现为局部一致性(regional homogeneity, ReHo)与低频振幅(amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations, ALFF)的改变。一项针对无视网膜并发症患者的研究发现,双侧小脑后叶(主要为小叶Ⅵ~Crus Ⅰ)的ReHo值显著升高,且该指标与认知评估量表得分呈负相关,提示局部神经元活动同步性增强,这可能反映了代偿性调节或网络效率下降,与整体认知表现下降相关[42]。然而,在一项研究中发现,T2DM患者多个小脑小叶(包括Crus Ⅰ及Ⅸ小叶)反而表现为ReHo值降低[43],说明功能改变模式可能随疾病阶段而异。同样,在ALFF分析中,既有研究报道左侧Crus Ⅰ与Ⅵ小叶活动增强[44],也有研究发现小脑后叶活动减弱[45]。总之,静息态功能磁共振成像研究显示T2DM患者小脑ReHo与ALFF呈动态变化,表明小脑局部功能紊乱可能是T2DM认知损害的重要神经影像特征,但目前研究结果尚不一致,可能与研究群体差异、样本量大小、病程长短、临床有无并发症及静息态指标ReHo、ALFF数据处理方法有关。 在脑网络层面,小脑-大脑功能连接紊乱是T2DM中枢损害的突出特征。研究显示,小脑后叶(如Crus Ⅰ/Ⅱ、Ⅸ小叶)与默认模式网络(楔前叶/后扣带回)、执行控制网络(背外侧前额叶)节点间的连接强度普遍减弱,且与糖化血红蛋白水平呈负相关[46, 47, 48]。与之相对,右侧Crus Ⅰ与额下回三角部之间出现连接增强,该现象与血脂异常相关,并可能在抑郁症状及执行功能的调节中扮演补偿性角色[49, 50]。纵向观察表明,功能连接异常可在临床认知衰退之前出现,初期可能表现为全脑网络全局效率的适应性提升[51];但随着微血管并发症的发生,视觉网络和小脑成为拓扑属性改变的易损区域,标志着网络代偿机制衰竭,脑损伤进入不可逆阶段[52]。这些发现共同说明,T2DM背景下的小脑功能重塑是一个动态、多阶段的过程,从早期局部代偿逐步演变为后期全局网络失代偿,构成了认知情绪症状进展的环路节点。

2.3 小脑灌注异常

       脑灌注对维持大脑功能至关重要,它与神经元活动存在紧密的神经血管耦合关系[53],其功能障碍是一系列神经疾病的病理基础[54]。有研究结果发现,T2DM中的胰岛素抵抗和高血糖会导致脑血流量(cerebral blood flow, CBF)改变和氧合受损,并在微血管并发症前出现,这可能对T2DM患者的认知功能产生影响[55]。一项系统评价总结出当前动脉自旋标记(arterial spin labeling, ASL)技术以无创、可重复、多模态融合为核心优势,已成为现代研究脑灌注的主流选择。同时,研究结果发现T2DM小脑区域脑灌注降低且与多种认知功能损害相关[56]。一项为期2年的纵向研究采用ASL成像发现T2DM患者在默认模式网络、视觉网络及小脑的脑血流灌注均有所下降[57]。亦有研究通过结合静息态功能磁共振成像和ASL,发现T2DM患者小脑的CBF-ALFF及CBF-ReHo耦合强度降低,且右侧小脑Ⅹ小叶CBF-ALFF耦合与简易智力状态检查量表评分呈正相关。若仅单独测量该区域CBF,此相关性可能无法被显著识别[58]。值得关注的是,ASL技术的应用依赖于关键成像参数的设定,其中标记后延迟时间的选择影响CBF的定量准确性,目前从单标记后延迟时间采集方案过渡到标记后延迟时间采集方案。但是也应避免长时间的扫描,减少运动伪影。ASL技术应用需要在图像质量、扫描效率(时间)和定量准确性之间找到平衡[59]

3 结论与展望

       神经影像学研究从多维度证实了小脑在T2DM中枢并发症中的重要作用:在结构层面,小脑灰质萎缩与白质微观结构损害随代谢紊乱而进展;在功能层面,局部活动异常与脑网络连接失衡可能构成了T2DM认知情绪症状的神经病理生理基础;在灌注层面,CBF减低与神经血管解耦提示微循环障碍可能早于功能性改变。这些发现不仅深化了对T2DM相关脑改变病理机制的理解,也为寻找早期诊断生物标志物提供了新视角。在此基础上,对经颅重复磁刺激作用机制的深入研究正推动其在认知功能障碍治疗中的应用向个性化方向发展。值得关注的是,部分研究观察到即使在长病程、合并多种并发症的T2DM患者中,小脑仍保持相对完整的结构与功能,这一现象可能归因于“小脑储备”机制——即小脑在受伤后进行代偿和恢复的能力。小脑凭借其固有的突触可塑性和冗余环路,在相当长时间内代偿代谢异常所引发的神经损害。这也引出未来研究的科学问题:小脑在T2DM相关脑病进程中究竟扮演何种角色?是早期易受代谢-血管损伤的脆弱脑区,还是发挥神经保护作用的补偿中枢? 目前该领域研究存在一定局限性。首先,现纳入的大部分研究,其样本量相对较小,且多为横断面设计。此外,T2DM的神经影像学研究集中于临床人群,这限制其潜在病理生理机制的深入阐释。针对T2DM动物小脑的影像学研究有限,尚不能完全解释其临床影像学特征。因此,未来研究亟需结合纵向设计、多模态数据融合及临床与基础研究相结合的方法,来系统阐明小脑在T2DM病程中的动态演变规律。

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