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综述
基于医学影像的体质成分分析及临床应用进展
张钦和 李文豪 刘爱连

Cite this article as: ZHANG Q H, LI W H, LIU A L. Clinical application progress of imaging-based body composition analysis[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2026, 17(9): 224-234.本文引用格式:张钦和, 李文豪, 刘爱连. 基于医学影像的体质成分分析及临床应用进展[J]. 磁共振成像, 2026, 17(9): 224-234. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.09.029.


[摘要] 体质成分分析(body composition analysis, BCA)通过无创影像技术量化人体脂肪、肌肉、骨骼等组织的分布与功能,为代谢性疾病、慢性疾病、老年医学和肿瘤研究提供了新的视角,可用于评估肥胖症、肌肉减少症与骨质疏松症,用于监测营养状况、疾病严重程度以及干预措施的有效性。基于多模态影像的BCA揭示了肿瘤与宿主之间的复杂相互作用,BCA与患者全身营养状态、炎性反应和免疫功能密切相关,已逐渐成为肿瘤患者管理的重要工具。随着AI技术的发展,深度学习算法可以自动识别、分割及量化肌肉和脂肪组织,提高了BCA的效率和准确性,提升了临床应用的可行性。然而,目前该领域仍存在测量标准不统一、前瞻性验证不足、AI模型泛化能力差及临床集成困难等问题。为此,本文将针对BCA成像技术进展,及其在代谢综合征、肿瘤、急性炎症、老年医学和慢性疾病风险评估、治疗反应及耐受性和预后预测等方面进展进行综述,系统分析当前研究的局限性,并提出建立标准化体系、开展多中心前瞻性研究、推动可解释性AI临床落地及融合多组学数据等未来方向,以期为BCA的临床转化与规范化应用提供参考。
[Abstract] Body composition analysis (BCA) quantifies the distribution and function of human tissues such as fat, muscle, and bone using non-invasive imaging techniques, providing a new perspective for research in metabolic diseases, chronic diseases, geriatrics, and oncology. It can be used to assess obesity, sarcopenia, and osteoporosis, and to monitor nutritional status, disease severity, and the effectiveness of interventions. Multimodal imaging-based BCA reveals the complex interactions between tumors and the host. BCA is closely related to patients' overall nutritional status, inflammatory response, and immune function, and has gradually become an important tool in the management of cancer patients. Through interdisciplinary collaboration, the combination of nutrition, sports medicine, and oncology provides patients with more precise and personalized treatment plans. With the development of AI technology, deep learning algorithms can automatically identify, segment, and quantify muscle and adipose tissue, improving the efficiency and accuracy of BCA and enhancing its feasibility for clinical application. However, the field still faces challenges such as inconsistent measurement standards, insufficient prospective validation, poor generalization ability of AI models, and difficulties in clinical integration. Therefore, this article reviews the progress of BCA imaging technology and its applications in metabolic syndrome, tumors, acute inflammation, geriatrics, chronic disease risk assessment, treatment response and tolerability, and prognostic prediction. It systematically analyzes the limitations of current research and proposes future directions such as establishing a standardized system, conducting multi-center prospective studies, promoting the clinical application of interpretable AI, and integrating multi-omics data, aiming to provide a reference for the clinical translation and standardized application of BCA.
[关键词] 体质成分;肌少症;肥胖;CT;磁共振成像;影像组学;机器学习;深度学习
[Keywords] body composition;sarcopenia;obesity;CT;magnetic resonance imaging;radiomics, machine learning, deep learning

张钦和 1, 2   李文豪 1   刘爱连 1, 2*  

1 大连医科大学附属第一医院放射科,大连 116011

2 辽宁省超极化磁共振专业技术创新中心,大连 116011

通信作者:刘爱连,E-mail:cjr.liuailian@vip.163.com

作者贡献声明::刘爱连、张钦和设计本研究的方案,对稿件重要内容进行了修改;张钦和起草和撰写稿件,获取、分析并解释本综述的参考文献起草和撰写稿件,获得辽宁省科技计划联合计划项目资助;李文豪获取、分析本综述的数据,对稿件重要内容进行了修改;全体作者都同意发表最后的修改稿,同意对本研究的所有方面负责,确保本研究的准确性和诚信。


基金项目: 辽宁省科技计划联合计划项目 2025-MSLH-199
收稿日期:2026-03-30
接受日期:2026-06-09
中图分类号:R814.42  R445.2  R589 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.09.029
本文引用格式:张钦和, 李文豪, 刘爱连. 基于医学影像的体质成分分析及临床应用进展[J]. 磁共振成像, 2026, 17(9): 224-234. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2026.09.029.

