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临床研究
IVIM对上皮源性卵巢肿瘤良恶性鉴别的诊断价值及与ki67表达的相关性
崔云惠 朱绍成 李泓享 刘圆圆

Cite this article as: Cui YH, Zhu SC, Li HX, et al. Diagnostic value of IVIM for benign and malignant identification of epithelial ovarian tumors and its correlation with ki67 expression. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2020, 11(1): 45-49.本文引用格式:崔云惠,朱绍成,李泓享,等. IVIM对上皮源性卵巢肿瘤良恶性鉴别的诊断价值及与ki67表达的相关性.磁共振成像, 2020, 11(1): 45-49. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2020.01.010.


[摘要] 目的 探讨体素内不相干运动模型(IVIM)参数鉴别上皮源性卵巢肿瘤良恶性的价值,及卵巢癌与ki67表达的相关性。材料与方法 回顾性分析73例经手术病理证实为上皮源性卵巢肿瘤患者(良性肿瘤27例,恶性肿瘤46例)的MR平扫、IVIM及常规增强检查资料。分析测量IVIM参数值(ADC,Dslow,Dfast及f)并比较良性与恶性两组间各参数的差异。绘制ROC曲线,评价各参数鉴别诊断上皮源性卵巢肿瘤良恶性的效能,并计算各参数的诊断界值,敏感度与特异度;分析IVIM参数值与ki67表达水平的相关性。结果 良性组ADC值、Dslow值及f值均高于恶性组(P值均<0.05)。两组间Dfast值无统计学差异(P=0.059)。其中ADC值具有极高敏感度,Dslow、f值具有高特异度。Dslow值鉴别诊断上皮源性卵巢肿瘤良恶性的效能最高,ROC曲线下面积为0.934 (P<0.01),最佳阈值为0.853×10-3 mm2/s,敏感度和特异度分别为85.2%和87%;ADC、Dslow,及f值均与ki67值呈负相关性(P<0.05),Dfast与ki67无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论 IVIM有助于鉴别良恶性上皮源性卵巢肿瘤,其中ADC值敏感度极高,而Dslow和f值特异度高,对临床诊断有一定参考意义;IVIM部分参数与ki67表达相关,故可间接为卵巢癌预后评估提供帮助。
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the value of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) parameters in the identification of epidermal ovarian tumors, and the correlation between ovarian cancer and ki67 expression.Materials and Methods: The data of MR plain scan, IVIM and routine enhancement examination of 73 patients with epidermal ovarian tumor (27 cases of benign tumor and 46 cases of malignant tumor) confirmed by surgical pathology were retrospectively analyzed. IVIM parameter values (ADC, Dslow, Dfast and f) were analyzed and measured, and the differences in each parameter between benign and malignant groups were compared. The ROC curve was drawn to evaluate the efficacy of various parameters in the differential diagnosis of epidermal ovarian tumors, and the diagnostic boundary value, sensitivity and specificity of each parameter were calculated. The correlation between IVIM parameter value and expression level of ki67 was analyzed.Results: ADC, Dslow and f values of the benign group were all higher than those of the malignant group (all P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in Dfast between the two groups (P=0.059). Among them, ADC value has extremely high sensitivity and Dslow and f value have high specificity. Dslow value had the highest efficacy in differentiating benign and malignant ovarian tumors from epidermal tumors, with the area under the ROC curve being 0.934 (P<0.01), the optimal threshold being 0.853×10-3 mm2/s, and the sensitivity and specificity being 85.2% and 87%, respectively. ADC, Dslow, and f were all negatively correlated with ki67 (P<0.05), while Dfast was not significantly correlated with ki67 (P>0.05).Conclusions: IVIM is helpful in identifying benign and malignant epidermal ovarian tumors, in which the sensitivity of ADC value is extremely high, while the specificity of Dslow and f value is high, which has certain reference significance for clinical diagnosis. Some IVIM parameters are related to the expression of ki67, so it can indirectly provide help for the prognosis assessment of ovarian cancer.
[关键词] 卵巢肿瘤;磁共振成像;鉴别,鉴别
[Keywords] ovarian neoplasms;magnetic resonance imaging;diagnosis, differential

崔云惠 河南省新乡医学院,新乡 453003;河南省人民医院放射科,郑州 450003

朱绍成* 河南省人民医院放射科,郑州 450003

李泓享 河南省人民医院放射科,郑州 450003

刘圆圆 河南省人民医院放射科,郑州 450003

通信作者:朱绍成,E-mail: zsc2686@163.com

利益冲突:无。


基金项目: 河南省医学科技攻关计划省部共建项目 编号:SBGJ2018068 河南省科技攻关计划项目 编号: 182102311176
收稿日期:2019-07-19
接受日期:2019-11-21
中图分类号:R445.2; R737.31 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2020.01.010
本文引用格式:崔云惠,朱绍成,李泓享,等. IVIM对上皮源性卵巢肿瘤良恶性鉴别的诊断价值及与ki67表达的相关性.磁共振成像, 2020, 11(1): 45-49. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2020.01.010.

