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临床研究
心脏磁共振在合并室性心律失常的扩张型心肌病患者中诊断及预后价值
阚傲 李淑豪 方淇民 黄恺尧 龚良庚

Cite this article as: KAN A, LI S H, FANG Q M, et al. The diagnostic and prognositic value of cardiac magnetic resonance for evaluating dilated cardiomyopathy with ventricular arrhythmia[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2023, 14(5): 116-122.本文引用格式:阚傲, 李淑豪, 方淇民, 等. 心脏磁共振在合并室性心律失常的扩张型心肌病患者中诊断及预后价值[J]. 磁共振成像, 2023, 14(5): 116-122. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2023.05.021.


[摘要] 目的 通过心脏磁共振特征追踪技术(cardiac magnetic resonance feature tracking, CMR-FT)及钆延迟强化(late gadolinium enhancement, LGE)定量、定性评估合并室性心律失常(ventricular arrhythmia, VA)的非缺血性扩张型心肌病(non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, NIDCM)患者的心肌运动及组织特征改变。材料与方法 回顾性收集73例NIDCM患者并进行随访,根据动态心电图检查判断患者是否合并VA,将患者分为合并VA(VA+)组34例及未合并VA(VA-)组39例,比较两组间左室结构、功能参数,整体应变参数及延迟强化特征,并通过多因素二元logistic回归分析判断VA发生的风险因素,通过Kaplan-Meier生存曲线及log-rank检验判断两组患者生存差异。结果 与VA-组NIDCM患者相比,VA+组患者整体纵向峰值应变(global longitudinal peak strain, GLPS)明显降低(P=0.004),更易合并心外膜下LGE(P=0.001),且预后较差(P=0.036),其中心外膜下LGE为VA发生的风险因素。结论 心脏磁共振可准确评估合并VA的NIDCM患者的心脏结构、功能及心肌组织特征改变,为患者的不良预后提供影像学依据。
[Abstract] Objective To qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the changes in myocardial motion and tissue characterizations in non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) patients with ventricular arrhythmias (VA) by cardiac magnetic resonance feature tracking (CMR-FT) and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE).Materials and Methods Seventy-three NIDCM patients were retrospectively collected and followed up. The patients were divided into VA+ group (34 cases) and VA- group (39 cases) according to the 24-hour dynamic ECG. The left ventricular function parameters, global strain parameters and LGE characteristics were compared between the two groups. The risk factors of VA were estimated by performing multivariate logistic regression analysis. Survival estimates of the two groups were calculated and determined by Kaplan-Meier curves with the log-rank test.Results The global longitudinal peak strain (GLPS) in the VA+ group was significantly lower than that in VA- group (P=0.004). The subepicardial LGE pattern was more likely to appear in VA+ group (P=0.001). The outcome was poorer in the VA+ group than in the VA- group (P=0.036). Moreover, the subepicardial pattern of the LGE was a risk factor of VA.Conclusions Cardiac magnetic resonance can accurately assess the changes of heart structure, function, and myocardial tissue in NIDCM patients with VA, and provide forceful imaging basis for the poor outcome of NIDCM patients.
[关键词] 非缺血性扩张型心肌病;室性心律失常;心脏磁共振;特征追踪;延迟钆增强;磁共振成像
[Keywords] non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy;ventricular arrhythmia;cardiac magnetic resonance;feature tracking;late gadolinium enhancement;magnetic resonance imaging

阚傲 1   李淑豪 1   方淇民 1   黄恺尧 2   龚良庚 1*  

1 南昌大学第二附属医院医学影像中心,南昌 330000

2 南昌大学第二临床医学院,南昌 330031

通信作者:龚良庚,E-mail:gong111999@126.com

作者贡献声明:龚良庚设计本研究的方案,对稿件重要内容进行了修改,对最终要发表的论文版本进行了全面的审阅和把关,获得了国家自然科学基金、江西省教育厅重点项目资助;阚傲参与课题的选择与设计,起草和撰写稿件,获取、分析或解释本研究的数据;方淇民起草了文章中关键性理论部分撰写,对最终要发表的论文版本进行了全面的审阅;李淑豪获取、分析或解释本研究的数据,对稿件重要内容进行了修改;黄恺尧获取、分析或解释本研究的数据,参与撰写稿件初稿;全体作者都同意发表最后的修改稿,同意对本研究的所有方面负责,确保本研究的准确性和诚信。


基金项目: 国家自然科学基金 82260342,81860316 江西省教育厅重点项目 GJJ210113
收稿日期:2022-11-28
接受日期:2023-04-23
中图分类号:R445.2  R542.2 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2023.05.021
本文引用格式:阚傲, 李淑豪, 方淇民, 等. 心脏磁共振在合并室性心律失常的扩张型心肌病患者中诊断及预后价值[J]. 磁共振成像, 2023, 14(5): 116-122. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2023.05.021.

