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病例报告
右小脑半球不典型室管膜瘤局部塑形生长一例并文献回顾
欧阳红 韩娜 张静 刘冰芳

DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2018.12.013.


[关键词] 室管膜瘤;磁共振成像;磁共振波谱
[Keywords] Ependymoma;Magnetic resonance imaging;Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

欧阳红 兰州大学第二医院核磁共振科,兰州 730000

韩娜 兰州大学第二医院核磁共振科,兰州 730000

张静* 兰州大学第二医院核磁共振科,兰州 730000

刘冰芳 兰州大学第二医院核磁共振科,兰州 730000

通讯作者:张静,E-mail:lztong2001@163.com


收稿日期:2018-02-25
中图分类号:R445.2; R739.41 
文献标识码:B
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2018.12.013
DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2018.12.013.

       男,50岁,突发性头晕头痛3个月余,加重10余天。实验室检查结果正常。MRI (图1A图1B)平扫:右小脑半球不规则实性肿块,蔓延至同侧桥小脑角及桥前池,大小约为52 mm × 59 mm × 49 mm,边界模糊,以长T1稍长T2信号表现为主,病灶偏内侧见小片状囊变影,囊变区内见等信号结节。扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)病灶实性部分及囊变区内结节呈等信号(图1C),病灶周围未见明显水肿,脑干及第四脑室轻度受压。增强扫描病灶内见多发小血管漂浮,囊变区内明显强化结节(图1D)。磁共振波谱(magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS):病灶实性部分及囊变区结节N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(N-acetylaspartic acid,NAA)峰值明显减低,胆碱(choline,Cho)峰值明显升高,Cho/NAA大于5,见高耸脂质(Lip)峰(图1E图1F)。磁共振血管成像及磁共振静脉成像未见明显异常。术前MRI诊断:右侧小脑半球不规则占位,累及桥小脑角区及桥前池,考虑小脑发育不良性神经节细胞瘤或者间变少突胶质细胞瘤。患者全麻下分层开颅,小脑皮层下探及灰红色灰白色肿瘤,质韧,血供不丰富,肿瘤中心见暗红色肿瘤组织,质软,血供丰富;肿瘤内侧紧邻脑干,界限清晰;外侧界达桥小脑角区。病理结果:小脑室管膜瘤,WHOⅡ级(图1G)。免疫组化染色:胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)(部分+),Vimentin (+),S-100(+),Olig-2(+),EMA (-),CKp (-),Neu-N (-),Syn(+/-),INI-1(-),P53 (-),Ki-67阳性细胞数占3%。

图1  患者,男,50岁。A:T1WI示右小脑半球、桥小脑角及桥前池见一不规则肿块,呈稍低信号,边界不清楚,病灶偏内侧见小片状囊变区,囊变区内见等信号小结节影;B:T2WI病灶实性成分呈稍高信号,囊变区小结节灶表现等信号;C:DWI示肿瘤实性部分及囊变区结节呈等信号;D:增强扫描肿瘤内见小血管漂浮,囊变区内小结节灶明显强化;E~ F:MRS示实性成分及囊变区小结节影NAA峰明显减低,Cho峰明显升高,实性区见高耸Lip峰;G:病理图片示瘤细胞密集呈放射状排列在血管间质轴周围,核分裂象罕见
Fig. 1  A 50-year-old male patient. A: T1WI showed a solid and irregular mass in the right cerebellar hemisphere, cerebellopontine angle area and anterior pontine cistern with a spotted cystic component, and unclear in the boundary. The solid component was slightly lower signal and the iso-signal small nodules were seen in the cystic area; B: The solid component of the mass showed a slight high signal on T2WI, and the small nodules were isointensity; C: DWI showed that the solid part of the tumor and the small nodules in the cystic area are equal signal; D: CE-T1WI showed small vessels floating in the tumor and small nodules in the cystic zone obviously enhanced; E—F: MRS: NAA peak decreased obviously, and the peak of Cho increased obviously in the solid part and the small nodules, meanwhile, the peak of Lip was high in the solid area; G: Pathology indicated: tumor cells were arranged in a radial arrangement around the intervessel axis and the nuclear division was rare.

