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临床研究
DWI对膀胱癌T1与T2分期的诊断价值:Meta分析
冯馨瑶 刘勇 罗未聃

Cite this article as: FENG X Y, LIU Y, LUO W D. Diagnostic value of magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging for T-staging between T1 and T2 of bladder cancer: A Meta-analysis[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2026, 17(3): 54-59.本文引用格式:冯馨瑶, 刘勇, 罗未聃. DWI对膀胱癌T1与T2分期的诊断价值:Meta分析[J]. 磁共振成像, 2026, 17(3): 54-59. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.03.008.


[摘要] 目的 本研究采用Meta分析方法,系统评估了磁共振弥散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging, DWI)技术对膀胱癌分期(T1期及以下分期与T2期及更晚期)的诊断效能。材料与方法 根据制订的文献筛选标准,对中国知网、PubMed和Embase数据库(建库至2025年3月)收录的相关文献进行全面检索和严格筛选,使用诊断准确性研究质量评估-2(quality assessment of diagnostic accuraey stwudics-2, QUADAS-2)评估纳入研究的质量。采用RevMan 5.3和Stata 18.0统计软件进行异质性检验,对诊断敏感性及特异性等效应量进行Meta分析,同时绘制综合受试者工作特征(summary receiver operating characteristic, SROC)曲线,并计算曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC)等评价指标。结果 纳入文献12篇,DWI诊断膀胱癌T分期的合并敏感度为0.89 [95%置信区间(confidence interval, CI):0.78~0.95],特异度为0.85(95% CI:0.77~0.90),AUC为0.92(95% CI:0.89~0.94),阳性似然比(positive likelihood ratio, PLR)为5.9(95% CI:3.9~8.8),阴性似然比(negative likelihood ratio, NLR)为0.13(95% CI:0.06~0.27),诊断比值比(diagnostic odds ratios, DOR)为45(95% CI:19~109)。Deek's漏斗图基本对称,斜率系数差异无统计学意义(P=0.44),表明纳入的研究没有统计学上显著性的发表偏倚。结论 DWI在膀胱癌T分期评价中具有较高的应用价值,在临床治疗方案制订过程中能提供重要的参考依据。
[Abstract] Objective This study employed a meta-analysis approach to systematically evaluate the diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in staging bladder cancer, specifically in differentiating T1 or lower stages from T2 or higher stages.Materials and Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted in CNKI, PubMed, and Embase databases (from the establishment to March 2025) using inclusion criteria. The quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies-2 (OUADAS-2) was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Heterogeneity testing was performed using RevMan 5.3 and Stata 18.0 statistical software. Meta-analysis of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity was conducted, with subsequent construction of summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves and calculation of evaluation metrics including area under the curve (AUC).Results Twelve studies were included in the analysis. The pooled sensitivity of DWI for T-staging of bladder cancer was 0.89 [95% (confidence interval, CI): 0.78 to 0.95], specificity was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.77 to 0.90), AUC reached 0.92 (95% CI: 0.89 to 0.94), positive likelihood ratio (PLR) was 5.9 (95% CI: 3.9 to 8.8), negative likelihood ratio (NLR) was 0.13 (95% CI: 0.06 to 0.27), and diagnostic odds ratios (DOR) was 45 (95% CI: 19 to 109). Deek's funnel plot was basically symmetrical, and the slope coefficient was not statistically significant (P = 0.44), suggesting that there was no significant publication bias in the studies included inour analysis.Conclusions DWI demonstrates high diagnostic value in T-staging of bladder cancer and provides crucial reference information for clinical treatment decision-making.
[关键词] 膀胱肿瘤;肿瘤分期;磁共振成像;弥散加权成像;Meta分析
[Keywords] urinary bladder neoplasms;neoplasm staging;magnetic resonance imaging;diffusion-weighted imaging;Meta-analysis