0 引言

       肥胖症、肌少症、骨质疏松症等体质成分异常已成为全球性公共卫生问题[1, 2]。体质成分分析(body composition analysis, BCA)通过无创影像技术量化人体脂肪、肌肉、骨骼等组织的分布与功能,在代谢性疾病、慢性疾病、老年医学和肿瘤等研究中具有重要价值[3]。BCA临床上可用于评估肥胖症、肌少症与骨质疏松症,用于监测营养状况、疾病严重程度以及干预措施的有效性。然而,传统BCA多依赖生物电阻抗(bioelectrical impedance analysis, BIA)、双能X射线吸收法(dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, DXA)等技术,存在无法区分皮下与内脏脂肪、无法定量器官内脂肪沉积等局限[4];基于CT、MRI的精准BCA虽可克服上述不足,但依赖人工分割,耗时费力,限制了其临床推广[5, 6]。目前虽有综述关注BCA在某一疾病领域的应用[7, 8, 9],但缺乏系统整合多模态影像、人工智能(artificial intelligence, AI)技术与多疾病领域的综合性论述。本文综述了基于CT、MRI的多模态影像BCA成像技术进展及其在代谢综合征、肿瘤诊治、急性炎症、老年医学与慢性疾病及外科并发症中的应用进展,并提出未来应聚焦于全自动AI开发、多中心前瞻性研究及BCA与血液生物标志物、多组学的深度融合。本文旨在为临床医生和研究者提供BCA的全面应用图景,以期推动多模态影像体质成分智能分析的临床转化与规范化应用。

1 文献检索

       为确保综述系统性与全面性,本文在以下数据库中进行了文献检索:PubMed、Web of Science、中国知网及万方数据。检索时间区间主要为2015年1月至2026年3月,同时追溯纳入文献的关键参考文献以获取领域内的重要开创性研究。英文检索式主要包括:(body composition OR sarcopenia OR myosteatosis OR visceral adipose tissue OR subcutaneous adipose tissue OR peritumoral fat)AND(computed tomography OR magnetic resonance imaging OR radiomics OR deep learning)AND(cancer OR neoplasm OR metabolic syndrome OR inflammation OR geriatrics)。中文检索式主要包括:(体质成分或肌少症或肌脂肪变性或内脏脂肪或皮下脂肪或瘤周脂肪)和(计算机断层扫描或磁共振成像或影像组学或深度学习)和(肿瘤或代谢综合征或炎症或老年医学)。文献纳入标准:原创性临床研究、系统综述及Meta分析。排除标准:病例报告、社论、评论及非中英文文献。

2 体质成分分析的成像技术进展

2.1 BCA多元化影像学方法

       多种影像技术在BCA中发挥重要作用。BIA[10]、DXA [4]、超声(ultrasound, US)[11]等技术虽在流行病学筛查中具有成本优势,但难以满足精准医学对组织特异性定量评估的需求。因此,目前BCA主要聚焦计算机断层扫描技术(computed tomography, CT)和磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)技术。

2.1.1 计算机断层扫描技术

       CT能够明确皮下脂肪(subcutaneous adipose tissue, SAT)与内脏脂肪(visceral adipose tissue, VAT)分布及定量实质脏器和肌肉内的脂肪沉积,且CT扫描数据临床可行性高,为目前最常用的BCA工具[6];然而,电离辐射限制了其在健康人群和需要长期随访患者中的重复应用;HU值虽能反映脂肪浸润,但无法直接量化组织内的绝对脂肪百分比。定量CT(quantitative computed tomography, QCT)基于胸部CT图像,直接定量骨密度,评估体质分布、肌肉质量和骨密度,是CT技术的重要延伸[12]

2.1.2 MRI

       MRI常规序列可精准显示VAT、SAT,MRI-Dixon方法能对组织内脂肪进行精准定量,更适合肿瘤患者的纵向监测[13, 14]。然而,MRI的主要挑战在于检查成本高、扫描时间长(单次30~60 min),难以大规模应用,且深度学习分割模型的成熟度较CT偏低。

2.1.3 选择策略与发展趋势

       BCA方法应根据临床具体应用选择,需同时考虑成本、准确性和便携性[15]。大规模风险筛查或机会性评估推荐CT;精准机制研究或需要长期动态监测推荐MRI。未来,超低剂量CT、光子计数CT以及人工智能加速MRI扫描将进一步提升BCA的可及性与精准度。新兴技术如智能手机摄像、三维光学成像扫描仪、智能手表BIA等可及性更高,但准确性尚待验证。

2.2 BCA评估常用的指标及临床意义

       体质成分可以分为三大类:包括含皮下脂肪和内脏脂肪的脂肪组织、肌肉组织及骨骼组织。肥胖症为体内过量脂肪积累,常伴发糖尿病、脂肪肝、高血压、冠心病等多种慢性疾病,且与肿瘤发生、发展及预后等相关。常用的BCA评价肥胖指标:总脂肪面积、SAT面积、VAT面积SAT指数、VAT指数、内脏脂肪体积、腹部脂肪指数、VAT与SAT比值(VAT/SAT ratio, VSR)、肥胖指数=VAT/MMA(骨骼肌面积)等,能准确反映脂肪分布,确定内脏肥胖,用于代谢疾病及肿瘤评估[16]

