分享:
分享到微信朋友圈
X
临床研究
乙肝后肝硬化患者局灶性脑白质高信号与轻微型肝性脑病相关性的MRI研究
郑薇 冯智超 朱文卫 李利丰 廖云杰 梁琪 王维

郑薇,冯智超,朱文卫,等.乙肝后肝硬化患者局灶性脑白质高信号与轻微型肝性脑病相关性的MRI研究.磁共振成像, 2018, 9(1): 21-26. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2018.01.005.


[摘要] 目的 探讨乙肝后肝硬化患者局灶性脑白质高信号(white matter hyperintensity,WMH)与轻微型肝性脑病(minimal hepatic encephalopathy,MHE)的关系。材料与方法 前瞻性收集在我院就诊的乙肝后肝硬化患者38例,其中包括无肝性脑病(non hepatic encephalopathy,nHE) 20例,MHE 18例。所有受试者接受神经心理学测验、血液生化检查以及头部磁共振扫描。由2名神经影像医师根据液体衰减反转恢复序列图像评估受试者局灶性WMH的有无及严重程度:Fazekas量表评分0~ 1分为无或轻度局灶性WMH,Fazekas量表评分≥2分为中重度局灶性WMH。比较nHE与MHE两组间年龄、性别、肝硬化病程、肝功能Child-Pugh分级、静脉血氨浓度、局灶性WMH有无及严重程度的差异;采用多因素logistic回归分析肝硬化患者伴发MHE的独立预测因素;采用Spearman等级相关分析肝硬化患者局灶性WMH与认知功能的相关性。结果 在年龄、性别匹配的前提下,MHE组与nHE组相比,中重度局灶性WMH的患者更多,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);肝硬化病程、肝功能Child-Pugh分级、静脉血氨浓度在两组间差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析表明中重度局灶性WMH是肝硬化患者伴发MHE的独立预测因素(OR=18.62,95% CI:2.43~ 142.86;P<0.05)。Spearman等级相关显示:肝硬化患者局灶性WMH的严重程度与数字连接测验-A的完成时间呈显著正相关(r=0.617,P<0.01),与数字符号测验及数字广度测验评分呈显著负相关(r=-0.695,P<0.01;r=-0.558,P<0.01)。结论 肝硬化患者的中重度局灶性WMH是MHE的独立预测因素,提示患者可能伴发MHE。
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the relationship between focal white matter hyperintensity (WMH) and minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) in patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis.Materials and Methods: Thirty-eight patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis, including 20 nHE and 18 MHE, admitted to our institution were included prospectively. All patients underwent neuropsychological tests, blood biochemical determinations and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. Fluid attenuated inversion recover (FLAIR) images were reviewed for focal WMH by two neuroradiologists, independently. Those with Fazekas scale scores 0-1 were classified as no or mild focal WMH, while those with Fazekas scale scores≥2 were classified as moderate or severe focal WMH. nHE and MHE groups were compared concerning age, gender, duration of cirrhosis, Child-Pugh scale, venous blood ammonia level and the severity of focal WMH. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the independent predictor for MHE. The Spearman rank tests were performed to investigate correlation between the severity of focal WMH and cognitive function.Results: Cpmpared with the age and gender-matched nHE group, there were significantly more patients with moderate or severe focal WMH in MHE group (P<0.01). However, duration of cirrhosis, Child-Pugh scale and venous blood ammonia level did not differ significantly between the two groups (all P>0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that moderate or severe focal WMH was the independent predictor for MHE(OR=18.62, 95% CI: 2.43—142.86, P<0.05). Correlation analyses showed significant positive correlation between the severity of focal WMH and completion time of NCT-A (r=0.617, P<0.01), significant negative correlations between the severity of focal WMH and scores of DST and digital span test (r=-0.695, P<0.01, r=-0.558, P<0.01).Conclusions: Moderate or severe focal WMH in cirrhotic patients is the independent predictor for MHE, which indicates the possibility of MHE.
[关键词] 肝性脑病;磁共振成像
[Keywords] Hepatic encephalopathy;Magnetic resonance imaging

