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综述
磁共振成像在快感缺失型抑郁症中的研究进展
杨鑫 张琴 丁辉

本文引用格式:杨鑫, 张琴, 丁辉. 磁共振成像在快感缺失型抑郁症中的研究进展[J]. 磁共振成像, 2026, 17(5): 160-166. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.05.024.


[摘要] 快感缺失型抑郁症(anhedonic depression, AD)是重度抑郁症(major depressive disorder, MDD)的一个重要亚型,其核心特征为愉悦体验缺失与奖赏动机减退。近年来,MRI技术,特别是结构MRI(structural MRI, sMRI)、静息态功能MRI(resting-state functional MRI, rs-fMRI)及任务态功能MRI(task-state functional MRI, ts-fMRI),已成为探究快感缺失神经机制的关键手段。通过高分辨率脑成像,sMRI揭示了AD患者奖赏相关脑区的结构改变,rs-fMRI揭示了这些脑区之间的功能连接失衡,ts-fMRI则进一步揭示了各脑区的局部神经活动改变。这些技术相结合为我们理解该症状维度的神经基础提供了更全面的视角,并对早期诊断、亚型识别及个体化治疗具有重要意义。然而,现有研究仍存在样本异质性高、横断面设计为主、影像学标记物临床验证不足以及任务态与静息态fMRI结合分析缺乏等局限。未来应依托大样本多中心纵向设计,结合人工智能多模态影像组学分析,并开展神经调控干预前后的影像追踪研究,以推动个体化精准诊疗。本文综述了MRI技术在AD中的应用与最新进展,并对未来研究方向与挑战做出展望,以期弥补现有综述在多模态整合与症状维度聚焦方面的不足,为后续研究及临床转化提供参考。
[Abstract] Anhedonic depression (AD) is a significant subtype of major depressive disorder (MDD), characterized primarily by the loss of pleasure experience and diminished reward motivation. In recent years, MRI techniques, particularly structural MRI (sMRI), resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) and task-state functional MRI (ts-fMRI), have become key tools for investigating the neural mechanisms underlying anhedonia. Through high-resolution brain imaging, sMRI has revealed structural alterations in reward-related brain regions in patients with anhedonic depression, rs-fMRI revealed an imbalance in functional connectivity among these brain regions, while ts-fMRI further indicated alterations in local neural activity across these regions. The combination of these techniques provides a more comprehensive perspective for understanding the neural basis of this symptomatic dimension and holds significant importance for early diagnosis, subtype identification, and personalized treatment. However, current research remains limited by substantial sample heterogeneity, the predominance of cross-sectional designs, insufficient clinical validation of neuroimaging biomarkers, and the lack of integrated analyses combining task-based and resting-state fMRI. Future studies should rely on large-sample, multicenter, longitudinal designs, incorporate artificial intelligence–driven multimodal radiomic analyses, and conduct longitudinal imaging assessments before and after neuromodulation interventions, so as to advance individualized and precision diagnosis and treatment. This review summarizes the current applications and latest progress of MRI techniques in anhedonic depression, and further discusses future research directions and challenges, aims to address the limitations of existing reviews in multimodal integration and symptom dimension focus, thereby providing references for subsequent research and clinical translation.
[关键词] 快感缺失型抑郁症;磁共振成像;静息态功能磁共振成像;任务态功能磁共振成像;结构磁共振成像
[Keywords] anhedonic depression;magnetic resonance imaging;resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging;task-state functional magnetic resonance imaging;structural magnetic resonance imaging

杨鑫 1, 2   张琴 2   丁辉 2*  

1 遵义医科大学,遵义 563000

2 贵州省第二人民医院医学影像科,贵阳 550000

通信作者:丁辉,E-mail:857747438@qq.com

作者贡献声明:丁辉参与并最终确定本综述的主题,设计本综述的框架,对稿件重要内容进行了修改,获得了贵州省卫生健康委科学技术基金项目的资助;杨鑫起草和撰写稿件,获取、分析并解释本研究文献;张琴获取、分析并解释本研究的文献,对稿件重要内容进行了修改,并对最终发表的论文版本进行审阅;全体作者都同意发表最后的修改稿,同意对本研究的所有方面负责,确保本研究的准确性和诚信。


基金项目: 贵州省卫生健康委科学技术基金项目 gzwkj2025-488,gzwkj2024-475
收稿日期:2026-01-13
接受日期:2026-04-17
中图分类号:R445.2  R749.4 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.05.024
本文引用格式:杨鑫, 张琴, 丁辉. 磁共振成像在快感缺失型抑郁症中的研究进展[J]. 磁共振成像, 2026, 17(5): 160-166. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.05.024.

