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临床研究
FLAIR血管高信号征预测急性缺血性脑卒中患者预后的应用价值
耿文 姜亮 陈慧铀 许权 谢光辉 殷信道 周俊山 张颖冬

耿文,姜亮,陈慧铀,等. FLAIR血管高信号征预测急性缺血性脑卒中患者预后的应用价值.磁共振成像, 2018, 9(12): 893-897. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2018.12.003.


[摘要] 目的 通过对发病时间明确的急性缺血性脑卒中(acute ischemic stroke,AIS)患者头颅MRI的液体反转恢复(fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery,FLAIR)序列及数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)技术图像的分析,探讨FLAIR血管高信号征(FLAIR vascular hyperintensities,FVHs)预测急性缺血性脑卒中患者预后的应用价值。材料与方法 选择发作时间在4.5 h之内的AIS患者,所有患者在入院时行MRI,包括FLAIR序列,所有患者均行溶栓治疗,并经MRI证实存在头颈部血管严重狭窄或闭塞在入院12 h内行介入取栓治疗。入组患者按发病3个月时改良Rankin量表(Modified Rankin Scale,mRS)评分分为两组:≤2分预后较好为A组,>2分预后较差为B组,计量资料以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,计数资料用χ2检验,FVHs评分定义为ASPECTS评分的7个皮质区域(岛叶,M1 ~M6)每出现FLAIR血管高信号计1分,共计7分;侧枝循环级别评定遵照美国介入和治疗神经放射学会/介入放射学学会侧枝循环的评估系统:0级:没有侧枝血流到缺血区域;1级:缓慢的侧枝血流到缺血周边区域,伴持续的灌注缺陷;2级:快速的侧枝血流到缺血周边区域,伴持续的灌注缺陷,仅有部分到缺血区域;3级:静脉晚期可见缓慢但是完全的血流到缺血区域;4级:通过逆行灌注血流快速而完全的灌注到整个缺血区域。采用Spearman非参数相关分析FVHs评分与侧枝循环级别的相关性。结果 两组患者FVHs评分(5.0±1.2 vs 3.9±0.9)及侧枝循环级别(2.9±0.7 vs 2.1±1.1)差异均存在统计学意义(P1=0.002,P2=0.008),Spearman相关分析显示血管高信号征评分与侧枝循环级别呈正相关(r=0.364,P=0.032)。结论 急性缺血性脑卒中患者FLAIR血管高信号征与脑侧枝循环级别轻度相关,FLAIR血管高信号征越广泛表明患者侧枝循环越丰富,临床预后越好。
[Abstract] Objective: To explore application value of FVHs in predicting the outcome of acute ischemic stroke by analyzing the FLAIR vascular hyperintensities (FVHs) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) medical image in acute ischemic stroke patients with definite onset time, in order to speculate the possibility of disability of AIS patients.Materials and Methods: AIS patients of onset time within 4.5 hours were enrolled, and all patients did MRI examination, including FLAIR sequences and were treated with thrombolysis and thrombectomy within 4.5 and 12 hours respectively. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to Modified Rankin Scale: ≤2(group A), >2(group B). The clinical information, DSA medical image and MRI findings between two groups were compared. The FLAIR vascular hyperintensity score was based on ASPECTS, ranging from 0(no FLAIR vascular hyperintensity) to 7(FLAIR vascular hyperintensities abutting all ASPECTS cortical areas). Collateral circulation was assessed according to the American society for interventional and therapeutic neuroradiology/society of interventional radiology (ASITN/SIR) collateral flow grading system: grade 0: no collaterals visible at the ischemic site; grade 1: slow collaterals to the periphery of the ischemic site with persistence of some of the defect; grade 2: rapid collaterals to the periphery of the ischemic site with persistence of some of the defect, and to only a portion of the ischemic territory; grade 3: collaterals with slow but complete angiographic blood flow of the ischemic bed by the late venous phase; and grade 4: complete and rapid collateral blood flow to the vascular bed in the entire ischemic territory by retrograde perfusion. Spearman nonparametric correlation were used to analyze to the relationship between FVHs and collateral circulation levels.Results: After comparing the two groups of FVHs and collateral circulation levels, there were significant differences between group A and group B: P1=0.002, P2=0.008. Spearman correlation analysis showed that FVHs was actively correlated with collateral circulation levels (r=0.364, P=0.032).Conclusions: FVHs was slightly correlated with collateral circulation levels, the prognosis of AIS patients may be speculated according to the FVHs, which has great guiding significance for clinical treatment.
[关键词] 卒中;液体衰减反转恢复;血管高信号征;侧枝循环;扩散加权成像;磁共振成像
[Keywords] Stroke;Fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery;Vascular hyperintensities;Collateral circulation;Diffusion weighted imaging;Magnetic resonance imaging

