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临床研究
第三脑室脊索样胶质瘤影像学表现及鉴别诊断:附3例报道及文献复习
汪文胜 方进 周全 陈燕萍 成丽娜 吴静 黄泽春

汪文胜,方进,周全,等.第三脑室脊索样胶质瘤影像学表现及鉴别诊断:附3例报道及文献复习.磁共振成像, 2016, 7(10): 749-753. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2016.10.006.


[摘要] 目的 探讨CT及MRI对第三脑室脊索样胶质瘤的诊断价值。材料与方法 收集经病理证实的3例第三脑室脊索样胶质瘤患者,年龄7~34岁,男2例,女1例;3例均行MRI检查,其中2例行CT检查;总结其临床、影像学表现及病理资料,并复习相关文献。结果 临床表现主要为梗阻性脑积水、头痛及神经内分泌紊乱症状。CT及MRI上肿瘤均位于第三脑室,并幕上脑室系统积水、扩张。CT多表现为体积较大的低密度肿块,密度均匀,边界清楚,未见囊变或坏死,钙化少见(仅1例见病灶边缘钙化)。MRI上肿块信号均匀,T1WI均呈低信号,T2WI均呈明显高信号,增强扫描2例呈显著不均匀强化,另1例呈显著均匀强化。病理学表现为肿瘤细胞成簇或散在分布在黏液样基质中,细胞疏密不等。瘤细胞核圆形、类圆形或偏位,染色质呈颗粒或凝块状,细胞核小、深染,核分裂少见,伴微囊形成,无坏死,可有小血管增生。免疫表型示所有瘤细胞均表达胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)和波形蛋白(vimentin)。结论 第三脑室脊索样胶质瘤影像表现具备一定特征性,结合临床表现可作出诊断,最终确诊需要根据病理及免疫组化检查。
[Abstract] Objective: To summarize the CT and MRI findings and differential diagnosis of chordoid glioma in the third ventricle and to explore the diagnostic value of imaging examination.Materials and Methods: Three patients (two males and one females; range, 7-34 years) with chordoid glioma in the third ventricle confirmed by biopsy pathology were enrolled. The symptoms, imaging findings and pathology were retrospectively analyzed, and then a review of the literature was performed.Results: The symptoms were usually obstructive hydrocephalus, progressive headache, neuroendocrine symptoms. All the three tumors located in the third ventricle. The tumor usually represented as a large, well-circumscribed ovoid and hypodense lesion on CT. No cystic or necrotic changes were found. Only one case had peripheral calcification, as hyperdense on CT. On MRI, the lesions all showed homogeneous hypointensity on T1-weighted image and hyperintensity on T2-weighted image. Two cases showed heterogenously enhancement, while the other one showed homogeneously enhancement. Microscopically, the tumor cells arranged in clusters or scattered in a mucinous background. Tumor cell nucleus were round, oval or offset, chromatin were granulated or nubby, the nuclei were small and hyperchromatic, nuclear fission were rare. Necrosis was not identified, new blood vessels showed proliferation. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were stained positively for GFAP and vimentin.Conclusion: There are several characteristic CT and MRI findings of chordoid glioma in the third ventricle. The diagnosis can be made when combining image findings with clinical findings. The final diagnosis should be confirmed by histopathology and immunohistochemical staining.
[关键词] 脊索样胶质瘤;第三脑室;磁共振成像;体层摄影术,X线计算机
[Keywords] Chordoid glioma;Third ventricle;Magnetic resonance imaging;Tomography, X-ray computed

汪文胜 广东三九脑科医院影像中心,广州 510510

方进 暨南大学附属第一医院医学影像中心,广州 510630

周全* 暨南大学附属第一医院医学影像中心,广州 510630

陈燕萍 南方医科大学附属南方医院医学影像中心,广州 510515

成丽娜 广东三九脑科医院影像中心,广州 510510

吴静 广东三九脑科医院影像中心,广州 510510

黄泽春 广东三九脑科医院影像中心,广州 510510

通讯作者:周全,E-mail:tzq@jnu.edu.cn


收稿日期:2016-06-17
接受日期:2016-09-06
中图分类号:R445.2; R739.41 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2016.10.006
汪文胜,方进,周全,等.第三脑室脊索样胶质瘤影像学表现及鉴别诊断:附3例报道及文献复习.磁共振成像, 2016, 7(10): 749-753. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2016.10.006.