0 引言

       重度抑郁症(major depressive disorder, MDD)是全球范围内导致功能障碍以及疾病负担的主要精神障碍之一[1],其临床表现具有显著异质性。尽管MRI技术已广泛应用于抑郁症的脑机制研究,但不同研究结果之间仍存在较大差异,提示有必要从更精细的症状维度层面重新审视相关影像学证据。

       快感缺失是抑郁症最具代表性的核心症状之一,既包括愉悦体验能力减退,也涉及奖赏动机与目标导向行为下降。基于症状维度的研究框架认为,快感缺失在临床表现、功能结局及潜在神经机制方面均具有相对独立性,其特征性表现不同于以焦虑为主的焦虑型抑郁[2],以及以精神运动迟滞、昼夜节律异常和显著罪恶感为特征的忧郁型抑郁[3, 4]。既往研究表明,快感缺失与抑郁症患者的社会功能受损、不良预后及抗抑郁治疗反应不佳密切相关,被视为影响疾病转归的重要症状维度[5, 6]

       快感缺失的神经生物学基础源于“皮层-边缘-纹状体”奖赏系统的多级交互紊乱与大规模脑网络的动态失衡[7]。在微观核心节点层面,中脑边缘通路(ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens, VTA-NAc)多巴胺信号的衰减及伏隔核的结构性萎缩直接削弱了奖赏预期与动机驱动[8, 9];而尾状核与杏仁核的响应迟钝、结合前额叶的价值编码紊乱,共同引发了“努力-成本”计算失调与奖赏评估偏差[10, 11, 12]。在中观环路级联层面,额纹状体连接[如眶额皮层(orbitofrontal cortex, OFC)-纹状体]的解耦引发了“明知奖赏却无行动”的动机缺乏(知行分离)[13, 14, 15],且腹侧被盖区(ventral tegmental area, VTA)向核心脑区的多巴胺传递受阻进一步加剧了行为启动抑制与期待性快感缺失[16]。在宏观网络层面,默认模式网络(default mode network, DMN)的过度活跃不仅侵占了奖赏加工的认知资源以强化负性自我参照[17, 18, 19],突显网络(salience network, SN)的调控失效及其与奖赏网络的解耦更导致了注意转换障碍与奖赏线索识别下降[20, 21]。多模态影像学证据进一步表明,从核团功能抑制到白质纤维束(如额纹束)微结构损伤的跨尺度神经病理改变,共同构成了快感缺失的闭环机制[22, 23]

       近年来,越来越多的MRI研究尝试从脑结构与功能层面探讨快感缺失的神经基础[24],重点关注奖赏加工、动机调控等相关脑区及脑网络。然而,已有综述多侧重于重度抑郁障碍整体的脑结构或脑功能改变,或仅聚焦于快感缺失的奖赏环路机制,尚缺乏从多种MRI技术角度对快感缺失型抑郁症(anhedonic depression, AD)的影像学证据进行系统整合。同时,既往研究对结构MRI(structural MRI, sMRI)、静息态功能MRI(resting-state functional MRI, rs-fMRI)、任务态功能MRI(task-state functional MRI, ts-fMRI)、磁共振波谱(magnetic resonance spectroscopy, MRS)及灌注成像等多模态方法的归纳相对分散,尚未从“结构-功能-代谢-灌注”这一条连续链条对快感缺失的影像学特征进行较为完善的梳理。基于此,本文在总结近年来AD MRI研究进展的基础上,围绕sMRI、fMRI、MRS以及动脉自旋标记(arterial spin labeling, ASL)等技术,系统归纳各技术在AD中的主要发现,重点分析受累脑区、脑网络异常及神经生物学机制的影像学证据,以期弥补现有综述在多模态整合与症状维度聚焦方面的不足,为后续研究及临床转化提供参考。