郑薇 中南大学湘雅三医院放射科,长沙 410013

冯智超 中南大学湘雅三医院放射科,长沙 410013

朱文卫 中南大学湘雅三医院放射科,长沙 410013

李利丰 中南大学湘雅三医院放射科,长沙 410013

廖云杰 中南大学湘雅三医院放射科,长沙 410013

梁琪 中南大学湘雅三医院放射科,长沙 410013

王维* 中南大学湘雅三医院放射科,长沙 410013

通讯作者:王维,Email: cjr.wangwei@vip.163.com


基金项目: 湖南省自然科学基金项目 编号:2016JJ6149
收稿日期:2017-09-07
接受日期:2017-11-18
中图分类号:R445.2; R742 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2018.01.005
郑薇,冯智超,朱文卫,等.乙肝后肝硬化患者局灶性脑白质高信号与轻微型肝性脑病相关性的MRI研究.磁共振成像, 2018, 9(1): 21-26. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2018.01.005.

       脑白质高信号(white matter hyperintensity,WMH)是描述脑室周围或深部白质病变的影像学术语,是一种非特异性的脑白质改变,在磁共振T2WI和液体衰减反转恢复序列(fluid attenuated inversion recovery, FLAIR)上表现为高信号[1,2],并被认为与认知功能受损相关[3]。随着影像技术的进步,WMH的发现率逐年提高,WMH的临床意义受到越来越多的关注[4]。肝性脑病(hepatic encephalopathy,HE)是一种由肝功能严重障碍,或门静脉-体循环分流异常所导致的、轻重程度不一的神经精神综合征。轻微型肝性脑病(minimal hepatic encephalopathy,MHE)是HE中病变程度最轻的一级,常无明显的临床症状,但是患者存在轻微的认知障碍、运动控制受限以及注意力缺陷等,可通过神经心理学测试发现[5]。Rovira等[6]在一个由27名接受肝移植术前评估的肝硬化患者组成的人群中,发现局灶性WMH的发生率高达70%。Mínguez等[7]发现肝硬化患者的局灶性WMH在HE缓解后出现体积缩小、数目减少的可逆性改变。肝硬化患者的局灶性WMH是否与其神经、精神症状相关,目前未有报道。本研究通过分析肝硬化患者局灶性WMH与MHE的相关性,以期为MHE的早期诊断探索新的影像学标记。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究对象

       搜集乙型肝炎后肝硬化患者38例,其中包括无肝性脑病(non hepatic encephalopathy,nHE) 20例,MHE 18例。因高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病、肾功能衰竭是WMH重要的危险因素[8,9,10],为尽可能地减少干扰因素,本研究选取无上述危险因素的乙型肝炎后肝硬化患者为研究对象。

       乙型肝炎后肝硬化患者入组标准:(1)根据中华医学会肝病学分会指南[11],患者临床表现、实验室检查及影像学检查符合乙型肝炎后肝硬化诊断标准;(2)年龄在18~ 70岁之间。MHE患者入组标准:根据中国肝性脑病诊治共识意见[12],乙型肝炎后肝硬化患者无HE的临床表现,且数字连接测验-A (number connection test-A,NCT-A)、数字符号测验(digitsymbol test,DST)两项均为阳性。排除标准:(1)有HE病史或存在HE临床表现;(2)患有高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病、肾功能衰竭、恶性肿瘤;(3)患有与肝性脑病无关的神经、精神疾病;(4)由其他原因造成的脑白质病变(如中毒、脑炎、多发性硬化、阿尔茨海默病、一氧化碳中毒等);(5)有酗酒史及药物滥用史;(7)存在MR检查禁忌症;(8)有头部外伤史、脑中风史。

       本研究通过中南大学湘雅三医院伦理委员会批准,所有受试者被告知试验流程并签订知情同意书。

1.2 MR数据采集

       所有受试者均利用Ingenia 3.0 T MRI扫描仪(荷兰飞利浦公司)进行扫描,采用标准8通道头部线圈,受试者在扫描过程中保持清晰,头部不动。扫描序列:T1WI轴位扫描:TR 196 ms,TE 4.6 ms,层厚5.0 mm,层间距1.5 mm,FOV 230 mm × 199 mm,矩阵=356 × 258,扫描时间31 s;T2WI轴位扫描:TR 2253 ms,TE 80 ms,层厚5.0 mm,层间距1.5 mm,FOV 230 mm × 180 mm,矩阵328 × 189,扫描时间27 s;FLAIR轴位扫描:TR 7000 ms,TE 110 ms,TI 2250 ms,层厚5.0 mm,层间距1.5 mm,FOV 230 mm × 183 mm,矩阵256 × 144,扫描时间105 s。