       脊索样胶质瘤(chordoid glioma)是一种罕见的第三脑室肿瘤,既往文献主要探讨肿瘤病理特点、免疫组化及起源问题,较少讨论其影像学表现。本研究拟通过回顾性分析3例脊索样胶质瘤的临床、影像学表现及病理特征,探讨CT及MRI在脊索样胶质瘤诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用价值。

1 材料与方法

1.1 临床资料及影像学表现

       病例1:男,7岁。间断性头痛半年余,多食、多饮及多尿2个月。双侧眼底视乳头水肿,边界不清,色白,静脉增粗,眼球活动良好。CT表现第三脑室低密度肿块,CT值约20~28 Hu,肿块周围见高密度钙化影;幕上脑室系统明显扩张,脑室周围见低密度水肿带。MR示第三脑室肿块T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈明显高信号,增强呈显著不均匀强化,肿块向下突入鞍上池,垂体柄及视交叉受压,垂体未见明显异常,脑室系统明显积水扩张(图1)。

       病例2:男,25岁,左眼外侧视野缺失1年,头痛呕吐5天。CT检查发现第三脑室低密度肿块,幕上脑室系统明显扩张,肿块边界清楚;MRI表现为第三脑室异常信号肿块影,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈明显高信号,增强呈明显均匀强化;肿块向下突入鞍上池,向后突入脚间池,向右侧侵犯右侧丘脑,垂体柄及视交叉受压,右侧颈内动脉被肿块包绕,幕上脑室系统明显积水扩张(图2)。

       病例3:女,34岁,头痛1月,加重伴呕吐1天,近两个月月经不规律。MRI示鞍上一肿块影,肿块T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈明显高信号,增强扫描呈不均匀强化,肿块向下突入鞍上池,脑室系统明显积水扩张。

图1  男,7岁,MR轴位T2WI(A)见一类圆形均匀高信号肿块,T1WI(B)病灶呈低信号,轴位T1WI增强扫描(C)病灶显著不均匀强化,冠状面T1WI增强扫描(D)显示幕上脑室系统明显扩张,右侧额叶异常信号影为透明膈造瘘术+脑室腹腔分流术+第三脑室内病变活检术后改变;HE染色(E)示背景稀疏,呈广泛黏液样变性,散布原浆型胶质细胞。细胞核小、深染,核分裂少见
Fig. 1  A 7-year-old boy. MRI: Axial T2WI (A) showed an ovoid hyperintensity mass. The lesion showed hypointensity on T1WI (B) and heterogenously remarkable enhancement (C). Coronal images (D) showed the expansion of supratentorial ventricles. The abnormal signal in the right frontal lobe was postoperative change. HE staining (E): Protoplasmic astrocytes were scattered within the widespread myxoid degeneration. The nuclei were small and hyperchromatic, nuclear fission were rare.
图2  男,25岁,CT (A)见第三脑室一低密度肿块,肿瘤边界清楚,体积较大。MRI:T2WI-Flair (B)呈均匀高信号,T1WI (C)呈均匀低信号,增强扫描肿块呈明显均匀强化(D),矢状位(E)示肿块向下突入鞍上池,向后突入脚间池,幕上脑室系统明显积水扩张,HE染色(F)示外周瘤组织与瘤组织周围增生的的胶质细胞纤维束交织,免疫组化(G) GFAP染色阳性
Fig. 2  A 25-year-old man, CT (A) showed a large, hypodensity mass in the third ventricle, with a clear boundary. MRI: The lesion showed homogeneous hypertensity on T2WI-Flair (B), hypointensity on T1WI (C) and homogeneously remarkable enhancement (D). The mass invaded into suprasellar cistern, backward into interpeduncular cistern, with the expansion of supratentorial ventricles (E). HE staining (F): tumor tissue is interweaved with glial cells fiber. Immunohistochemistry staining (G): the staining for GFAP is positive.

2 病理检查

2.1 镜检

       光镜下3例肿瘤有相似组织形态学表现,肿瘤细胞成簇或散在分布在黏液样基质中,细胞疏密不等,细胞多呈梭形,有些见毛发状突起,瘤细胞核圆形、类圆形或偏位,染色质呈颗粒或凝块状,细胞核小、深染,核分裂少见,伴微囊形成;肿瘤组织与周围组织分界清楚;1例见钙化。3例中均未见肿瘤性坏死,局部可见较多红染的Rosenthal纤维,3例血管均明显增生。

2.2 免疫组化

       3例肿瘤瘤细胞胞质均表达GFAP(弥漫强+)、Vimentin(弥漫强+),EMA(部分+),3例均表达Syn,Ki-67均大于5%。Neu-N、TTF1(-)、CgA(-)、MGMT(-)、NSE(-)均阴性。

3 讨论

       脊索样胶质瘤是一种罕见的脑肿瘤,多位于第三脑室前部,最早在1995年被认为是脊索样脑膜瘤的一种变异类型[1],随着病理学免疫组化的发展,1998年Brat等[2]将其首先命名为脊索样胶质瘤。2016年世界卫生组织(WHO)中枢神经系统肿瘤分类将其归于"其他类型胶质瘤",WHO II级[3]。发病年龄12~70岁,平均年龄约为46岁,30~60岁多发,男:女约为1:2[4,5,6,7],多见于成年女性,也可发生于儿童及婴幼儿[8],本研究3例中有1例为儿童。