1 文献检索策略

1.1 数据库

       英文数据库:PubMed、Web of Science Core Collection、Cochrane Library;中文数据库:中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据知识服务平台、维普中文期刊服务平台。

1.2 检索时间

       各数据库建库起至2026年4月。

1.3 检索式

       英文检索式:("anhedonic depression" or "anhedonia" or "anhedonic" or "major depressive disorder" or "MDD" or "depression with anhedonia" or "depressed patients with anhedonia" or "reward deficit" or "consummatory anhedonia" or "motivational anhedonia") AND ("MRI" or "magnetic resonance imaging" or "sMRI" or "structural MRI" or "rs-fMRI" or "resting-state fMRI" or "task-state fMRI" or "ts-fMRI" or "diffusion tensor imaging" or "DTI" or "magnetic resonance spectroscopy" or "MRS" or "arterial spin labeling" or "ASL" or "perfusion MRI" or "neuroimaging"or "multimodal MRI")。

       中文检索式:(“快感缺失型抑郁症”OR“重度抑郁症”OR“抑郁”OR“快感缺失”OR“抑郁亚型”)AND(“磁共振成像”OR“功能磁共振成像”OR“结构磁共振成像”“弥散张量成像”“磁共振波谱”“动脉自旋标记”)。

2 sMRI技术在AD中的研究进展

       sMRI技术主要包括基于体素的形态学分析(voxel-based morphometry, VBM)、基于表面的形态学分析(surface-based morphometry, SBM)以及弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging, DTI),能够分别从灰质体积、皮层厚度以及白质微结构三个维度揭示快感缺失相关的神经结构改变[22, 25]

2.1 灰质结构异常:奖赏相关脑区的结构改变

       灰质结构的改变被认为是长期病理生理过程累积的结果。VBM及皮层表面分析方法(如FreeSurfer)被广泛用于探讨快感缺失相关的灰质结构异常[26, 27, 28]。现有研究较为一致地发现,前扣带回皮层(anterior cingulate cortex, ACC)是AD中结构异常最显著的脑区之一,其灰质体积减少或皮层厚度变薄,尤其集中于膝前部与膝下部[29, 30, 31]。快感缺失程度较高的MDD患者在ACC区域的改变更为显著,提示该区域可能涉及奖赏评估与动机调控功能受损[27, 32, 33]

       纹状体,包括腹侧纹状体(以伏隔核为核心)和背侧纹状体(尾状核与壳核),是中脑多巴胺能投射的主要靶区,其结构异常与快感缺失的关联已得到广泛验证[34, 35]。伏隔核(nucleus accumbens, NAcc)作为奖赏系统的关键节点,其结构异常同样被多项研究报道。NAcc体积减小与奖赏动机减退及快感缺失症状显著相关,而背侧纹状体(如尾状核和壳核)的灰质密度降低可能与习惯性行为及奖赏学习能力受损有关[36]。部分纵向研究提示,快感缺失改善后,NAcc体积可出现一定程度的回升,表明该区域具有结构可塑性,且其体积恢复可能是症状改善的生物学基础[37]

       前额叶皮层(prefrontal cortex, PFC)的结构异常亦被报道与快感缺失密切相关[38]。研究显示,背外侧 PFC和OFC的灰质体积减少在快感缺失个体中较为常见[29, 39],可能分别通过削弱认知控制能力与奖赏-惩罚价值整合过程,加重动机与愉悦体验受损[22, 40]。此外,腹内侧PFC皮层厚度变薄也被认为与奖赏评估功能异常相关[41]