       卵巢肿瘤是女性生殖系统常见肿瘤之一,卵巢癌发病率居女性生殖系统恶性肿瘤第三位[1],死亡率高居第一[2],发达国家的卵巢恶性肿瘤发病率为9.1/10万,发展中国家为5.0/10万。虽然近年来卵巢癌的基础研究和临床诊治均有所进展,但由于其早期缺乏临床症状及体征,其5年生存率仍较低[3]。影像学检查能在早期发现肿瘤,对其良恶性进行鉴别,从而有助于患者治疗方案的选择及预后的评估,从而提高患者生存率。MRI较其他影像学检查具有更大的优势[4],但常规MRI图像仅能反映组织的一般特征。体素内不相干运动模型(intravoxel incoherent motion,IVIM)为无创性磁共振功能成像序列,可反映活体组织内的水分子扩散与微循环灌注情况。细胞增殖核抗原ki67反映了肿瘤的增殖活性,被广泛用于预测许多肿瘤的预后[5]。笔者旨在探讨IVIM定量参数鉴别上皮源性卵巢肿瘤良恶性的价值,及IVIM定量参数与ki67表达的相关性,进而使IVIM参数对卵巢肿瘤的预后评估和个性化治疗提供一定帮助。

1 材料与方法

1.1 临床资料及研究对象

       回顾性收集并分析自2016年1月至2017年12月间因盆腔占位而行磁共振检查的女性患者资料,纳入标准:(1)有完整的MRI平扫、IVIM及常规增强扫描影像资料;(2)术后病理结果为上皮源性卵巢肿瘤;(3)肿块需包含较明显的实性成分(实性成分最大径>0.5 cm) ,足以勾画感兴趣区(ROI) ;(4)检查后1周内进行手术。排除标准:(1) MRI检查前曾接受手术或放化疗;(2)合并有其他恶性肿瘤;(3)图像资料不清晰或病理资料不全。将符合以上标准的73例卵巢肿瘤作为本研究样本,根据其病理结果分为良性组和恶性组(分类标准: WHO 2014年卵巢肿瘤分类法),良性组27例(其中黏液性囊腺瘤16例,浆液性囊腺瘤9例,良性brenner瘤2例),平均年龄(41.2±19.0)岁,恶性组46例(其中黏液性囊腺癌7例,浆液性囊腺癌33例,透明细胞癌4例,子宫内膜癌2例),平均年龄(55.6±12.3)岁。

1.2 病理免疫组化分析

       经常规病理诊断为卵巢癌的46例标本进行组织脱水、透明、浸蜡,石蜡包埋切片,然后采用市面上常见的ki67小鼠单克隆抗人抗体对组织进行HE染色。分析由1名病理学家进行回顾性分析,他对临床病理和影像诊断均不知情。ki67由1000个恶性细胞(×400)的免疫反应细胞百分比测定,并在肿瘤内核阳性数量最多(热点)的区域进行评分[6]

1.3 MRI技术

       采用3.0 T MR超导扫描仪(美国GE Discovery 750 plus),使用8通道体线圈,患者取仰卧位,嘱平静呼吸减少运动伪影。扫描范围由髂总动脉分支到耻骨联合下缘。先行常规MRI扫描,包括:(1)轴位、矢状位和冠状位快速恢复FSE序列T2WI:TR 453.00 ms,TE 98.00 ms,层厚5.0 mm,层间距1.0 mm,矩阵288×288,FOV 380.0 mm×380.0 mm,NEX为2;(2)轴面FSE序列T1WI:TR 452.0 ms,TE 6.1 ms,层厚5.0 mm,层间距2.0 mm,矩阵320×320 ,FOV 320.0 mm×320.0 mm,NEX为2。后行IVIM扫描,参数:TR 2600 ms ,TE 70.5 ms,层厚5 mm,层间距2.0 mm,FOV 320 mm×256 mm。弥散加权系数b值由低到高分别为0、50、100、200、400、600、800、1000、1500、2000 s/mm2,所对应的激励次数分别为1、1、1、1、1、2、3、3、4、6;IVIM之后行常规增强扫描,采用轴面、矢状面及冠状面肝脏快速容积采集序列T1WI : TR 4.4 ms,TE 2.0 ms,层厚4.0 mm,层间距-2.0 mm,矩阵288×288,FOV 380.0 mm×380.0 mm。对比剂采用钆喷酸葡胺(Gd-DTPA),剂量为0.2 mL/kg。