冯馨瑶 1, 2   刘勇 2   罗未聃 3*  

1 西南医科大学附属医院放射科,泸州 646000

2 西南医科大学附属中医医院磁共振室,泸州 646000

3 西南医科大学附属医院血管外科,泸州 646000

通信作者:罗未聃,E-mail: luoweidan111@163.com

作者贡献声明::罗未聃设计本研究的方案,并对稿件重要内容进行了修改,获得了泸州市人民政府-西南医科大学科技战略合作项目资助;冯馨瑶起草和撰写稿件,获取、分析或解释本研究的数据;刘勇获取、分析或解释本研究的数据,对稿件重要内容进行了修改;全体作者都同意发表最后的修改稿,同意对本研究的所有方面负责,确保本研究的准确性和诚信。


基金项目: 泸州市人民政府-西南医科大学科技战略合作项目 2023LZXNYDHZ004
收稿日期:2025-10-26
接受日期:2026-01-26
中图分类号:R445.2  R737.14 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.03.008
本文引用格式:冯馨瑶, 刘勇, 罗未聃. DWI对膀胱癌T1与T2分期的诊断价值:Meta分析[J]. 磁共振成像, 2026, 17(3): 54-59. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.03.008.

0 引言

       截至2023年,膀胱癌是男性第四大癌症,占新发癌症的6%,占癌症相关死亡的4%[1, 2, 3]。组织病理学是肿瘤生物学中用于指导治疗的最可靠的决定因素之一[4, 5, 6],膀胱癌患者的治疗方案及预后评估在很大程度上取决于肿瘤是否发生肌层浸润[7],根据这一病理特征将膀胱癌分为两种,一种为肌层浸润性膀胱癌(muscle invasive bladder cancer, MIBC)[8, 9],另一种为非MIBC(non MIBC, NMIBC)[10, 11]。首诊患者中70%~75%患NMIBC,20%~25%患MIBC,NMIBC中原位癌的比例约为10%。磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)技术因其独特的优势,在指导临床决策过程中发挥着重要的辅助诊断作用[12, 13, 14]。NMIBC对应分期≤T1(即Tis、T1),在弥散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging, DWI)图像上表现为薄且平坦的高信号区域或高信号肿块,伴有低信号的黏膜下结节影或黏膜下层增厚;MIBC对应分期为≥T2(即T2、T3、T4),在DWI图像上表现为高信号肿瘤,包括无黏膜下结节且边缘光滑的病变,向膀胱周围脂肪延伸的病变,边缘不规则的病变,扩展到邻近器官的病变[15, 16]。DWI作为一种无需对比剂的功能性MRI技术,通过获得表观弥散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC)可定量评估组织内水分子的扩散率[13, 17, 18],该技术在膀胱癌的病灶检出和病理特征评估方面展现出显著优势[19]。目前已有很多文献应用DWI对膀胱癌进行分期及诊断[20, 21, 22, 23, 24],其中部分因样本量小、未聚焦DWI单一序列,以及部分未基于场强及b值进行系统的分析,本研究汇总DWI诊断膀胱癌T1与T2分期的大量证据,拟利用Meta分析方法对DWI在膀胱癌分期的诊断性能进行统计,评估将DWI应用于膀胱癌的诊断性能。

1 材料与方法

1.1 文献检索

       本研究已经在国际系统评审注册机构PROSPERO(https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/)进行了注册,注册编号CRD420261288746。本研究严格遵循系统评价和Meta分析优先报告条目(Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, PRISMA)规范。检索PubMed、Embase和中国知网(China national knowledge infrastructure, CNKI)自建库之日起至2025年3月的文献。中文检索以下主题词或组合:“膀胱癌” or “膀胱肿瘤” and “弥散加权成像” and “分期” or “T分期”;英文检索“diffusion magnetic resonance imaging” or “DWI” and “urinary bladder neoplasms” or “bladder cancer” and “neoplasm staging” or “cancer staging”;并对参考文献进行二次检索。