耿文 南京医科大学附属南京医院(南京市第一医院)医学影像科,南京 210006

姜亮 南京医科大学附属南京医院(南京市第一医院)医学影像科,南京 210006

陈慧铀 南京医科大学附属南京医院(南京市第一医院)医学影像科,南京 210006

许权 南京医科大学附属南京医院(南京市第一医院)医学影像科,南京 210006

谢光辉* 南京医科大学附属南京医院(南京市第一医院)医学影像科,南京 210006

殷信道 南京医科大学附属南京医院(南京市第一医院)医学影像科,南京 210006

周俊山 南京医科大学附属南京医院(南京市第一医院)神经内科,南京 210006

张颖冬 南京医科大学附属南京医院(南京市第一医院)神经内科,南京 210006

通讯作者:谢光辉,E-mail:skywaves@163.com


基金项目: 江苏省科技发展计划项目 编号:BE2017614
收稿日期:2018-08-22
中图分类号:R445.2; R743.3 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2018.12.003
耿文,姜亮,陈慧铀,等. FLAIR血管高信号征预测急性缺血性脑卒中患者预后的应用价值.磁共振成像, 2018, 9(12): 893-897. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2018.12.003.

       随着人口老龄化,急性缺血性脑卒中(acute ischemic stroke,AIS)发病率呈逐年上升趋势,由于其高致残率及致死率,给家庭和社会带来沉重的负担。目前发病4.5 h内及时采用重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂静脉溶栓仍然是首选治疗,它能早期及时地促进缺血脑组织的血流恢复,改善神经功能[1,2]。临床相关报道认为侧枝循环的建立也能加强缺血半暗带血流供应,保护缺血脑组织,故侧枝循环对缺血性脑卒中患者的预后具有重要意义[3]。急性脑卒中患者在闭塞血管远端蛛网膜下腔区域出现的血管内高信号定义为液体反转恢复(fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery,FLAIR)血管高信号征[4,5,6],它与血流动力学障碍及软脑膜侧枝的缓慢血流有关[7]。本文以脑血管造影为对照,探讨急性缺血性脑卒中患者FLAIR血管高信号征(FLAIR vascular hyperintensities,FVHs)与临床预后的关系。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究对象

       选择2017年1月~2018年4月在南京市第一医院神经内科住院治疗的AIS患者共35例,男性21例,女性14例,平均年龄(68.9±13.6)岁,根据发病3个月时改良Rankin量表(Modified Rankin Scale,mRS)评分分为A组[15例,男性11例,女性4例,平均年龄(67.9±16.8)岁]和B组[20例,男性10例,女性10例,平均年龄(69.4±11.3)岁],均符合中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南2010的诊断标准,发病时间均在4.5 h内并按指南行规范静脉溶栓治疗,所有患者在发病12 h内完成MRI检查证实存在头颈部血管严重狭窄或闭塞并完成介入取栓治疗。排除标准:①磁共振证实有颅内出血、肿瘤、颅内感染、变形病及其他脑梗死之外的疾病;②安装有心脏起搏器、血管内支架等不能完成磁共振检查的患者;③发病时间不明确的急性缺血性脑卒中患者。