       肌少症为肌肉含量和质量减低伴肌肉功能减退,是反映患者营养状态和肌肉储备的关键指标,与严重衰老、恶性肿瘤、营养不良、全身炎症及衰弱等相关[17]。常用BCA评价肌少症的指标:骨骼肌密度(skeletal muscle density, SMD)、骨骼肌指数(skeletal muscle index, SMI)、髂腰肌指数(psoas muscle index, PMI)、肌内脂肪组织(intermuscular adipose tissue, IMAT)、肌肉脂肪指数(muscle fat index, MFI)、肌少症指数(sarcopenia index, SI)等。基于CT、MRI的BCA可以确认肥胖、肌少症是否同时存在,以诊断肌少症性肥胖(sarcopenic obesity, SO)[18]。骨质疏松症以骨量低、微结构损坏、易发生骨折为特征。常用DXA的骨密度T值和QCT椎体骨密度来评价,椎体的CT值只能粗略评估,但不能替代QCT。

2.3 人工智能助力BCA临床化

       基于CT、MRI图像的传统BCA方法多依赖于半自动或手动分割,耗时且受主观影响较大。近年来,随着计算机视觉和AI技术的发展,很多开源软件包用于自动分割,实现快速、精准BCA[19, 20]。基于AI的全自动流水线,简化了从数据归一化和解剖标记到自动组织分割和定量过程[21]

2.3.1 主流模型架构及其应用

       以U-Net为代表的卷积神经网络架构及其改进版本(如nnU-Net),是目前BCA领域应用最广泛的分割模型,能够在腹部CT图像上实现骨骼肌、皮下脂肪及内脏脂肪的端到端自动分割,Dice相似系数可达0.95以上[22]。近年来,Vision Transformer模型凭借其强大的全局特征提取能力,在复杂解剖结构的分割任务中展现出优于传统卷积神经网络的潜力[22, 23, 24]

2.3.2 数据泛化与模型鲁棒性挑战

       研究表明,不同医疗机构使用的扫描设备厂商、扫描参数及患者群体存在差异,常导致模型性能显著下降。WEISMAN等[25]发现,不同CT设备厂商(Siemens、GE、Philips)产生的图像域差异会影响分割模型的表现。VAN DIJK等[26]亦指出,扫描设备差异是限制自动化分割算法跨中心泛化的核心障碍。其次,现有多数开源模型基于欧美人群训练,由于亚洲人群与欧美人群在体型、脂肪分布模式上存在显著差异,直接应用可能导致系统性的测量偏倚[27]。针对上述问题,研究者提出了多种解决策略,包括域自适应、风格迁移及多中心联合训练等[23]

2.3.3 临床工作流集成的现实困境

       AI辅助BCA从研发到临床常规应用,还面临多重现实挑战。其一,PACS集成问题:大多数AI模型以独立软件形式运行,需手动导入导出数据,无法与现有PACS无缝对接,严重制约了使用效率[28]。其二,实时性要求:临床工作中需要BCA结果能够在数分钟内返回以辅助决策,这对计算资源提出了较高要求。此外,AI模型的临床可解释性及监管审批问题仍有待解决。

2.3.4 BCA的标准化测量层面与替代方案

       BCA首选以腹部CT扫描L3层面,评估特定肌肉、脂肪组织等详细信息,兼顾临床可及性与高精度[26, 29]。但胸部CT为心肺疾病患者常用检查方法,也是较常规的体检项目,其在BCA中的价值越来越受重视[30]。研究表明,胸部CT扫描T7~T8层面BCA,可有效反映胸部肌肉及脂肪含量及分布,与腹部CT的BCA呈中高度相关[31]。在缺乏腹部CT的L3水平影像时,胸部CT的L1、T12层面影像亦同等支持BCA[32]

       综上,深度学习已显著提升了BCA的自动化水平,但跨中心泛化、临床系统集成及标准化测量等问题仍需进一步突破。未来,联邦学习有望在不共享原始数据的前提下实现多中心联合建模,克服数据孤岛与隐私保护难题[33];而下一代可解释性人工智能技术将有助于提升模型的临床信任度[34]