1.2 筛选标准

       纳入标准:(1)涵盖国内和国外公开发表的文献,关于DWI对膀胱癌T分期诊断效能研究;(2)所有病例均需经病理学检查确诊为膀胱癌;(3)单篇文献报道的膀胱癌样本量不少于20例;(4)研究数据需能获取诊断试验的四格表数据,包括真阳性(true positive, TP)、假阳性(false positive, FP)、真阴性(true negative, TN)和假阴性(false negative, FN)值;(5)研究对象在接受MRI检查前未接受任何针对膀胱癌的放射治疗或化学治疗。排除标准:(1)重复发表的文献;(2)综述、个案报告、评述或会议摘要;(3)无法获取四格表数据的文献;(4)基于诊断准确性研究质量评估-2(quality assessment of diagnostic accuraey stwudics-2, QUADAS-2)[25]排除质量较低的文献;(5)研究目的与DWI诊断性能无关。

1.3 文献筛选及资料提取

       首先,使用文献管理软件Endnote 20.0对检索结果进行去重,然后由两位研究人员按照预先制定的纳入和排除标准,独立开展文献筛选工作。提取了纳入文献的第一作者、发表年份、研究类型、国家、样本量、影像方法等信息及参数,具体的文献筛选流程详见图1所示。

图1  文献检索及纳入排除流程图。
Fig. 1  Flow chart of literature retrieval and selection.

1.4 文献质量评估

       两名分别具有9年和5年丰富膀胱影像诊断经验的放射科主治医生分别以Cochrane协作网推荐的QUADAS-2作为评价标准,从病例流程与进展、金标准、待评估试验、病例选择四个方面独立开展偏倚风险评估工作,分为“低”“高”或“不确定”三类,并检查评估结果一致性,通过讨论解决评估分歧,直到达成共识或交由第3名具有30年丰富膀胱影像诊断经验的主任医师裁决。文献质量评估结果如图2所示。

图2  方法学质量评价诊断准确性研究质量评估-2量表的叠柱状图。图中以红色指代高风险/问题,绿色指代低风险/问题,黄色指代风险/问题不明确,直观显示了各质量领域的研究比例。
Fig. 2  Stacked bar charts of the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies-2 scale of methodological quality assessment. Red denotes high risk/problems, green indicates low risk/problems, and yellow signifies unclear risk/problems, visually illustrating the proportion of studies across each quality domain.

1.5 统计学分析

       本研究采用Meta-Disc 1.4和RevMan 5.3统计软件[26]进行数据整合,计算纳入研究的Spearman相关系数以评估阈值效应。排除阈值效应导致的异质性后,通过Q检验的P值和I2统计量来评估非阈值效应引起的异质性程度,若异质性检验结果提示研究间存在显著异质性(判定标准为I2>50%或P<0.05),则采用随机效应模型进行数据合并;否则,使用固定效应模型。合并各效应指标及95%的置信区间(confidence interval, CI),绘制综合受试者工作特征(summary receiver operating characteristic, SROC)曲线,计算曲线下面积。

       采用Stata 18.0统计软件进行Meta分析。首先进行异质性检验,通过计算Spearman相关系数(r值)及其对应的P值判断是否存在阈值效应。当r>0.6且P<0.05时,判定存在阈值效应,选择绘制SROC曲线。若无阈值效应,则计算合并特异度(specificity)、敏感度(sensitivity)、阴性似然比(negative likelihood ratio, NLR)、阳性似然比(positive likelihood ratio, PLR)和诊断比值比(diagnostic odds ratios, DOR)。本研究采用χ2检验对纳入研究间的异质性进行分析,同时结合定量评估异质性大小,运用Deek's漏斗图检测发表偏倚,统计学显著性水平设定为P<0.05。

2 结果

2.1 文献筛选结果

       初次在CNKI、PubMed及Embase数据库中共检索到405篇文献,导入Endnote软件进行管理,去除重复文献28篇。按照既定的纳入与排除标准,最终筛选出12篇符合条件的文献,共计881例膀胱癌患者,其中病理分期为≤T1期的患者有475例。纳入文献的基本特征汇总详见表1。QUADAS-2质量评估结果可见这12项研究的偏倚风险整体处于低至中等水平(图2)。