       脊索样胶质瘤起源一直有争议,Sato等[9]研究发现脊索样胶质瘤的超微结构更接近于胚胎期的伸长细胞,伸长细胞可能位于第三脑室,由于脊索样胶质瘤发生部位大多位于第三脑室前部,故普遍认为最可能起源于伸长细胞。也有研究认为病变起源于四叠体下丘、终板附近[10,11,12],而Alfredo等[13]研究认为CD99阳性提示肿瘤起源于室管膜细胞分化。

       第三脑室脊索样胶质瘤临床症状表现不一,主要由体积及具体位置决定,大多表现为梗阻性脑积水、头痛;部分患者会有体重下降,神经内分泌紊乱征象(如甲状腺功能低下、视力障碍、糖尿病性尿崩症、闭经、月经失调等),还有部分表现为神经精神症状(共济失调、尿失禁、嗅觉减退)[7]

       脊索样胶质瘤的组织病理学特征为肿瘤细胞成簇或散在分布在黏液样基质中,细胞疏密不等,有些毛发状突起,瘤细胞核圆形或类圆形或偏位,胞质丰富,染色质颗粒或凝块状,细胞核小、深染,无明显核分裂像;肿瘤组织与周围组织分界清楚;3例中均未见肿瘤性坏死,肿瘤周围局部可见较多红染的Rosenthal纤维,可伴有少许淋巴细胞、浆细胞浸润,还可见Russel小体,3例血管明显增生。该组病例中1例见钙化,推测其由于肿瘤生长缓慢所致。免疫组化特点及鉴别诊断:3例肿瘤瘤细胞胞质均表达GFAP(弥漫强+)、Vimentin(弥漫强+),EMA(部分+),与既往文献报道一致[14,15,16,17]。既往文献Ki-67均<5%,本组病例中3例均>5%,可能由于本研究中肿瘤的增殖较活跃。

       影像表现:第三脑室脊索样胶质瘤诊断要点如下:(1)肿瘤多发生在第三脑室前部,体积较大,可呈浸润性向周围生长,多合并幕上脑室梗阻性脑积水;(2)肿瘤内部无明显囊变、坏死及出血,钙化少见,故CT上多密度较均匀,MR上多信号较均匀,CT上多呈较低密度,MR上T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈明显高信号,具备一定特征性;(3)增强后肿瘤显著强化,可均一强化或不均一强化。另外,脊索样胶质瘤的功能磁共振序列相关研究较少,既往有报道发现第三脑室脊索样胶质瘤MRI灌注呈明显低灌注,比脑膜瘤及恶性胶质瘤rCBV低[18]

       鉴别诊断[19,20,21,22]:若病灶有囊变或钙化,应注意与颅咽管瘤鉴别;颅咽管瘤是鞍区最常见肿瘤,发病年龄呈10~20岁、50岁双峰分布;可累及鞍上或鞍下,颅咽管瘤因多有囊变钙化,T2WI信号多较混杂,实性部分呈明显结节状强化。另一鉴别诊断是垂体大腺瘤,可表现为蝶鞍扩大,向鞍上生长突破鞍膈呈典型"束腰征",增强扫描病灶均匀强化,但T2WI以等信号为主,可以鉴别。儿童患者需与毛细胞型星形细胞瘤、生殖细胞瘤、室管膜瘤等鉴别。毛细胞型星形细胞瘤多见于儿童,可生长于鞍区,较大时可突入三脑室底部,典型多呈囊实性及壁结节样强化、环形强化。异位的生殖细胞瘤常位于鞍区或鞍上,可压迫三脑室,信号多呈稍长T1稍长T2信号,钙化坏死少见,可见小范围囊变,可沿脑脊液播散。松果体区若亦有病灶或者实验室检查若HCG(人绒毛膜促性腺激素)明显升高均有助于生殖细胞瘤的诊断。室管膜瘤多位于侧脑室、四脑室,三脑室室管膜瘤少见,少部分可位于脑内,发病年龄呈10~15岁及40~50岁双高峰分布。肿块多见分叶,与脑室壁呈广基底相连,T1WI呈等或低信号,T2WI呈不均匀高信号,肿瘤内可见囊变、钙化、出血,增强后呈中度不均匀强化。成年女性患者还应与脑膜瘤、中枢神经细胞瘤等鉴别,脑膜瘤好发于中年女性,脑室内好发于侧脑室三角区,T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI呈等或稍高信号,信号均匀,增强呈明显均匀强化,囊变坏死少见。脉络丛乳头状瘤好发于5岁以下儿童,也好发于侧脑室三角区,常累及室管膜下脑白质,表面多呈颗粒状,T1WI呈等或低信号,T2WI呈等或少高信号,信号不均匀,增强后显著强化,多伴有交通性脑积水。中枢神经细胞瘤多见于中青年人,透明隔、室间孔区多见,信号不均匀,可见流空血管影,囊变钙化较多见,增强扫描实性部分呈中等或明显不均匀强化。

       综上所述,第三脑室脊索样胶质瘤影像学表现具备一定特征性,结合临床表现可以作出诊断,最终确诊需要根据病理及免疫组化检查。

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