3 体质成分分析的临床应用进展

3.1 基于BCA的代谢与心血管疾病风险评估

       脂肪组织蓄积可启动脂肪肌肉炎症级联反应(adipose-muscle inflammatory cascade, AMIC),VAT过度堆积,脂肪细胞肥大、缺氧,大量释放游离脂肪酸、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)等多种炎症因子,引发全身系统性慢性低度炎症与胰岛素抵抗,进而抑制骨骼肌蛋白合成、促进蛋白分解,导致骨骼肌量减少、SMI降低[35]。与此同时,脂肪细胞向肌间隙内浸润增多,加重肌肉脂肪浸润,使肌肉质量受损[36]。此外,慢性炎症与肌少症共同干扰骨代谢平衡,抑制骨形成,导致骨密度下降、骨质疏松[37]。因此,以骨骼肌减少、IMAT加重、VAT过量堆积为特征的体质成分异常并非孤立存在,而是通过AMIC引起代谢紊乱、心血管与肌骨损害等多重病理生理交互的恶性循环,最终影响机体功能状态与临床预后[37, 38]

       代谢综合征为一组以腹型肥胖为核心,同时合并血糖、血压以及血脂异常的一组代谢紊乱症候群。VAT是代谢综合征、2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)和心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease, CVD)发生的关键危险因素[5, 37]。IMAT反映骨骼肌内脂肪异常沉积、肌力下降、慢性炎症及胰岛素抵抗,与肌少症、代谢综合征、骨质疏松及不良临床预后有关[39]。BCA能全面反映全身脂肪总量、分布及肌肉含量等,分为不同风险肥胖表型:皮下型肥胖(低风险表型)、内脏型肥胖(高危表型)、SO(最高危表型)、全身型肥胖(综合风险高)[40]

       BCA在T2DM前期筛查中具有重要价值。一项15 330名健康受试者腹部CT的BCA分析及10 570名有10年随访数据的纵向BCA分析显示VAT和VSR随年龄增长而增加,且均能预测T2DM存在和患病风险[41]。基于MRI的BCA亦显示VAT面积可能作为T2DM预防和治疗的潜在生物标志物[42]。T2DM患者常伴MFI,进一步加剧胰岛素抵抗。

       体质成分异常与CVD风险相关。一项基于9223名无症状成年人CT结肠成像全自动BCA研究显示较高的VAT面积和VSR与CVD风险增加有关,极低和极高SAT的死亡风险较高;提示基于CT的全自动腹部BCA可以预测无症状成年人死亡率和CVD风险[43];另有研究显示基于胸部低剂量CT的智能BCA在预测肺癌发病率、肺癌死亡、CVD死亡及全因死亡率风险方面均有很重要的价值[44]。MRI FF图获得的VAT面积亦是独立于BMI的CVD危险因素[5]。一项基于20 661名肺癌CT筛查的BCA,证明2年随诊过程中心外膜脂肪组织体积的明显减少、密度明显增加与全因及CVD死亡率相关,提示除VAT外,心外膜脂肪组织也是需要关注的CVD风险脂肪[45]

       综上,在代谢综合征的评估中,影像学BCA提供了超越BMI的深层代谢表型信息。VAT及IMAT等指标作为反映慢性炎症与胰岛素抵抗的影像生物标志物,有助于在无症状阶段实现心血管及糖尿病风险的早期分层。但关于不同种族、性别的最佳阈值仍有待大规模前瞻性研究解答。

3.2 基于BCA的肿瘤全周期管理

       传统影像对肿瘤的诊断及评估主要聚焦于肿瘤局部的形态学特征及功能改变,基于影像的BCA揭示了肿瘤与宿主间的复杂相互作用,尤其是肌肉量和脂肪分布及含量的变化,与患者全身营养状态及代谢水平、炎性反应和免疫功能密切相关[46, 47]。CT被广泛用于肿瘤患者BCA,可量化宿主体成分表型信息,提示患者营养储备及全身状态,用于评估肿瘤风险、治疗反应及预测预后等。

3.2.1 肿瘤发生与预后风险预测

       VAT过度蓄积与MFI构建有利于肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭与转移的病理微环境[48]。肥胖、肌少症与肿瘤恶性生物学行为紧密关联,影响肿瘤发生、发展及预后[38, 49]。监测肿瘤患者体成分的变化已成为近年来肿瘤研究的热点。研究证明VAT增加与内分泌相关子宫内膜癌(endometrial cancer, EC)、卵巢癌(ovarian carcinoma, OC)等发生及预后有关[50, 51, 52]。非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)心包脂肪指数增加与5年总体生存率(overall survival, OS)较高相关,提示心包脂肪也是肿瘤的风险因素[53]。肌少症是以肌肉质量和/或数量减低导致骨骼肌功能及身体功能下降的一种综合征。一项414,094名参与者的前瞻性研究证明肌少症与多种癌症的风险相关,尤以男性胃肠道癌症为主[54]