表1  纳入文献基本特征
Tab. 1  Basic characteristics of included literatures

2.2 Meta分析结果

2.2.1 阈值效应及异质性检验

       Spearman相关系数r=-0.036(P=0.912),表明不存在显著的阈值效应。采用Deek's漏斗图对潜在的发表偏倚进行检测(图3),结果显示P值为0.44,表明纳入的研究内容不存在显著的发表偏倚风险。

图3  Deek's漏斗图。展示了对发表偏倚的不对称性检验结果,提示不存在明显发表偏倚。图中的圈内数字标示研究编号,ESS指有效样本量。
Fig. 3  The Deek's funnel plot . This illustrates the results of an asymmetry test for publication bias, indicating no apparent publication bias exists. The numbers within circles denote study identification codes, while ESS refers to the effective sample size.

2.2.2 合并诊断效应量

       合并纳入文献相关效应量进行统计分析,得出DWI诊断膀胱癌T分期合并敏感度为0.89 [95%置信区间(confidence interval, CI):0.78~0.95],特异度为0.85(95% CI:0.77~0.90),AUC为0.92(95% CI:0.89~0.94),阳性似然比(positive likelihood ratio, PLR)为5.9(95% CI:3.9~8.8),阴性似然比(negative likelihood ratio, NLR)为0.13(95% CI:0.06~0.27),诊断比值比(diagnostic odds ratios, DOR)为45(95% CI:19~109)。详见图4, 图5

图4  DWI诊断膀胱癌T分期的SROC曲线。各数据点(圆圈)分别代表一项纳入研究,括号内的数值则分别标示了其95%置信区间。DWI:弥散加权成像;SROC:综合受试者工作特征。
Fig. 4  The SROC curve of DWI for diagnosing T-staging in bladder cancer. Each data point (circle) represents one included study, with the values in brackets indicating their respective 95% confidence intervals. DWI: diffusion-weighted imaging; SROC: summary receiver operating characteristic.
图5  DWI膀胱癌T分期上诊断性能的森林图。图中的垂线分别标示了特异度和敏感度的综合估计;当I2>50%时,表明各项研究之间的诊断参数的异质性具有显著性。DWI:弥散加权成像。
Fig. 5  The forest plot of DWI sequences in T staging for bladder cancer. The vertical lines denote the combined estimates of specificity and sensitivity respectively; when I2 exceeds 50%, this indicates significant heterogeneity in diagnostic parameters across studies. DWI: diffusion-weighted imaging.

2.3 亚组分析结果

       合并敏感度及特异度存在较高异质性,通过亚组分析探究异质性来源,亚组间行χ2检验,其中回顾性研究亚组组内差异过大,未纳入亚组分析,亚组分析结果如表2所示。

表2  诊断性研究的亚组分析
Tab. 2  Subgroup analysis of diagnostic studies

3 讨论

       本研究通过Meta分析的方法对12项基于DWI诊断膀胱癌肌层浸润的文献进行系统性综述,使用QUADAS-2进行文献质量评估,同时对纳入研究的异质性进行检验,采用Stata 18.0统计软件计算合并特异度及敏感度、NLR、PLR、DOR,绘制SROC曲线并进行分析,确定了DWI诊断膀胱癌T分期的合并敏感度为0.89(95% CI:0.78~0.95),合并特异度为0.85(95% CI:0.77~0.90)。本研究为国内首次通过Meta分析表明DWI在膀胱癌分期诊断中具有较高的敏感性和优异的诊断效能。