       岛叶负责整合内感受信号与情绪体验[42, 43],其前部灰质体积减少或皮层变薄在快感缺失相关研究中逐渐受到关注[44],可能通过影响主观情绪体验及其与纹状体、前额叶之间的整合过程参与快感缺失的发生[45]。除上述核心区域外,海马、杏仁核及丘脑的结构异常亦在部分研究中有报道[46, 47, 48],提示快感缺失不仅是单一脑区的功能故障,而是涉及广泛的边缘系统-皮层结构网络的系统性改变。

       总体而言,sMRI研究较为一致地表明,AD主要涉及前扣带回-纹状体-前额叶-岛叶构成的奖赏与动机相关网络的灰质结构异常,其异常程度与快感缺失症状严重性密切相关。

2.2 白质微结构异常:奖赏与情绪调控通路的异常

       DTI通过量化白质纤维中水分子扩散特性,为探讨快感缺失相关神经环路的结构完整性提供了重要手段。现有研究一致表明,快感缺失症状与多条奖赏相关白质通路的微结构异常密切相关,主要表现为各向异性分数(fractional anisotropy, FA)降低及平均扩散率升高[49]。其中,扣带束和钩束被认为是最关键的受累通路。扣带束连接前扣带回与后顶叶和内侧颞叶结构,其FA值降低与快感缺失严重程度显著相关,提示奖赏评估与情绪调节信息在该通路中的传递效率受损。钩束连接腹内侧 PFC与杏仁核,其微结构异常可能削弱情绪与奖赏相关学习过程。白质微结构异常,涉及多条与情绪/奖赏调控相关的纤维束,为“结构连接层面的环路受损”提供了更高等级证据[50, 51]

       此外,上外侧内侧前脑束(supero-lateral medial forebrain bundle, slMFB)作为连接中脑多巴胺能核团与 PFC的关键奖赏通路,在忧郁型抑郁及快感缺失症状中表现出明显的微结构损伤。该通路的完整性下降被认为可能通过干扰奖赏动机系统,导致精神运动迟滞与动机行为缺陷。值得注意的是,近年来slMFB被提出作为深部脑刺激治疗难治性抑郁的潜在结构靶点,进一步印证了该通路在病理机制中的核心地位[52, 53]

       总体而言,DTI研究从白质连接层面为快感缺失相关奖赏环路功能障碍提供了结构学证据,提示前额叶-纹状体-边缘系统之间的结构异常可能是快感缺失的重要神经基础。

3 fMRI技术在AD中的研究进展

3.1 自发神经活动的异常:奖赏处理脑区的功能减退

       rs-fMRI通过分析大脑自发低频神经活动,研究者发现AD患者在静息状态下存在特定脑区的局部活动异常[54]。低频波动振幅(amplitudes of low frequency fluctuations, ALFF)和分数ALFF(fractional ALFF, fALFF)主要用于测量大脑自发低频波动的强度,而局部一致性(regional homogeneity, ReHo)则用于衡量大脑区域内神经元活动的同步性[55],三者均在探讨AD的神经机制中扮演重要角色。研究发现,AD患者在多个与奖赏处理和情绪调节相关的脑区(特别是腹侧纹状体、ACC和眶额叶皮层)的自发神经活动显著降低,这些区域的功能缺陷可能与个体奖赏反应和情绪调节受损直接相关[56, 57, 58]

       此外,ReHo研究进一步揭示了AD的神经活动异常。ReHo分析显示,快感缺失患者在左侧额上回和中扣带回等区域的同步活动显著降低。这些区域在情绪调节、奖赏决策及动机行为中发挥核心作用,其ReHo降低表明这些脑区的功能整合能力受损。与不伴快感缺失的抑郁症患者相比,快感缺失患者在这些区域的ReHo降低更为显著,提示其奖赏处理与情绪调节功能的协调能力受到严重影响[59]。进一步研究表明,ReHo异常不仅关联奖赏系统功能障碍,也与反刍思维及过度的情绪自我参照加工有关。ReHo的降低可能破坏情绪调节系统与奖赏系统之间的平衡,从而加剧快感缺失症状。此外,在AD患者中,这种ReHo异常与病理性反刍和持久性消极情绪密切相关;相关脑区同步活动的减弱,可能使个体更易陷入负面情绪与动机缺失的恶性循环。