1.4 图像处理及分析

       由2名具有主治医师以上职称的我院放射科医师在不了解手术和病理的情况下,采用单盲法观察并分析73例患者的MR图像,意见不一致时协商一致。IVIM序列应用GE AW4.5工作站Functool-MADC模型,处理生成表观扩散系数(ADC)、慢扩散系数(Dslow)、快扩散系数(Dfast)和快扩散系数分数(f,Fraction of Dfast)参数图。在常规T2WI和增强图像的参照下,画取圆形或椭圆形ROI,避开囊变、坏死及出血区域,尽量包全实性区域,测量3次取均值。对于双侧卵巢病变,只分析体积较大或实性成分多的一侧。

1.5 统计学分析

       应用软件SPSS 22.0对所得数据进行统计学分析,包括统计描述卵巢良性与恶性肿瘤两组间参数值(均数±标准差),应用秩和检验(Mann-Whitney U test)比较两组间参数是否有统计学差异;应用ROC曲线图比较IVIM各参数鉴别卵巢肿瘤良恶性的诊断效能并计算诊断界值、敏感度与特异度(根据约登指数最大值法选取诊断界值);采用Medcalc检验比较上述参数ROC曲线下面积(area under the ROC ,AUC)差异;应用Spearman相关性分析进行IVIM各参数值与ki67值之间的相关性分析。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 卵巢实性肿物的MRI表现、参数图,及病理免疫组化图

       具体见图1图2图3图4图5图6图7图8图9图10图11图12

图1~ 6  女,59岁。图1示双侧卵巢高级别浆液性癌横断面T2WI。图2~5放置ROI后各参数图上得到IVIM参数,依次为ADC、Dslow、Dfast、f,各参数均与周围组织有所区别。图6为ki67免疫组化标记显示,约85%的细胞核染色呈阳性(HE ×400)
图7~12  女,18岁。图7示右侧卵巢黏液性囊腺瘤横断面T2WI。图8为DWI (b=600)。图9~12放置ROI后各参数图上得到IVIM参数,依次为ADC、Dslow、Dfast、f,各参数均与周围组织有所区别
Fig. 1—6  Female, 59 years old. Figure 1 shows the cross-sectional T2WI of bilateral ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma. Fig 2—5: The IVIM parameters were obtained on each parameter map after ROI, followed by ADC, Dslow, Dfast, f, each parameter is different from the surrounding tissue. The remaining parameters were also different from the surrounding tissues. Fig 6: ki67 immunohistochemical staining showed that about 85% of nuclear staining was positive (HE ×400).
Fig. 7—12  Female, 18 years old. Fig 7: shows the right ovarian mucinous cystadenoma cross section T2WI. Fig 8: DWI (b=600). Fig 9—12: After placing the ROI, the IVIM parameters are obtained on each parameter map, followed by ADC, Dslow, Dfast, f, and each parameter different from the surrounding organization.

2.2 上皮源性卵巢肿瘤良恶性组参数测量结果(均数±标准差)及秩和检验P值(表1)

       由表1可见,上皮源性卵巢良性组与恶性组之间ADC、Dslow及f值差异均具有统计学意义,两组间Dfast值差异不具有统计学意义。

表1  上皮源性卵巢肿瘤良恶性组的参数测量结果(±s)
Tab. 1  Parameter measurement results of the benign and malignant groups of epithelial ovarian tumors (±s)

2.3 IVIM各参数鉴别诊断上皮源性卵巢肿瘤良恶性的效能比较

       IVIM各参数鉴别诊断良恶性上皮源性卵巢肿瘤的效能见表2. Dslow值的AUC最高,为0.934,其次为ADC和f值,但3个参数的AUC间差异无统计学意义(P均> 0.05)。

表2  IVIM各参数鉴别诊断上皮源性卵巢肿瘤良恶性的效能比较
Tab. 2  Comparison of the efficacy of IVIM parameters in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant ovarian tumors

2.4 恶性上皮源性卵巢肿瘤IVIM各参数与ki67的相关性(表3)