1.3 MR图像分析

       所有的MR图像分别由两名具备中级职称的神经影像医师分析,当2名医师诊断意见不一致时再由1名神经影像教授对结果进行复评,参评人员均不知晓患者的分组及临床资料。

       局灶性WMH的定义为:大脑皮层下、半卵圆中心及侧脑室周围白质在T2WI和FLAIR图像上呈高信号灶,且直径大于3 mm。采用Fazekas量表[13]对所有受试者局灶性WMH进行评分:0分:无病变;1分:点状病变;2分:病变开始融合;3分:病变大面积融合。Fazekas量表评分0~ 1分为无或轻度局灶性WMH,Fezakas量表评分≥2分为中重度局灶性WMH。由于本研究的目的是肝硬化患者局灶性WMH与MHE的相关性,对受试者脑室旁的帽状、铅笔样薄层病变以及晕圈样WMH不予分析。

1.4 神经心理学测验

       所有受试对象均接受神经系统体格检查,且在安静房间内由具备相关资质的人员完成NCT-A、DST及数字广度测验。所有受试者均由同一主试者进行评估。NCT-A及DST测验方法及结果参照文献[14]。符合中国肝性脑病诊治共识意见[12]中MHE的诊断标准:肝硬化患者无HE的临床表现,且NCT-A、DST两项均为阳性,诊断为肝硬化伴发MHE。数字广度测验将正序分和逆序分相加得到的总分换算为量表分,并记录量表分。

1.5 血液生化检查

       所有受试对象均在MRI检查当天空腹抽静脉血完善血氨、肝功能及凝血功能检查,根据肝功能Child-Pugh分级标准对肝硬化患者的肝脏储备功能进行评估。

1.6 肝硬化病程记录标准

       以患者首次诊断肝硬化的时间为起点,以患者接受MRI检查的时间为截点,记录肝硬化患者病程。

1.7 统计学分析

       采用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料以±s表示,计数资料以n表示。采用独立样本t检验或Fisher确切概率法比较nHE组与MHE组间年龄、性别、Child-Pugh分级、静脉血氨浓度、局灶性WMH严重程度、NCT-A、DST及数字广度测验的差异;采用Mann-Whitney U检验比较两组间肝硬化病程的差异。采用多因素logistic回归分析肝硬化患者伴发MHE的独立预测因素。采用Spearman等级相关分析肝硬化患者局灶性WMH严重程度与认知功能的相关性。所有统计结果均以P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 一般资料

       共有38例乙肝后肝硬化患者纳入本次研究,男33例,女5例。其中20例nHE,18例MHE;肝功能Child-Pugh A级16例,Child-Pugh B级15例,Child-Pugh C级7例;肝硬化病程为5 (2~ 8)年。

2.2 nHE与MHE组间比较

       两组间年龄、性别匹配,MHE组与nHE组相比,中重度局灶性WMH的患者更多,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01) (图1);DST、NCT-A及数字广度测验在两组间差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.01),MHE组认知功能较nHE组明显下降;肝硬化病程(P=0.874)、肝功能Child-Pugh分级(P=0.203)、静脉血氨浓度(P=0.107)在两组间差异无统计学意义(表1图2)。

图1  nHE组与MHE组中无或轻度局灶性WMH和中重度局灶性WMH患者的人数。nHE:无肝性脑病;MHE:轻微型肝性脑病;WMH:脑白质高信号
Fig. 1  The number of patients with no or mild focal WMH and moderate or severe focal WMH in nHE and MHE groups. nHE: non hepatic encephalopathy. MHE: minimal hepatic encephalopathy. WMH: white matter hyperintensity.
图2  A:肝硬化nHE患者,男,48岁。FLAIR序列示皮层下及深部白质无异常高信号。B:肝硬化伴发轻微型肝性脑病(MHE)患者,男,55岁,FLAIR序列示点状脑白质高信号(WMH) (箭);C:肝硬化伴发MHE患者,男,57岁,FLAIR序列示WMH有融合趋势(箭);D:肝硬化伴发MHE患者,男,53岁,FLAIR序列示片状融合的WMH(箭)
Fig. 2  A: A 48-year-old male patient with cirrhosis and nHE. FLAIR image showed no WMH. B: A 55-year-old male patient with cirrhosis and MHE. FLAIR image showed punctate white matter hyperintensity (WMH) (arrow). C: A 57-year-old male patient with cirrhosis and MHE. FLAIR image showed early confluent WMH (arrow). D: A 53-year-old male patient with cirrhosis and MHE. FLAIR image showed confluent WMH (arrow).
表1  nHE组与MHE组间比较
Tab. 1  Comparison between nHE and MHE groups

