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病例报告
肥厚型心肌病误诊为血管肉瘤一例
邹君鑫 张燕 王波 张艳翎 汪春红 黄茜 余晖 沈桂权 焦俊 李伟

Cite this article as: Zou JX, Zhang Y, Wang B, et al. One case report of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy misdiagnosed as angiosarcoma[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2021, 12(8): 79-80.引用本文:邹君鑫, 张燕, 王波, 等. 肥厚型心肌病误诊为血管肉瘤一例[J]. 磁共振成像, 2021, 12(8): 79-80. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2021.08.016.


[关键词] 心脏磁共振成像;肥厚型心肌病;血管肉瘤
[Keywords] cardiac magnetic resonance;hypertrophic cardiomyopathy;angiosarcoma

邹君鑫    张燕 *   王波    张艳翎    汪春红    黄茜    余晖    沈桂权    焦俊    李伟   

贵州医科大学附属医院放射科,贵阳 550000

张燕,E-mail:zoe040900@live.cn

全体作者均声明无利益冲突。


收稿日期:2021-01-10
接受日期:2021-04-06
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2021.08.016
引用本文:邹君鑫, 张燕, 王波, 等. 肥厚型心肌病误诊为血管肉瘤一例[J]. 磁共振成像, 2021, 12(8): 79-80. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2021.08.016.

       患者,女,73岁,以气促1年,夜间阵发性呼吸困难1周就诊于我院。患者1年前无明显诱因出现气促,伴乏力,表现为咳嗽后气促明显,逐渐感活动耐力下降,1周前患者于夜间气促加重,出现阵发性呼吸困难,伴双下肢凹陷性水肿,乏力加重,食欲减退,无胸痛、肩背部疼痛,无恶心、呕吐等不适。既往高血压病史3年,最高达150+/100 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.1333 kPa),予“北京零号”降压控制,自诉血压监测正常。心电图:窦性心动过速,心率(hreat rate,HR)108 次/min,胸3至胸6导联(V3-V6) ST段抬高并T波倒置。心脏超声:室间隔增厚,左、右心室壁中间段至心尖段室壁增厚,左室壁较厚处32 mm,右室壁较厚出约20 mm,运动基本消失,占位?肥厚型心肌病?(见图1A1C),建议心脏磁共振检查。主动脉CT血管成像(CT angiography,CTA):心脏增大,心室壁及室间隔显著增厚并见软组织团块形成,增强呈不均匀明显强化,内见斑片状稍低密度区,考虑左右心室占位性病变,具恶性征象,肉瘤可能性大(血管肉瘤?) (见图1D1F)。心脏磁共振成像(cardiac magnetic resonance,CMR):左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)约20.47%,心输出量(cardiac output,CO)约0.84 L/min,左心室舒张末期容积(left ventricular end diastolic volume,LVEDV)约90.20 mL,左室心肌质量(left ventricular mass,LVMass)约243.75 g,心脏明显增大,左心室壁及室间隔明显增厚,舒张末期厚约48 mm,左室游离壁厚约34 mm,左室流入道、流出道通畅,左室收缩及舒张运动幅度均明显降低;心肌首过灌注室间隔壁及前壁心肌肌壁见灶状灌注缺损及条片状稍高信号;心肌延迟强化示室间隔壁及前壁心肌肌壁间见斑片状高信号影,原始T1 Mapping (Native T1)值稍增高,考虑原发性肥厚型心肌病并心肌受损,请结合相关基因检测明确(见图1G1L)。