讨论

       室管膜瘤主要发生于脑室系统,第四脑室多见,脑实质者较少见。而本例发生于右小脑半球,蔓延至桥小脑角及桥前池,学习文献[1],累及桥小脑角区的室管膜瘤起源大致有两种学说:①肿瘤起源于第四脑室外侧孔处室管膜细胞,经侧孔蔓延至桥小脑角区,不累及第四脑室;②肿瘤来源于柔脑膜或脑实质异位的胚胎残余的室管膜静止细胞,与脑室无关。"菊形团"和"假菊形团"是室管膜瘤特征性的组织学改变。

       室管膜瘤多见于儿童,发病年龄集中在5~ 15岁[2],临床表现无特异性。相对于脑室内室管膜瘤,脑实质内室管膜瘤多发生在幕上,以额叶、顶叶多见[3],体积一般较大,可侵入到邻近脑室内,呈囊实性型和实质型两种表现,以囊实性型多见。常见MRI表现:平扫时,肿瘤实性部分呈等或稍长T1信号、稍长T2信号,内可有囊变、出血;增强后实性部分明显花环样或者不规则状强化,周围无水肿或轻度水肿。DWI:肿瘤实性部分常表现等或低信号。1H-MRS:常见NAA峰显著下降,Cho峰显著升高,Lip峰在恶性程度高的胶质瘤中出现频率高。

       结合相关文献回顾分析本例特点如下:①病灶几乎累及整个右侧小脑半球,蔓延生长至桥小脑角及桥前池,范围极广,实性成分为主,与小脑幕宽基底相连;②增强后肿瘤实性部分未见强化,内见"小血管漂浮征"及囊变区内明显强化壁结节,此表现文献中尚无报道;③Naser等[4]认为肿瘤实质区Cho/NAA和Cho+肌酸(Creatine,Cr)/NAA比值是判断肿瘤分级最可靠的指标,最佳截断值分别为12.2、17。本例实性部分MRS显示Cho/NAA、Cho+Cr/NAA分别为27、92,囊性区壁结节MRS显示Cho/NAA、Cho+Cr/NAA分别为19、32,二者均提示为高级别肿瘤,但病理结果与文献不一致。

       本例术前误诊为小脑发育不良性神经节细胞瘤或者间变少突胶质细胞瘤,主要原因在于其发病范围、强化方式及MRS征象。小脑发育不良性神经节细胞瘤很少见,MRI典型表现为层状异常信号,似"掌纹征"或"虎斑征"。间变少突胶质细胞瘤:好发于额叶,累及皮层下及皮层下白质区,不规则的条索状钙化。本例还应与脑膜瘤鉴别,其与脑膜宽基底相连,增强后明显强化并可见脑膜尾征。

       总之,对于发生在一侧整个小脑半球实性为主肿物,蔓延至桥小脑角及桥前池呈塑形生长,增强扫描后见"小血管漂浮征"及囊变区内明显强化壁结节的影像表现,且MRS提示恶性病变的,在诊断中不应完全排除室管膜瘤的可能。

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Zhao C, Wang C, Zhang M, et al. Primary cerebellopontine angle ependymoma with spinal metastasis in an adult patient: A case report. Oncol Lett, 2015, 10(3): 1755-1758.
[2]
Ma L, Pei YY, Sun PF.The diagnostic value of ADC combined with DWI in the differentiation of the central neurocytoma and ependymoma. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2017, 8(4): 283-288.
马莉,裴亚亚,孙鹏飞. ADC联合DWI鉴别诊断中枢神经细胞瘤与室管膜瘤的应用价值.磁共振成像, 2017, 8(4): 283-288.
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Wang M, Zhang R, Liu X, et al. Supratentorial extraventricular ependymomas: A retrospective study focused on long-term outcomes and prognostic factors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2018, 165: 1-6.
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Naser RKA, Hassan AAK, Shabana AM, et al. Role of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in grading of primary brain tumors. Egyptian J Radiol & Nuclear Med, 2016, 47(2): 577-584.

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