2.3 多因素logistic回归分析

       为分析肝硬化患者伴发MHE的独立预测因素,消除混杂及干扰因素,以是否存在MHE为因变量,以年龄、性别、局灶性WMH的严重程度为自变量进一步行多因素logistic回归分析。采用进入法回归筛选自变量,最终选入回归模型的变量只有局灶性WMH (OR=18.62,95% CI:2.43~ 142.86;P<0.05),也就是说中重度局灶性WMH是肝硬化患者伴发MHE的独立预测因素。

2.4 Spearman等级相关显示

       肝硬化患者局灶性WMH严重程度与认知功能损害显著相关(表2)。

表2  局灶性WMH严重程度与认知功能的相关性
Tab. 2  The correlation between the severity of focal WMH and cognitive function

3 讨论

3.1 MHE诊断的意义及现状

       MHE发病率高,据报道在肝硬化患者中发生率为20%~80%[5],但因其缺乏明显的临床症状,不易被患者及医护人员重视。MHE可导致患者生活质量下降、驾驶能力减低及高空作业受限[15],并且有MHE病史的患者发展为显性HE的的风险大大增加[12]。忽略MHE的早期诊断将对患者个人及社会造成严重的危害。对MHE的早期诊断和及时干预有重大的医学及社会意义。目前,MHE的诊断仍缺乏统一的"金标准"。第11届世界消化病学大会推荐使用肝性脑病心理学评分(psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score,PHES)诊断轻微型肝性脑病诊断MHE[16],但是对量表结果的解读受患者年龄及受教育程度的影响较大。近年,MRI新技术应用于MHE诊断的研究不断涌现[17,18],但是,这些新技术存在检查时间长、患者依从性差以及后处理工作难度大的缺点,难以在临床工作中推广。因此,探索能在常规的影像学检查中提示MHE的影像学标记很有必要。

3.2 肝硬化患者局灶性WMH与MHE的相关性

       T2WI和FLAIR序列是头部MRI检查的常规序列,在临床工作中运用广泛。WMH通过T2WI和FLAIR序列即可发现,表现为高信号。有研究发现肝硬化患者局灶性WMH的发生率高于正常人群,并且在HE脑病缓解后,WMH出现体积减小、数目减少的可逆性变化[6,7]。但是既往研究均未排除高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病及肾功能衰竭等危险因素对WMH的干扰,亦未分析局灶性WMH与MHE两者的关系。

       为尽可能减少干扰因素,本研究选取无高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病及肾功能衰竭的乙型肝炎后肝硬化患者为研究对象,比较nHE组与MHE组局灶性WMH的严重程度。结果发现,在年龄、性别匹配的前提下,MHE组与nHE组相比,中重度局灶性WMH患者更多,差异有统计学意义(P< 0.01)。考虑到老龄[8]、女性[19]亦是WMH的危险因素,为排除年龄、性别对结果的影响,本研究采用多因素logistic回归分析,结果显示:校正年龄、性别后,中重度局灶性WMH是MHE的独立预测因素(OR=18.62,95% CI:2.43~ 142.86;P< 0.05)。局灶性WMH与MHE的相关性可能与两者共同的病理生理基础即脑白质水肿、脱髓鞘有关。多项磁共振研究已证实MHE患者脑白质存在血管源性脑水肿或(和)细胞毒性脑水肿[20,21,22],亦有学者认为MHE患者脑白质存在脱髓鞘改变[23,24],而水肿和脱髓鞘正是WMH的病理基础之一[25,26]