       不同的体质成分在肿瘤进展及评估中的发挥重要作用。CARDOSO等[55]研究486例EC患者BCA与5年OS的关联,提示低SMI、低SMD患者中位生存期明显缩短,强调骨骼肌质量的重要作用。HAN等[56]前瞻性对8267名消化道癌症患者进行CT扫描,基于SM、SAT和VAT面积确定体成分表型预测肿瘤OS,显示肌少症和脂肪异常分布与治疗耐受性、并发症风险及生存期密切相关;WANG等[57]基于两个大型队列(3635例/22年、16 360例/8年)构建BCA肺癌风险预测模型,显示该模型可减少不必要筛查,助力个性化筛查策略制订。

       肿瘤周围脂肪是肿瘤微环境的关键调控组分,影响肿瘤的发生和进展[49],已成为肿瘤评估的热点。研究表明SMD和直肠系膜脂肪面积是预测无病生存期(disease-free survival, DFS)的独立因素[58];前列腺周围脂肪已成为侵袭性和/或晚期前列腺癌患者的新型治疗靶点[59, 60];肾周脂肪体积和密度可预测RCC预后[61]。基于肌少症、SAT、肾周脂肪、肿瘤直径和术式构建的诺模图,能有效预测局限性RCC进展[62]。由此可见,在关注全身BCA同时,聚焦肿瘤周围脂肪可获得更丰富的影响肿瘤进展和风险的微环境改变信息。

       BCA结合营养风险筛查工具和系统性炎症指标对消化系统肿瘤患者进行综合评估,有助于及时识别高危患者[63];将BCA与血液炎性和营养指标结合,将提升对肿瘤评估的准确性[50]。XU等[64]基于BCA与血液指标构建晚期胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, PDAC)患者1年OS预测列线图,发现低SMI、高VSR、高VATI、低TyG-BMI及低前白蛋白为独立危险因素,该列线图能有效识别高风险患者。KLATTE等[65]回顾516例PDAC临床确诊前36个月腹部CT的BCA和血液生物标志物的纵向变化,观察到在接近诊断的每6个月时间内,VAT、SAT显著减少。在诊断前的最后6个月内,肌肉组织和骨量减少。这些发现提示早期识别肿瘤发展过程中体成分和代谢标志物的变化,有助于营养师、运动医学医生和物理治疗师进行早期干预,但BCA参数变化与肿瘤发生发展的因果关系仍有待前瞻性队列研究阐明。

3.2.2 手术治疗的疗效与并发症评估

       在前文论述体质成分与肿瘤发生及预后关联的基础上,本节进一步聚焦手术治疗场景。研究证明,高VAT面积是胃癌行腹腔镜根治性胃切除术后并发症的独立风险因素,而低VAT面积和高VAT密度与预后不良相关[66]。腹型肥胖也是肾透明细胞癌(renal clear cell carcinoma, RCCC)、OC患者术后并发症和短期结局的预测指标[67, 68]。FILIS等[54]回顾987例I~Ⅱ期CRC患者BCA与术后DFS的关联,结果显示高SAT可预测更长的DFS,而高VAT与DFS无关,术前临床决策中加入SAT可提供额外的预测能力。此外,结合VAT和SAT的预测nomogram模型可以有效预测ccRCC术后的DFS[69]

       肌少症或MFI与癌症的不良预后关系尤为明显。肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)患者接受介入和系统治疗时,肌少症及MFI均与较差的OS显著相关,且肌少症为独立风险因子,将骨骼肌体积纳入新的评分系统可能改善临床决策[70, 71];SO是胃癌术后死亡率增加的独立危险因素,SMI和PMI同时减低的胃癌术后OS最低[72];KHALID等[73]分析了102名脊柱转移瘤手术治疗患者的身体成分表型与手术结果和5年生存率的关联,确定SO为术后死亡风险增加的独立因素;术前胸部CT的BCA是肺癌肺叶切除术后并发症的独立预测因素,并可预测NSCLC患者术后死亡及复发风险[74];低SMI和高SAT、VAT为肝内胆管细胞癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, ICC)术后并发症的危险因素,BCA对ICC患者术前风险分层优于BMI,后续对ICC患者进行CT术前评估时应同时考虑BCA的价值[75]

       肌少症伴脂肪变与炎症共病,使疾病进展和死亡风险增加近三倍,生物标志物有助于肿瘤术后的风险预测[63, 76]。多中心研究整合了全身免疫炎症指数、全身炎症反应指数、白蛋白-球蛋白比值和体成分的身体成分-炎症营养生物标志物评分,可独立预测NSCLC术后的RFS[77];多项研究证实,将基于CT的BCA参数与中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比率、营养预后指数等血液指标结合构建的列线图,可有效预测胃癌、食管癌及ICC术后无复发生存期(recurrence-free survival, RFS)[78, 79, 80, 81]

