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病例报告
胶质肉瘤一例及其误诊分析
印雅俊 李小宝 余晖

Cite this article as: Yin YJ, Li XB, Yu H. Gliosarcoma: a case report and its misdiagnosis analysis. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2019, 10(3): 212-213.本文引用格式:印雅俊,李小宝,余晖.胶质肉瘤一例及其误诊分析.磁共振成像, 2019, 10(3): 212-213. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.03.010.


[关键词] 神经胶质肉瘤;磁共振成像;层摄影术,X线计算机
[Keywords] gliosarcoma;magnetic resonance imaging;tomography, x-ray computed

印雅俊 贵州医科大学附属医院放射科,贵阳 550000

李小宝* 贵州医科大学附属医院放射科,贵阳 550000

余晖 贵州医科大学附属医院放射科,贵阳 550000

通讯作者:李小宝,E-mail:583524863@qq.com

利益冲突:无。


收稿日期:2018-10-22
接受日期:2019-01-20
中图分类号:R445.2; R739.41 
文献标识码:B
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.03.010
本文引用格式:印雅俊,李小宝,余晖.胶质肉瘤一例及其误诊分析.磁共振成像, 2019, 10(3): 212-213. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2019.03.010.

       患者女,33岁,头痛伴恶心、呕吐1+月,加重三天,头痛持续存在,休息后不能缓解。头颅CT:左枕叶脑出血,合并大脑镰下疝形成;复查CT,血肿呈吸收期改变,但周围水肿呈进展、范围扩大表现(图1)。头颅MRI:早期磁共振平扫仅表现为脑出血MRI征象,复查头颅MRI,出血较前吸收,但病灶整体进展迅速,可见实性强化成分,呈宽基地与脑膜相连,表现为脑外肿瘤征象(图2,图3,图4,图5,图6)。术中所见:肿瘤组织与硬膜粘连紧密,大小约4 cm×6 cm,与周围正常组织有明显分界,色泽鲜红,质地稍软,血供丰富。病理及免疫组化:镜下可见肿瘤细胞核异型性明显,核分裂象易见,间质微血管增生显著,伴出血坏死;免疫组化:GFAP (+) ,IDH1(-) ,Vimenten (+)。诊断为胶质肉瘤(图7图8)。

图1  CT上仅表现为高密度脑出血征象,周围可见少许低密度水肿带环绕
图2,3  MRI可见T1WI、T2WI均呈混杂信号,T1WI上可见出血高信号
图4  2个月后复查CT病灶出血吸收,水肿较前进展,占位征象明显
图5,6  复查MRI可见病灶呈T1WI高、低混杂信号,可见出血及实性成分,病灶与脑膜关系密切,宽基底相连,增强扫描呈明显不均匀强化表现
图7,8  HE染色(HE ×400)及免疫组化,镜下可见肿瘤细胞排列密集,核异型性明显,核分裂象易见,间质微血管增生显著,伴出血坏死;免疫组化示:GFAP (+),IDH1 (-),Vimenten (+)
Fig. 1  CT manifestation of simple sign of high-density cerebral hemorrhage, surrounded by a few low-density edema.
Fig. 2, 3  MRI manifestation of mixed signals of T1WI and T2WI, and high signals of bleeding on T1WI.
Fig. 4  CT manifestation of absorption in the bleeding of lesion, progression in the edema and obvious occupying signs during the period of re-examination 2 months later.
Fig. 5, 6  MRI manifestation of high-low mixed signals on T1WI, visible hemorrhage and solid components, intimate association of lesions with the meninges, accompanied by connection with broad base, and obvious heterogeneous enhancement in the lesion after contrast-enhanced scan during the period of re-examination.
Fig, 7, 8  HE staining (HE ×400) and immunohistochemistry. The monitoring of dense arrangement of tumor cells under microscope, with obvious nuclear atypia, visible mitosis, and significant interstitial microvascular proliferation, accompanied by hemorrhage and necrosis; immunohistochemical results: GFAP (+), IDH1 (-), and Vimenten (+).

讨论

       胶质肉瘤(gliosarcomas,GS)的概念由Strobe于1895年首次提出,为颅内罕见恶性肿瘤,2016版WHO中枢神经系统肿瘤将其归为胶质母细胞瘤(glioblastoma multiform,GBM)的一个亚型,WHO分级分为Ⅳ级,预后极差[1],约占胶质母细胞瘤的2%~8%[2]。组织学上具有双向分化特点,兼有胶质母细胞瘤和恶性间叶成分。胶质肉瘤相较于胶质母细胞瘤,性别倾向更为明显,男性较女性好发[3,4];好发年龄为40~60岁;多位于幕上双侧大脑半球,以颞叶最为多见[5]。临床上胶质肉瘤病程较短,多在3个月以内[6]。临床表现无明显特异性,多表现为颅内压增高、癫痫等,易侵犯脑膜、颅骨及颅外转移[7]。影像表现:胶质肉瘤呈圆形、类圆形或不规则形,MRI多表现为长T1、长T2信号,信号不均,坏死囊变、出血常见,肿瘤周围可见不同程度水肿,占位效应明显;增强呈明显不均匀强化,部分强化区在T2上呈低信号,可能为其肉瘤成分致密且含有较多纤维组织[8]。有学者将胶质肉瘤据其影像学特征分为脑膜瘤型和胶质母细胞瘤型,脑膜瘤型表现为致密、界清、明显强化的肿块,多位于脑表面[9],但与本例影像表现不符。误诊原因:病灶在初期仅表现为脑出血的征象,误诊为脑出血,但在复查过程中水肿一直未消退;后期影像上表现为脑外肿瘤征象,误诊为恶性脑膜瘤或血管外皮细胞瘤。鉴别诊断:本例病灶定位困难,具有脑外肿瘤影像学征象,易误诊为脑外肿瘤,需与恶性脑膜瘤、血管外皮细胞瘤及脑实质内典型胶质母细胞瘤鉴别。恶性脑膜瘤:多表现为形态不规则、信号不均匀脑外肿块,呈明显不均匀或环状强化表现,边界不清,瘤周可见明显指状水肿伸向脑内,呈宽基地与脑膜相连,短粗及不规则脑膜尾征为其特征,相邻颅骨受侵。但脑膜尾征并非脑膜瘤特有征象,其他肿瘤长期慢性刺激脑膜也可见脑膜尾征。血管外皮细胞瘤:多表现混杂信号、不均匀强化,坏死、囊变及出血常见,可见虫噬样骨质破坏,瘤内可见较多流空血管影,与脑膜呈窄基底相连。胶质母细胞瘤:多位于深部脑白质,可通过胼胝体侵犯对侧大脑半球,形成蝴蝶形病灶,增强后多表现为明显不均匀的花环样强化,影像上与胶质肉瘤鉴别困难,需依靠病理学检查。

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