       神经心理学测验结果显示,MHE组较nHE组认知功能明显减低,差异有统计学意义(P值均< 0.01);Spearman等级相关显示:肝硬化患者局灶性WMH严重程度与NCT-A的完成时间呈正相关(r=0.617,P<0.01),与DST及数字广度测验评分呈负相关(r=-0.695,P<0.01;r=-0.558,P< 0.01)。上述结果提示认知功能损害越明显,局灶性WMH越严重,也说明局灶性WMH可作为反映肝硬化患者认知功能损害程度的影像学标记。

       肝硬化病程、肝功能Child-Pugh分级、静脉血氨浓度在nHE及MHE组间的差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05),考虑原因在于肝硬化患者的认知功能损害是由血氨升高、系统性炎症、低血钠等多种因素共同导致的,因此认知功能损害的程度与肝功能障碍、血氨浓度、肝硬化病程并非完全平行[27,28]。既往关于MHE的多项研究中,nHE与MHE组间肝功能、转氨酶、血氨浓度的差异亦无统计学意义[29,30]。因此,笔者推测与血液生化指标、肝功能及病程等相比,局灶性WMH对患者是否伴发MHE的判断更加敏感。

3.3 本研究的局限性

       首先,本研究因入组标准严格,导致样本量偏小;其次,本研究为横断面研究,无法解释局灶性WMH与MHE相关性的神经病理机制。

       综上所述,本研究通过分析乙型肝炎后肝硬化患者的局灶性WMH与MHE的相关性,发现中重度WMH是MHE的独立预测因素,说明中重度局灶性WMH提示肝硬化患者可能伴发MHE。