       综上,AD患者在奖赏相关脑区(如腹侧纹状体、ACC、OFC)和情绪调节网络(如额上回、中扣带回)的自发神经活动与ReHo显著降低,表明快感缺失的神经机制与奖赏处理、情绪调节功能失衡密切相关。

3.2 功能连接及脑网络的异常:神经环路的失衡

       在AD的研究中,静息态fMRI还被用于分析脑区之间的功能连接(functional connectivity, FC)[60, 61]。FC研究揭示了奖赏网络内部的连接异常及其与其他脑网络(如DMN、感觉运动网络)的交互改变[14, 62]。研究发现,AD患者的奖赏网络,特别是前额叶-纹状体通路的FC减弱[63, 64],这一变化可能导致奖赏预期与动机驱动功能缺失,进而加剧快感缺失症状。主要表现为 PFC与腹侧纹状体之间的FC降低,表明这些区域在奖赏加工中的协调功能受损,使得大脑难以有效将奖赏预期转化为动机行为,亦无法根据奖赏反馈调整后续决策,从而导致情感体验与愉悦感知显著下降[62]

       与此同时,AD患者还表现出脑奖赏网络与DMN之间的FC增强[65]。DMN的过度激活与自我参照思维和内省活动密切相关,通常在情绪调节与记忆处理过程中发挥作用。在AD患者中,奖赏网络与DMN之间的异常连接可能反映了患者在奖赏处理与情绪调节过程中出现的协调障碍[66]。DMN的过度激活可能导致过度反刍与消极情绪维持,而奖赏网络功能削弱则使患者对奖赏刺激反应不足。除了奖赏网络和DMN之间的异常连接,AD患者的感觉运动网络与认知控制网络也显示出FC异常。感觉运动网络连接强度与快感缺失症状严重程度呈负相关,提示运动动机与行为驱动减弱;认知控制网络的FC异常则可能干扰情绪调节,导致患者出现反刍思维与情绪失控[67, 68, 69]

       总体而言,FC研究从大尺度脑网络的视角揭示了AD的生物学基础,指出奖赏网络内部(如前额叶-纹状体通路)的解偶联,以及奖赏网络与DMN、认知控制网络之间的交互失衡,共同导致了患者奖赏驱动力的下降与情绪调节的严重障碍。

3.3 任务诱发脑激活异常:奖赏加工阶段的缺陷

       ts-fMRI主要通过采用特定的奖赏任务范式(如货币激励延迟任务、猜盒子任务或味觉奖赏任务),考察快感缺失患者在奖赏加工不同阶段(主要为奖赏预期与奖赏反馈)的神经反应异常。在奖赏预期阶段,皮质下结构特别是NAcc的激活在个体的奖赏处理中起着关键作用。研究表明,NAcc在奖赏预期期间的激活能够有效缓冲生活压力源对抑郁症状的负面影响[70, 71]

       此外,在奖赏反馈阶段,ACC的异常激活也被频繁报道。ACC在评估奖赏价值和行为结果反馈中具有核心功能,其激活异常可能直接反映了快感缺失患者对奖赏价值评估能力的受损[72]。进一步的研究揭示了与动机缺陷相关的特定网络异常。在面对需要付出努力的奖赏决策时,伴有快感缺失的MDD患者常表现出尾状核和颞上回(superior temporal gyrus, STG)的激活显著减弱。尾状核作为多巴胺能奖赏回路的核心节点,其功能低下会导致奖赏价值评估障碍,使患者表现出对“高努力-高奖赏”选项的回避行为;而STG的激活异常则反映了奖赏显著性整合的失调,进一步削弱了患者的动机驱动[73]。同时,内侧 PFC等皮质区域的低激活,提示了“皮质-纹状体”环路FC的异常,共同构成了快感缺失的核心神经病理基础[74]

       综上,ts-fMRI研究通过动态追踪奖赏加工的不同阶段,进一步证实了AD在奖赏预期(如NAcc激活不足)与奖赏反馈(如前扣带回、尾状核反应异常)环节的神经响应缺陷。这些脑区的异常激活,直观地反映了患者在奖赏价值评估与“努力-奖赏”动机转换过程中的核心功能受损。