       由表3可见,ADC、Dslow及f值均与ki67具有较强的负相关性,Dfast与ki67不具有明显相关性。

表3  恶性上皮源性卵巢肿瘤IVIM各参数与ki67的相关性
Tab. 3  Correlation between IVIM parameters and ki67 in malignant epithelial ovarian tumors

3 讨论

3.1 IVIM参数鉴别上皮源性卵巢肿瘤良恶性的意义和价值

       扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)是一种磁共振功能成像技术,可探测活体组织内水分子运动。早期研究表明,常规DWI的ADC值不仅受到分子扩散影响,而且还受到微循环或血液灌注的影响。因此,含有灌注效应的ADC值可能会限制ADC的可靠性[7,8]。但通过使用IVIM模型进行双极性曲线拟合分析,可以剔除微循环或灌注效应,反映出真正的组织扩散[7, 9,10,11]。研究证实ADC值对女性盆腔肿瘤良恶性具有较高的诊断价值[12],我们的研究结果表明,IVIM参数中ADC、Dslow、f值对鉴别上皮源性卵巢肿瘤均具有一定价值,ADC值具有极高敏感度,Dslow、f值具有高特异度。在临床应用时可利用ADC值高敏感度做初筛选,然后利用Dslow、f值的高特异度进一步确诊。

       本研究中,反映扩散的相关参数(ADC值、Dslow值)在恶性组均低于良性组(P值均<0.05),可能是由于恶性肿瘤随着细胞异型性的增高,癌细胞结构更加复杂,癌组织内自由水更少,细胞外间隙更小,导致上述参数值下降,与既往研究结果相符[13,14,15]。虽然在一些癌症的研究中,高级别肿瘤与微血管灌注增加有关,但在我们的研究中恶性组f值较良性组低。其原因可能是f值与血流等灌注有关,灌注水平可以间接反映组织血管化程度,但恶性肿瘤细胞成长及生长快,促血管生成因子过表达,生成的新生血管功能及结构异常,从而导致具有灌注功能的血管比例降低[16],研究结果与Suo等[13]和Li等[17]的研究结果一致。两组之间的Dfast值没有显着差异,这可能是由于Dfast对噪声的敏感性较高[18,19]。在以前的肝脏研究中,Dfast显示出比f更差的再现性[19,20]。此外,Federau等[21]观察到Dfast对心动周期具有依赖性,这也导致其高度不确定性。

3.2 恶性上皮源性卵巢肿瘤的IVIM参数与ki67表达水平的相关性

       ADC、Dslow值均与ki67具有较强的负相关性。ADC值与ki67具有负相关性,这与一些学者的研究结果基本一致[22,23,24]。ki67为一种成熟的细胞增殖标志物[25],ki67越高,代表肿瘤增殖越快,细胞密度越大,水分子扩散运动受限越明显,故而ADC、Dslow值越小。另外,Dai等[26]发现,在透明细胞肾细胞癌中,D与核质比(N/C)呈负相关。因此,D值的降低可反映肿瘤中ki67表达和组织微观结构复杂性的增加。f值与ki67具有弱负相关性,推测其原因,可能与f值间接反映组织血管化程度,随着恶性肿瘤细胞生成和生长速度加快,大量结构异常的无功能新生血管生成,从而导致f值一定程度降低。Dfast与ki67不具有明显相关性,这可能与上述提到的敏感性、再现性,及对心动周期的依赖性有关[18,19,20,21]。还有学者提出,Dfast值计算准确率与b值(0~ 200 s/mm2)的个数呈正相关[27]

       综上所述,IVIM有助于鉴别诊断上皮源性卵巢肿瘤良恶性。IVIM部分参数与ki67具有相关性,从而可间接为卵巢癌的预后评估及治疗提供一定帮助。

3.3 研究的局限与不足

       (1)以往文献关于IVIM序列b值的选择有所不同,使得IVIM序列难以确定最佳b值的数量及大小;(2) IVIM序列所选b值中低b值数量较少(<200 s/mm2),因其对灌注较高b值敏感,故使得灌注相关参数稳定性降低;(3)良性组样本量较少,所得结果可能存在偏倚;(4) ROI的选择由于病灶的体积、形状等差异存在主观性,所得到的IVIM参数可能存在偏差;(5) ROI的选择与病理取材无法保证完全一致,结果可能存在选择偏倚;(6)因交界性组病例数较少,故未纳入本研究中,所得结果可能存在偏倚。

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