1.2 方法

       收集患者一般情况,包括年龄、性别、发病时间、脑卒中危险因素、脑卒中TOAST分型(大动脉粥样硬化型、心源性栓塞、小动脉闭塞、其他原因、不明原因)、根据美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表及发病3个月时mRS评价神经功能缺损及预后。侧枝循环级别评定遵照美国介入和治疗神经放射学会/介入放射学学会侧枝循环的评估系统:0级:没有侧枝血流到缺血区域;1级:缓慢的侧枝血流到缺血周边区域,伴持续的灌注缺陷;2级:快速的侧枝血流到缺血周边区域,伴持续的灌注缺陷,仅有部分到缺血区域;3级:静脉晚期可见缓慢但是完全的血流到缺血区域;4级:通过逆行灌注血流快速而完全的灌注到整个缺血区域。高年资神经介入医生协助进行数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)判读。

       影像检查采用Philips Achieva Tx 3.0 T扫描,扫描基线与前后联合平行。扫描参数和序列如下:(1) T1WI:TR=2000 ms,TE=20 ms;(2) T2WI:TR=3000 ms,TE=80 ms;(3)扩散加权成像:TR=2245 ms,TE=90 ms,FOV 210 × 210 × 118,矩阵140 × 109;层厚6.0 mm,层间距1 mm。(4) FLAIR:TR=7000 ms,TE= 120 ms,FOV 230 × 199 × 130,矩阵358 × 151;层厚6.0 mm,层间距1 mm。FVHs评分定义为ASPECTS评分的7个皮质区域(岛叶,M1~ M6)每出现FLAIR高信号计1分,共计7分。影像图像由两名影像科主治医师在不知道患者临床特征情况下判读,当FVHs评分判断存在争议时,再由另一名高级神经影像专家最终判定。

1.3 统计学方法

       采用SPSS 19.0统计软件,计量资料以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,计数资料用χ2检验。FVHs评分与侧枝循环级别的相关性采用Spearman非参数相关分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组一般临床资料、FVHs评分情况及侧枝循环级别比较

       A组(图1)、B组(图2)患者FVHs评分(5.0±1.2 vs 3.9±0.9)及侧枝循环级别(2.9±0.7 vs 2.1±1.1)差异均存在统计学意义(P1=0.002,P2=0.008),Spearman相关分析显示血管高信号征评分与侧枝循环级别呈正相关(r=0.364,P=0.032)。两组患者入院NHISS评分(P=0.025)及出院NHISS评分(P=0.000)差异存在统计学意义,详见表1

图1  男性,68岁,3个月mRS评分为1分,预后较好。A、B:FLAIR示M2、M3、M4、M5及岛叶出现FLAIR血管高信号征(箭),FVHs评分为5分;C:DSA示右侧颈内动脉C5段闭塞(箭),箭头示侧枝循环供血
图2  男性,58岁,3个月mRS评分为3分,预后较差。A、B:FLAIR示M2及岛叶出现FLAIR血管高信号征(箭),FVHs评分为2分;C:DSA示右侧大脑中动脉水平段闭塞(箭),箭头示侧枝循环供血
Fig. 1  A 68-year-old male, the mRS at 3 months is 1 score which has good functional outcome. A, B: Admission FLAIR images, FVHs visible in insular,M2-5. FVHs score=5; C: DSA image shows occlusion from C5 segment of right internal carotid artery (arrow), arrow head shows collateral circulation.
Fig. 2  A 58-year-old male, the mRS at 3 months is 3 score which has poor functional outcome. A, B: Admission FLAIR images, FVHs visible in insular, M2. FVHs score=2; C: DSA image shows occlusion from horizontal segment of right middle cerebral artery to lateral fissure trunk (arrow), arrow head shows collateral circulation.
表1  两组一般临床资料、FVHs评分情况及侧枝循环级别比较
Tab. 1  Comparison of general clinical data, FVHs score and collateral circulation levels between the two groups