3.1 主要研究结果并与既往研究比较

       本研究纳入文献中关于DWI的诊断性能在敏感度和特异度方面均显示出明显优势,证实了DWI在膀胱癌T分期中的临床应用价值。在多项研究[13, 15, 27, 28]中,与常规T2W1磁共振序列成像相比,基于DWI序列或DWI+T2WI序列的诊断效能优于单独T2WI序列的诊断效能。既往研究多在关注多参数成像,本研究将重点放在了DWI这一单一检查序列,DWI作为多参数MRI中不可或缺的一个序列,并广泛应用于很多疾病的诊断,在多参数MRI诊断过程中起着十分重要的作用。目前已有文献明确提出DWI单独诊断膀胱癌T分期标准[35],DWI在肿瘤临床分期中的核心价值在于提高原发灶检出与边界界定、辅助淋巴结性质判断及早期发现远处转移,并且可以通过定量生物标志物(ADC值)用于疗效监测。同时DWI作为一种无需对比剂的功能性MRI技术,具有更高的普适性。

       本研究汇总了国内外关于DWI诊断膀胱癌T分期的大量数据,弥补了之前研究中的不足,为DWI在膀胱癌诊断中的应用价值研究提供了可靠论证。另一方面,在机器学习联合MRI影像预测膀胱癌分级效能的研究中,存在黑箱模型难以解释的问题。本研究对比了国内外研究中不同参数对膀胱癌T分期的诊断效能研究,为机器学习预测膀胱癌分级相关研究提供了部分论证支持。

3.2 亚组研究结果分析

       亚组分析结果显示,3 T场强下DWI的整体诊断效能优于1.5 T场强下DWI的诊断效能,高场强下更能对膀胱癌进行准确分期。在高b值为1000 s/mm2设备参数下,其敏感度、特异度、AUC均低于其他b值参数下的结果,因所得数据较局限,且组内异质性较大,我们只能推测不同b值条件下可能对膀胱癌的诊断效能存在影响,目前已有研究发现在不同扫描参数下的DWI,例如通过集成层面特异性动态匀场(integrated slice-specific dynamic shimming, iShim)技术可以获得更优的诊断效能[29]。将国外研究与国内研究结果比较,DWI对膀胱癌T分期的诊断效能均优于国内,可能和患者群体特征、MRI扫描参数等有关。本文所纳入文献的主要来源于东亚和埃及,筛选文献的过程中,不乏有来自欧美国家的研究者发表膀胱癌的相关文献,均因无法获取完整的四格表数据或不能获取DWI单一诊断效能数据而排除。

3.3 研究的优势与局限性及展望

       本研究的优势较为显著,本研究Meta分析共纳入12篇文献,文献质量评分均较高,共纳入881例膀胱癌,发表偏倚为0.44,无发表偏倚,说明纳入文献好。膀胱癌患者的临床治疗方案的选择直接取决于病理分期结果,不同分期的治疗策略及预后存在显著差异[5]。MIBC按照国际治疗指南共识,推荐采用新辅助治疗联合根治性膀胱切除术的综合治疗模式[36, 37];而NMIBC则普遍适用以膀胱保留手术为主的治疗方案[19]。本研究表明DWI在膀胱癌分期的诊断效能较高,能更好地指导临床治疗方案。

       本研究存在一定的局限性:(1)部分文献发表时间较早,检查技术较现在稍落后,诊断性能较现在存在偏差;(2)同样是DWI序列,在不同的研究中因使用设备、成像序列参数不同,可能引起研究数据的偏差,未来的研究中可以对影像数据进行标准化,以减少对研究结果的影响;(3)本研究旨在研究DWI鉴别诊断T1期及以下分期与T2期及更晚期,关于单独诊断T1、T2、T3、T4分期的研究目前仍较少,这是未来研究需完善的方向;(4)本研究所纳入文献数量不大,未来应开展更大样本量的研究进行补充。

4 结论

       综上,DWI在膀胱癌T分期诊断上具有较高敏感度和特异度,具有良好的应用价值,可以提高MRI的诊断效能。该结果可为后续相关临床研究及DWI技术在膀胱癌分期中的应用探索提供参考。未来通过大样本、多中心,并结合人工智能技术进行前瞻性研究可进一步验证DWI的诊断效能,以推动DWI技术在临床应用的标准化和规范化,使更多患者受益。

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