       XU等[82]开发基于CT的BCA参数的列线图模型,预测局部进展期胃癌(locally advanced gastric cancer, LAGC)患者术后RFS,并进行复发风险分层。与病理TNM分期相比,列线图在预测1年RFS时表现相当,在预测3年和5年RFS时显示出更好的预测效能。整合BCA参数、肿瘤CT特征和临床指标构建列线图或风险评分,可以有效预测LAGC患者术后OS及RFS[83, 84];CHEN等[85, 86]针对1862名胃癌患者的队列,开发并验证SMAT-TC评分(包括SM、AT和肿瘤CT特征)是预测胃癌RFS的独立风险因素,超越TNM分期,有助于提高胃癌术后复发风险的分层。

       手术后BCA的变化亦为预后评估有价值的参数。SONG等[87]分析287名胃癌患者术前和术后CT检查的BCA参数(VFA、SFA、SMA和SMD)及各自变化率预测根治术后RFS,结果显示结合BCA参数(基线、早期变化率)和临床指标开发的性别特异性诺模图能很好预测术后RFS。另有研究表明,术后短期(1个月)脂肪组织体积减少提示术后复发风险和死亡风险增加[88];KHAN等[89]监测223名早期NSCLC患者术后BCA,证明骨骼肌体积损失>1%者与术后复发有关;KYLIES等[90]证明基线肌肉减少症和进行性SMI损失是接受化疗和手术的成年骨肉瘤患者生存率较低的独立预测因素。基于CT的体质成分分析,刘硕等[91]发现体成分是直肠癌患者RFS和OS的独立预测因素,在此基础上开发的列线图模型对直肠癌患者预后有较好的预测价值。杨晓霞等[92]证实术前肌少症是胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤患者接受根治性切除术后总生存期的重要预测因素。

       综上,将BCA基线数据及治疗过程中的动态变化率,与血液生物学标志物及影像肿瘤特征相结合,可为系统性评估“肿瘤-宿主”关联提供多维度信息,有助于制订个体化精准治疗方案。这种整合策略能够全面反映宿主的全身状态与肿瘤局部的生物学信息,从而更精准地识别高风险患者。然而,当前研究仍存在以下局限性:第一,多数研究为回顾性设计,难以避免选择偏倚;第二,BCA测量层面及截断值在不同研究中尚未统一,导致结果可比性受限;第三,现有研究普遍缺乏外部验证队列,模型的泛化能力有待进一步验证。

3.2.3 非手术治疗的反应预测与耐受性

       新辅助化疗(neoadjuvant chemotherapy, NACT)、新辅助放化疗(neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, NCRT)、免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitor, ICI)等是中晚期恶性肿瘤有效的治疗方法。药物毒性会导致SMI与SMD双重丢失,化疗相关肌少症已成为预后独立危险因素与治疗靶点,受到临床广泛关注。

       KÜNNEMANN等[93]将BCA结合临床数据构建肺癌生存模型,证明较高SMI具有保护作用,而MFI与更短生存期相关。提示SMI表征了患者整体营养和功能状态,是预测化疗耐受性的影像标志物;WEI等[94]发现SM体积和年龄是局部晚期直肠癌(locally advanced rectal cancer, LARC)患者NACT病理完全缓解的正向预测指标;治疗期间体质成分的动态变化同样反映治疗反应,LAGC患者在NACT中SMI下降超过1.2%者,术后并发症发生率显著升高[95]

       肌肉量和脂肪分布的差异影响药物代谢及耐受性,多项研究分析了接受NACT乳腺癌患者的体质成分指标,关注其对化疗剂量限制性毒性(dose-limiting toxicity, DLT)、剂量减量、治疗中断及OS等影响。研究证明SMD和VAT能识别高风险患者,肌少症患者更易出现化疗毒性反应,提示BCA在预测化疗反应方面的潜能[96, 97]。CAO等[98]利用AI自动分析112名结直肠癌NACT患者(60.9%有DLT)体质成分,发现肌肉体积减低与DLT显著相关。另一项研究亦显示,IMAT增加与结直肠癌患者化疗的DLT风险相关,而骨骼肌面积则具有保护作用;该研究证明IMAT在BCA与DLT间起到部分中介作用,凸显MFI在化疗毒性中的作用。BCA提供了以患者个体生理状况为优先,而非依赖标准化剂量公式的肿瘤新治疗模式,基于肌肉量和脂肪分布来优化治疗,能够有效降低毒性反应[99]

       体质成分监测也被应用于肿瘤免疫治疗和靶向治疗的疗效预测,辅助制订综合治疗方案。VFI与肺癌接受ICI治疗的反应呈正相关,提示脂肪组织的代谢活性与免疫调节密切相关[100]。SAT和肌少症是HCC患者接受ICIs的重要预后因素[101]。LIN等[102]分析101例LAGC患者NACIT前、后的CT体成分,显示低SMI和△SMI≥1.8是接受NACIT治疗后肿瘤复发的独立危险因素,高SAI的患者更易发生免疫相关不良事件。