3 讨论

3.1 FLAIR血管高信号征形成机制、影响因素及其与侧枝循环关系分析

       欧洲卒中组织及美国心脏协会/卒中协会先后于2008年、2009年推荐静脉溶栓时间窗可延长至发病后3~ 4.5 h。有学者认为尽早开展临床治疗是降低并发症、改善患者预后的重要因素[8,9],但影响预后的因素具有多样性,侧枝循环形成作为影响预后的重要因素对患者的良好预后具有决定性作用。DSA是评价侧枝循环的金标准,但DSA费用高且为侵入性检查,因此寻求评价侧枝循环方便、快捷的影像指标日益受到关注。尽管FVHs的形成机制尚存在争议,但多数学者认为血流缓慢学说可能是其主要的形成机制[10,11],其与软脑膜侧枝的缓慢血流相关,常出现于颅内动脉重度狭窄或急性闭塞的患者。Sanossian等[12]以脑血管造影作为对照研究FVHs的形成机制,认为其主要出现于近端血管闭塞的患者,由远端血管通过软脑膜侧枝逆向缓慢血流代偿所致,由于血流动力学改变,闭塞以远血管流空效应消失,在低信号脑脊液的对比下呈高信号。颅内大血管严重狭窄或闭塞后形成的颅内软脑膜侧支循环是缺血性卒中患者FVHs形成的主要病理生理学基础[13],FVHs越多表明软脑膜侧枝代偿越丰富,软脑膜侧枝是最主要的侧枝循环代偿方式。国内学者对FVHs的诸多影响因素进行综述,认为脑梗死发病时间、动脉狭窄程度及部位、侧支循环状态及相关临床因素等可影响FVHs的出现。发病时间越早、颅内动脉近端病变及责任动脉的狭窄程度越重,FVHs出现率越高,侧支循环越丰富,FVHs评分或分级越高[14]。FLAIR血管高信号征与急性缺血性脑卒中患者的侧枝循环关系密切,可为患者的临床预后评估提供参考。

3.2 FLAIR血管高信号征与预后关系分析

       本研究中,FLAIR血管高信号征评分与侧枝循环级别呈正相关(r=0.364,P=0.032),FVHs评分越高暗示患者侧枝循环越好,且两组患者入院NHISS评分(P=0.025)及出院NHISS评分(P=0.000)均存在显著差异,表明FVHs评分越高,患者临床症状越轻,经临床治疗后症状改善越明显。两组患者按预后情况分组,FVHs评分(P1=0.008)及侧枝循环级别(P2=0.002)差异均存在统计学意义,FVHs评分及侧枝循环级别高的患者具有良好的临床预后。此结果与国外众多研究一致,Mahdjoub等[15]对244例患者研究发现FVHs与良好侧枝循环相关,FVHs评分可用于挑选能从静脉溶栓中获益的患者。另有学者研究显示,FVHs越广泛患者的梗死体积及随访病灶体积越小,缺血半暗带越大,临床预后明显较好[16,17,18,19]。Kufner等[20]研究认为FVHs反映溶栓前存在血管栓塞患者的侧枝循环较差,此结果的差异可能与研究者方案、患者数量及入组标准有关。本研究表明FLAIR血管高信号征与侧枝循环相关均能评估急性缺血性脑卒中患者的预后,对于发病时间在溶栓时间窗内的患者,可根据患者的FLAIR血管高信号征评分评估预后,对评分较高的患者采取积极的溶取栓治疗,此类患者往往能够获得较大的收益。

       本研究的样本量较小,结果可能存在一定误差,且未对FVHs评分进行等级划分并观察预后,接下来的研究将扩大样本量,减小误差,深入探讨FLAIR血管高信号征评估急性缺血性脑卒中患者预后的价值。

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