图1  女,73岁,肥厚型心肌病。A、B:心脏超声示左、右心室壁中间段至心尖段室壁增厚(白箭),左室壁较厚处约32 mm,右室壁较厚处约20 mm;C:左室腔明显变窄(白箭);D~F:主动脉CTA轴位及冠状位示左、右心室壁及室间隔显著增厚并见软组织团块形成(粗黑箭),左室腔明显变窄,增强呈不均匀明显强化,内见斑片状稍低密度区(细黑箭);主动脉CTA诊断:考虑左右心室占位性病变,具恶性征象,肉瘤可能性大(血管肉瘤?);G、H:CMR平扫示心脏明显增大,左、右心室壁及室间隔明显增厚(粗白箭),左室腔明显变窄(细白箭);I、J:CMR首过灌注示左室壁心肌肌壁间灶状灌注缺损及条片状稍高信号(细白箭);K、L:CMR延迟强化示室间隔壁及前壁心肌肌壁间灶状、条片状高信号(粗白箭)。CMR诊断:原发性肥厚型心肌病并心肌受损
Fig. 1  Female, 73 years old, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A, B: Echocardiography showed that the left and right ventricular walls were thickened from the middle to apical segments (white arrow), the thicker part of the left ventricular wall was about 32 mm, the thicker part of the right ventricular wall was about 20 mm; C: The left ventricular cavity was significantly narrowed (white arrow); D—F: The axial and coronal images of aortic CTA showed the wall and septum of left and right ventricle were significantly thickenedand soft tissue mass was formed (thick black arrow), the left ventricular cavity was significantly narrowed; On the enhanced images, it showed uneven and obvious enhancement, with patchy and slightly low density area (thin black arrow). Aortic CTA diagnosis: left and right ventricular space occupying lesions with malignant signs and high possibility of sarcoma (angiosarcoma?); G, H: CMR showed that the heart was significantly enlarged, the left and right ventricular wall and the ventricular septum were significantly thickened (thick white arrow), and the left ventricular cavity was significantly narrowed (thin white arrow); I, J: The first pass perfusion of CMR showed focal perfusion defect and patchy slightly high signal in the left ventricular wall (thin white arrow); K, L: Delayedenhancement of CMR showed focal and patchy high signal intensity in septum and anterior wall (thick white arrow). CMR diagnosis: Primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with myocardial damage.

讨论

       肥厚型心肌病(hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,HCM)是最常见的一种遗传性心脏病,患病率为0.2%~0.6%[1],其组织学特征为心肌细胞形态异常、肥大,心肌细胞排列紊乱,可伴有坏死或纤维化,进而引起心肌缺血,这些改变可以使心肌的收缩及舒张功能降低[2]。胸闷、胸痛、呼吸困难、心律失常、晕厥等症状为其常见临床表现。根据心室受累部位不同,HCM可分为室间隔型、心尖型、心室中部型、均匀肥厚型、右心室肥厚型多种亚型。HCM患者大多有心电图异常,但心电图对本病的诊断价值有限。本例患者心电图出现V3-V6 ST段抬高并T波倒置,也可符合HCM心电图异常表现,与相关研究一致[3]。超声心动图检查是目前HCM诊断的首选影像学检查方法,其对非对称性室间隔肥厚,尤其是中上部或后部室间隔肥厚具有较高诊断价值。然而超声心动图对HCM的诊断不仅受操作者经验、透声条件和投射角度的影响[4],并且HCM患者的心室腔常有变形、缩小等改变,进一步导致超声对肥厚节段的定位及肥厚程度的评估出现一定的误差。对于肥厚程度较为严重的患者,超声心动图软组织分辨率低,透声不足的缺点更为突出。而CMR具有较高的软组织分辨率,能够清晰显示心脏的形态结构,定量评估心脏大小和心室壁厚度,可直观显示HCM的病变部位并准确评价其肥厚程度。本病例为左心室壁普遍肥厚型(包括室间隔及游离壁),是HCM中较少见的一种类型,并且局部心肌肥厚达48 mm,因此超声心动图软组织分辨率不高、透声不足及观察视野有限的缺点更为突出,从而对于这一类型肥厚型心肌病的诊断存在一定的困难。当心肌明显肥厚时,心肌局部血液供应可能出现不平衡的现象,引起心肌缺血、坏死、纤维化一系列病理改变,导致在CT增强图像上肥厚心肌内出现斑片状低强化区,从而误诊为恶性占位性病变(血管肉瘤),而CMR不仅克服了软组织分辨率不高的缺点,多角度、多参数成像能够准确显示肥厚心肌的部位和程度,且延迟强化可对HCM患者肥厚心肌进行组织学评价,因此CMR对肥厚型心肌病具有确诊价值。

1
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4
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