       综上,BCA有助于肿瘤非手术治疗的个性化方案制订,监测肌肉量的变化可以帮助医生及时调整治疗方案以减少不良反应,改善治疗依从性。然而,该领域仍处于探索阶段,BCA参数与药物代谢之间的机制联系尚未阐明,基于BCA调整治疗方案的干预性研究也极为缺乏。

3.2.4 恶病质识别与营养康复指导

       体质成分异常(SMI减低、SMD下降、VAT减少和异常分布、SAT减少)是恶病质最直观的量化指标,体脂和骨骼肌质量的流失为恶病质早期诊断与病情评估提供重要依据[103]。HAN等[104]分析1627例胃癌患者(411例恶病质,1216例非恶病质)的体质成分发现,恶病质患者的SATI显著低于非恶病质患者,而VATI无显著差异,且SATI较低的恶病质患者生存率更低。提示在癌症恶病质进程中应更多关注SAT的流失。PDAC患者常出现体重下降和肌肉消耗,脂肪组织丧失可在临床诊断前最多6个月被识别,而骨骼肌消耗可在诊断前最多18个月被识别,提前1~2年骨骼肌消耗有可能提示PDAC风险[105]。在肿瘤手术后的恢复与康复过程中,BCA能够精准定位肌肉丢失的具体部位及脂肪浸润程度,指导制订个体化的营养处方和运动康复方案,从而实现精准康复管理[106]

       综上,肌少症和异常脂肪分布是不良预后的强力预测因素。然而,目前BCA测量的最佳层面和截断值尚未标准化;并且BCA异常与恶病质的因果关系尚需机制研究阐明。未来,将BCA与液体活检、多组学技术结合将是突破方向。

3.3 基于BCA的急重症、老年病与围术期管理

3.3.1 急性炎症的严重程度与预后评估

       VAT和SMA与急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis, AP)的严重程度和预后密切相关[107]。HORIBE等[108]将深度学习自动获得的CT体成分数据(SM、SAT和VAT)转换为Z评分,低SM-z评分和SAT-z评分与中重度和重度AP相关。低SMA与中重度急性胰腺炎(moderately severe acute pancreatitis, MSAP)或重度急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis, SAP)死亡率增加密切相关,SO是AP患者入院死亡率的重要预测因素[109]

       肌少症、IMAT和VAT过多的急性结肠憩室炎患者住院时间延长,肌少症患者更容易出现复杂性腹腔脓肿,高IMAT和高VAT与穿孔有关[110];HA等[111]用深度学习模型对6654名患者腹部CT的BCA结果显示,VAT面积与新发憩室炎、复杂性憩室炎、复发性憩室炎的风险相关。克罗恩病患者常伴有VAT增多和肌肉质量减低[112],且肌少症和低SMI与1年内住院风险增加相关[113]

       综上,在急性炎症中,体质成分异常(尤其是高VAT与肌少症)可预测病情严重程度、局部穿孔或坏死风险,为危重症患者重症监护及营养支持提供依据。

3.3.2 老年医学及慢性病

       肌少症是老年医学中重要疾病之一,随着年龄的增长,肌肉质量会明显下降。BCA在神经系统疾病、老年衰弱、跌倒及慢病等领域展现出良好的应用前景。

       (1)对神经系统疾病的影响。全球人口老龄化引发了对认知健康、代谢紊乱以及肌少症等问题的担忧。研究证明亚洲人群中肌肉质量和代谢健康状况的下降与大脑加速老化有关,改善肌肉健康和代谢控制的干预措施可能减轻大脑老化带来的不良影响[114]

       肥胖与阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease, AD)风险的关系已成为近年来研究的热点。肥胖导致的慢性低度炎症会引发脂肪细胞释放多种促炎因子,穿过血脑屏障,影响中枢神经系统的功能[115]。研究表明,较高的体脂百分比与认知功能下降显著相关,低SMI与AD患者认知障碍显著关联。BCA通过评估肥胖和肌肉萎缩等因素可识别AD高风险人群[116, 117]。肌肉能够分泌多种有益于神经健康的因子,良好的肌肉质量能保护大脑免受AD等神经退行性疾病的影响[117]

       (2)对老年衰弱、跌倒的影响。肌肉质量与骨密度存在一定正相关,MFI与肌少症和跌倒风险显著相关,老年人群体中普遍存在肌少症现象,增加了跌倒和骨折的风险[118]。骨质疏松症随年龄增长而普遍存在,易发生骨折。基于腹部CT自动化肌肉、脂肪和骨骼的机会性测量及BCA可识别肌少性肥胖症、骨质疏松患者,为未来跌倒的风险分层提供新方法[119]