[1]
Hachinski VC, Potter P, Merskey H. Leuko-araiosis. Arch Neurol, 1987, 44(1): 21-23.
[2]
O' Sullivan M. Leukoaraiosis. Pract Neurol, 2008, 8(1): 26-38.
[3]
Zhong YX, Zhao JN, Zhou ZM, et al. The preliminary study of resting-state functional magnetic resonance in patients with leukoaraiosis. Chia J Magn Reson Imaging, 2015, 6(6): 411-415.钟毅欣,赵建农,周治明,等.脑白质疏松症患者静息态功能磁共振成像的初步研究.磁共振成像, 2015, 6(6): 411-415.
[4]
Lin J, Wang D, Lan L, et al. Multiple factors involved in the pathogenesis of white matter lesions. Biomed Res Int, 2017, 2017: 9372050.
[5]
Vilstrup H, Amodio P, Bajaj J, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 practice guideline by the American association for the study of liver diseases and the European association for the study of the liver. Hepatology, 2014, 60(2): 715-735.
[6]
Rovira A, Mínguez B, Aymerich FX, et al. Decreased white matter lesion volume and improved cognitive function after liver transplantation. Hepatology, 2007, 46(5): 1485-1490.
[7]
Mínguez B, Rovira A, Alonso J, et al. Decrease in the volume of white matter lesions with improvement of hepatic encephalopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2007, 28(8): 1499-1500.
[8]
Basile AM, Pantoni L, Pracucci G, et al. Age, hypertension, and lacunar stroke are the major determinants of the severity of age-related white matter changes. The LADIS (leukoaraiosis and disability in the elderly) study. Cerebrovasc Dis, 2006, 21(5-6): 315-322.
[9]
Vogels SC, Emmelot-Vonk MH, Verhaar HJ, et al. The association of chronic kidney disease with brain lesions on MRI or CT: a systematic review. Maturitas, 2012, 71(4): 331-336.
[10]
Tiehuis AM, van der Graaf Y, Visseren FL, et al. Diabetes increases atrophy and vascular lesions on brain MRI in patients with symptomatic arterial disease. Stroke, 2008, 39(5): 1600-1603.
[11]
Chinese Medical Association's branch of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association's branch of Infectious diseases. The guideline of prevention and treatment for chronic hepatitis B: a 2015 update. Chin J Hepatol, 2015, 3(12): 888-905.中华医学会肝病学分会,中华医学会感染病学分会.慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2015更新版).中华肝脏病杂志, 2015, 23(12): 888-905.
[12]
Chinese Medical Association's Gastroenterology, Chinese Medical Association's branch of Hepatology. Consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in China (Chong qing, 2013). Chin J Hepatol, 2013, 21(9): 641-651.中华医学会消化病学分会,中华医学会肝病学分会.中国肝性脑病诊治共识意见(2013年,重庆).中华肝脏病杂志, 2013, 21(9): 641-651.
[13]
Fazekas F, Chawluk JB, Alavi A, et al. MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimer's dementia and normal aging. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1987, 149(2): 351-356.
[14]
Wang JY, Zhang NP, Chi BR, et al. Prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy and quality of life evaluations in hospitalized cirrhotic patients in China. World J Gastroenterol, 2013, 19(30): 4984-4991.
[15]
Henderson PK, Herrera JL. Should we treat minimal/covert hepatic encephalopathy, and with what? Clin in Liver Dis, 2015, 19(3): 487-495.
[16]
Ferenci P, Lockwood A, Mullen K, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy: definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th world congresses of gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998. Hepatology, 2002, 35(3): 716-721.
[17]
Wu X, Lv XF, Zhang YL, et al. Cortical signature of patients with HBV-related cirrhosis without overt hepatic encephalopathy: a morphometric analysis. Front Neuroanat, 2015, 9: 82.
[18]
Ni L, Qi RF, Zhang LJ, et al. A study of 3T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. J Med Imaging, 2012, 22(3): 330-335.倪玲,戚荣丰,张龙江,等.轻微型肝性脑病患者脑的3T1H-MRS研究.医学影像学杂志, 2012, 22(3): 330-335.
[19]
Gouw AA, van der Flier WM, Fazekas F, et al. Progression of white matter hyperintensities and incidence of new lacunes over a 3-year period: the Leukoaraiosis and Disability study. Stroke, 2008, 39(5): 1414-1420.
[20]
Cordoba J, Alonso J, Rovira A, et al. The development of low-grade cerebral edema in cirrhosis is supported by the evolution of (1)H-magnetic resonance abnormalities after liver transplantation. J Hepatol, 2001, 35(5): 598-604.
[21]
Qi R, Zhang LJ, Zhong J, et al. Grey and white matter abnormalities in minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a study combining voxel-based morphometry and tract-based spatial statistics. Eur Radiol, 2013, 23(12): 3370-3378.
[22]
Chavarria L, Alonso J, García-Martínez R, et al. Biexponential analysis of diffusion-tensor imaging of the brain in patients with cirrhosis before and after liver transplantation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2011, 32(8): 1510-1517.
[23]
Lin WC, Chou KH, Chen CL, et al. Longitudinal brain white matter alterations in minimal hepatic encephalopathy before and after liver transplantation. PloS One, 2014, 9(8): e105887.
[24]
Liu HJ, Zhang Y, Yang JP. The CT, MRI performances and understanding in cerebral ischemia. Chia J Magn Reson Imaging, 2013, 4(1): 47-58.刘怀军,张岩,杨冀萍.脑缺血的CT、MRI表现及其理解.磁共振成像, 2013, 4(1): 47-58.
[25]
Miki Y, Sakamoto S. Age-related white matter lesions (leukoaraiosis): an update. Brain Nerve, 2013, 65(7): 789-799.
[26]
Wardlaw JM, Valdés Hernández MC, Muñozmaniega S. What are white matter hyperintensities made of? Relevance to vascular cognitive impairment. J Am Heart Assoc, 2015, 4(6): 001140.
[27]
Shawcross DL, Davies NA, Williams R, et al. Systemic inflammatory response exacerbates the neuropsychological effects of induced hyperammonemia in cirrhosis. J Hepatol, 2004, 40(2): 247-254.
[28]
Ahluwalia V, Wade JB, Thacker L, et al. Differential impact of hyponatremia and hepatic encephalopathy on health-related quality of life and brain metabolite abnormalities in cirrhosis. J Hepatol, 2013, 59(3): 467-473.
[29]
Gimenez-Garzó C, Urios A, Agustí A, et al. Is cognitive impairment in cirrhotic patients due to increased peroxynitrite and oxidative stress? Antioxid Redox Signal, 2015, 22(10): 871-877.
[30]
Montoliu C, Gonzalezescamilla G, Atienza M, et al. Focal cortical damage parallels cognitive impairment in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Neuroimage, 2012, 61(4): 1165-1175.

上一篇 多模态磁共振成像技术在胶质瘤评价中的应用研究
下一篇 正常胎儿小脑蚓部发育MRI评价
  
诚聘英才 | 广告合作 | 免责声明 | 版权声明
联系电话:010-67113815
京ICP备19028836号-2