4 脑神经代谢改变:MRS研究进展

       MRS通过无创检测脑内神经化学物质浓度,为揭示AD的神经代谢机制提供了独特视角。大量MRS研究表明,ACC和 PFC关键神经递质系统(包括谷氨酸能、γ-氨基丁酸能系统)的代谢异常与快感缺失症状密切相关[75, 76, 77]。这些神经化学失衡可能通过影响奖赏相关神经环路的兴奋-抑制平衡,导致奖赏功能减退[19, 78]。COOPER等[79]发现,健康人的内侧前额叶谷氨酸对急性应激的反应幅度会随近期压力水平增加而适应性减小,但这种保护性适应在抑郁症患者中缺失,并与日常生活中的悲观预期(期待性快感缺失的核心特征)显著相关。

       总体而言,MRS研究从神经生化代谢的微观层面为快感缺失提供了影像学证据,这种局部兴奋-抑制网络平衡的打破,可能是导致奖赏神经环路功能减退及期待性快感缺失的重要基础。

5 脑血流灌注异常:ASL的研究进展

       ASL作为一种无需外源性对比剂的磁共振灌注成像技术,通过标记动脉血中的水分子作为内源性示踪剂,可定量评估脑血流量(cerebral blood flow, CBF),进而反映区域脑组织的代谢需求与功能活动水平。在AD的研究中,ASL成像揭示了多个奖赏与情绪调节相关脑区的灌注异常。研究显示,快感缺失程度较高的患者NAcc以及ACC区域CBF显著降低,提示该区域基础代谢水平下降,可能构成奖赏动机减退的生理基础[80, 81];此外,楔叶、梭状回等视觉相关脑区的CBF下降与快感缺失的相关性亦被报道,提示视觉皮层的功能可能参与AD的神经机制[82]

       综上,ASL从脑血流动力学角度证实了AD患者在核心奖赏区域(如NAcc、前扣带回)的基础灌注与代谢水平低下;这种局部CBF的异常减少不仅反映了奖赏相关脑区基础功能活动水平下降,也为动机减退与快感缺失症状提供了直接的生理代谢证据。

6 总结与展望

       近年来,MRI技术在AD研究中不断发展,较为一致地揭示了以前额叶-纹状体-边缘系统为核心的奖赏与动机相关神经环路异常。sMRI、rs-fMRI及弥散成像研究从灰质结构、白质连接及自发神经活动多个层面,证实了快感缺失与奖赏相关脑区结构改变、网络功能失衡之间的稳定关联,为其神经生物学基础提供了影像学支持。

       然而,现有研究仍存在一定的局限性。首先,当前研究多受限于样本异质性较高(如病程、用药状态、共病情况不同)以及横断面设计占主导,难以确立脑异常与快感缺失症状之间的因果关系。其次,影像学标记物的临床验证严重不足,大量研究结果仍停留在群体水平的组间差异分析,尚未转化为可用于个体水平早期诊断或疗效预测的可靠临床指标。最后,在脑功能机制的探索上,缺乏ts-fMRI与rs-fMRI的结合分析,使得研究者难以将大脑内在的静息网络拓扑特征与执行具体奖赏加工任务时的动态神经响应进行有效映射,限制了对快感缺失病理机制的全面解释。

       针对上述局限,未来研究可从以下几个方向进行深化与突破:一是依托大样本、多中心与纵向随访设计,明确快感缺失相关脑网络异常的动态演变规律;二是可结合人工智能技术进行多模态MRI影像组学分析,以期在个体层面挖掘出更具特异性和敏感性的神经生物学标志物,提升对抑郁症亚型的精准识别能力[83];三是积极开展干预研究(如深部脑刺激DBS、经颅磁刺激TMS等物理神经调控或药物治疗)前后的影像学变化追踪,探索症状改善与神经环路重塑之间的潜在关联[84]。这不仅有助于确证病理机制,更有望为AD的个体化精准靶向治疗提供科学依据。

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