       (3)与慢性疾病的关系。SALHÖFER等[120]研究证明总脂肪、肌少症和MFI对特发性肺纤维化(idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF)的OS有显著影响,BCA为IPF患者预后预测标志物;脂肪组织分泌的多种因子影响肾脏的血流动力学和炎症反应,肥胖是慢性肾病的危险因素。MRI-Dixon技术测得的肾脏FF、肾窦脂肪体积、PRF厚度与肥胖患者的eGFR显著负相关[121];SATI与肝硬化死亡率呈U型关联,与中度SATI相比,低SATI、高SATI均会增加死亡率,并且是死亡的独立预测因子[122]

       综上,老年人群中脂肪重分布与肌肉衰减的共存,极大增加了跌倒、骨折及认知衰退的风险。BCA的价值在于揭示了体质成分与神经、内分泌系统的潜在串扰机制,未来需借助更大规模的社区队列,明确体质成分演变在慢性退行性疾病中的早期响应规律。

3.3.3 外科手术并发症风险分层

       BCA可以在术前评估患者的营养状态,帮助识别高风险需要进行营养干预的患者,为术后恢复提供支持;亦可在术后早期进行影像学监测,以预测患者的恢复进程。

       肌少症时营养丢失使切口/吻合口愈合延缓,大量炎症因子释放导致术后感染,使肌少症成为术后并发症的预测指标。FUMAGALLI等[123]分析48 444名腹部手术患者BCA评分与医院虚弱风险评分及术后不良结局(30天全因死亡)间的关联,结果显示CT上肌肉含量可以补充现有的风险分层工具,识别高死亡率、发病率和再入院等高风险患者;并有助于对经导管主动脉瓣置换术患者1年全因死亡率进行风险分层[124],以及预测血管内动脉瘤修复手术患者的死亡率及住院时间[125]

       胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘(postoperative pancreatic fistula, POPF)是术后严重的并发症,既往对胰瘘风险评分模型包含对胰腺质地、病变类型、胰管直径、术中出血量等[126],未考虑全身因素的影响。研究证明高胰腺脂肪比率≥4.83%相关,体成分(VFA/SMI)≥1.94是POPF的独立预测因素,肌少症、IMAC与腹型肥胖均与POPF相关[127, 128]。OLSSON等[129]对1199例I~Ⅲ期RCC患者的研究表明,术前VAT增多仅增加根治性肾切除术后急性肾损伤风险,而VATI有助于识别术后急性肾损伤高危患者。

       综上,肌肉质量和脂肪定量及分布与术后并发症密切相关,BCA有助于识别高风险患者,指导外科医生优化手术策略、术后管理和康复方案等。

       为清晰总结体质成分分析在不同临床领域的主要应用价值,现将前述核心内容汇总如表1所示。

表1  体质成分分析的主要临床应用领域及价值
Tab. 1  Main clinical application areas and values of body composition analysis

4 小结与展望

       多模态影像学智能BCA可评估代谢性疾病、肿瘤、老年医学和慢性疾病管理中的宿主状态。肿瘤患者BCA数据反映了宿主的全身营养及炎症和免疫状态,BCA结合血液生物标志物及肿瘤局部影像特征,可提高诊断及预测效能。关注肿瘤患者个体治疗前BCA基线数据的同时,亦要关注治疗过程中BCA的纵向数据变化,强调特殊部位风险脂肪、器官周围脂肪的重要性。随着AI技术的发展,深度学习算法可以自动识别和分割及量化肌肉和脂肪组织,提高了BCA的效率和准确性,提升了临床应用的可行性。

       尽管BCA展现出广阔的应用前景,但目前仍面临以下挑战。(1)标准化缺失:不同研究中BCA指标的定义、测量层面、分割方法及阈值尚未统一,限制了结果的可比性与临床推广;(2)前瞻性验证不足:多数研究为回顾性设计,缺乏大规模前瞻性队列验证BCA参数的预测效能;(3)因果机制不明:体质成分异常与疾病预后的关联多为相关性研究,其因果驱动关系仍需基础研究阐明;(4)临床转化滞后:AI自动分割模型多处于研发阶段,尚未普及应用于临床工作流程。

       针对上述挑战,未来研究应聚焦于以下方向。(1)建立标准化体系:推动多学会合作,统一BCA指标的测量规范、正常值范围及异常截断值,形成临床可操作的指南;(2)开展前瞻性多中心研究:验证BCA参数在疾病风险预警、治疗决策及预后评估中的独立增量价值;(3)探索生物学机制:结合基础研究阐明体质成分异常影响疾病进展的分子机制;(4)推动AI临床落地:开发可集成至临床PACS系统的全自动BCA工具,实现机会性筛查和实时报告;(5)融合多组学数据:将BCA与基因组学、蛋白质组学及代谢组学相结合,构建多维度精准预后预测模型。

       展望未来,随着技术标准化、AI自动化及多中心验证的推进,医学影像体质成分分析有望从研究工具转变为临床常规决策支持系统,为个体化精准医疗提供重要支撑。

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