0 前言

       非缺血性扩张型心肌病(non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, NIDCM)是一种单侧或双侧心腔扩大伴收缩功能障碍(排除负荷异常及冠状动脉疾病)的异质性心肌病[1]。室性心律失常(ventricular arrhythmia, VA)是NIDCM患者的常见并发症,严重者可导致心源性猝死(sudden cardiac death, SCD)[2, 3],是NIDCM患者的主要死亡原因[4]。但目前NIDCM患者的心律失常风险分层仍然具有挑战性[5],既往研究已探讨与NIDCM患者VA发生相关的多种血清标志物、电生理指标、影像参数等[3, 5]。在心脏磁共振(cardiovascular magnetic resonance, CMR)中钆延迟强化(late gadolinium enhancement, LGE)是VA发生的重要预测因子[6, 7, 8],但LGE的位置、模式与NIDCM患者中VA发生的相关性仍需进一步探索。心脏磁共振组织追踪技术(CMR feature tracking technology, CMR-FT)可基于心脏电影序列定量测量心肌整体及节段应变,反映心肌细微的运动变化,因此可准确评估合并VA的NIDCM患者的心肌力学改变[9]。本文拟通过CMR-FT技术及LGE技术定量、定性测量合并与不合并VA的两组NIDCM患者心肌运动及组织特征改变,比较两组患者预后,为NIDCM患者的风险分层及临床管理提供更多依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究对象

       回顾性收集2018年6月至2021年6月在我院确诊NIDCM并接受CMR检查的患者病例资料。纳入标准:(1)符合《中国扩张型心肌病诊断和治疗指南》诊断标准[10];(2)完成动态心电图检查[11],且与CMR检查时间间隔小于3天;(3)图像质量佳,无干扰图像后处理的伪影。排除标准:(1)合并束支传导阻滞、预激综合征、房颤等其他影响心功能的心律失常;(2)先天性心脏病、心脏瓣膜病、缺血性心脏病等其他伴心脏增大疾病;(3)严重的肾功能不全;(4)梗死形式LGE即心内膜下及透壁型LGE[12];(5)临床资料不全。本研究遵守《赫尔辛基宣言》,经南昌大学第二附属医院伦理委员会批准,免除受试者知情同意,批准文号:研临审[2021]第(120)号。

1.2 一般资料收集及随访

       通过病例系统收集患者住院期间年龄、性别等一般临床资料和B型利钠肽、估算肾小球滤过率等实验室检查指标等。在CMR检查完成后每个月对入选患者进行门诊或电话随访,在随访期间均遵照《中国扩张型心肌病诊断和治疗指南》对患者进行心衰的药物治疗。随访终点定义为患者因心力衰竭恶化再次住院或心源性死亡,截止时间为2022年6月,最终随访时间为4~47个月,四分位数为20.0(12.0,32.5)个月。

1.3 CMR扫描方案

       使用GE 3.0 T MRI扫描仪(Signa HDxt, Discovery MR750W, America),所有图像结合心电门控和呼吸门控进行采集。心脏电影序列采用快速平衡稳态自由进动序列(steady state free precession, SSFP)获取心脏标准短轴、两腔、三腔及四腔心的电影图像,参数:TR 3.9 ms,TE 1.6 ms,FOV 38 cm×38 cm,重建矩阵256×256,翻转角55°,层厚6 mm,层间距0 mm。LGE序列采用反转恢复快速梯度回波序列,静脉注射对比剂加乐显(拜耳药业,德国)后开始计时,延迟8 min后开始扫描心脏标准短轴、两腔及四腔心,短轴覆盖左心室基底部至心尖部范围。对比剂用量0.2 mmol/kg,流速3 mL/s,后给予10~20 mL生理盐水冲洗。

1.4 图像后处理

       CMR原始图像导入后处理软件CVI 42(Circle Cardiovascular Imaging, Inc., Calgary, Canada),心功能分析依据左室短轴电影序列,采用自动追踪技术勾画左室收缩及舒张末期心内外轮廓,若轮廓追踪不准则手动调整,心功能参数包括左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF)、左室舒张末期容积(left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVEDV)、左室收缩末期容积(left ventricular end-systolic volume, LVESV)、左室质量(left ventricular mass, LVM)、左室每搏输出量(left ventricular stroke volume, LVSV)、左室心指数(left ventricular cardiac index, LVCI)。应用CVI中Strain应变模块进行心肌应变后处理。应变分析是依据左室短轴、长轴(两腔、三腔及四腔)电影序列,于左室舒张末期勾画左室心内外膜(图1),应变参数包括3D整体径向峰值应变(global radial strain, GRPS)、整体周向峰值应变(global circumferential strain, GCPS)及整体纵向峰值应变(global longitudinal strain, GLPS)(图2)。由两名有5年以上经验的放射科主治医师独立判断患者有无LGE、LGE位置(室间隔、游离壁、室间隔伴游离壁)、LGE模式,二人意见不统一时讨论达成一致。参考既往文献[13, 14],将LGE模式分为壁中层、心外膜下、壁中层及心外膜下同时受累(图3),但本研究纳入的患者未出现心外膜下单独受累。

图1  心脏磁共振特征追踪技术(CMR-FT)基于电影序列图像测量左室应变的示意图。左室舒张末期短轴位(1A)及长轴位四腔心(1B)、两腔心(1C)、三腔心(1D)。红色:左心室心内膜线;绿色:左心室心外膜线。
Fig. 1  Diagrams of the left ventricular strain, which is measured by cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking technology (CMR-FT) based on cine sequence. Left ventricular end-diastole short axis (1A) and long axis four-chamber (1B), two-chamber (1C), three-chamber (1D). Red: left ventricular endocardium line; Green: left ventricular epicardial line.
图2  女,47岁,合并频发室性早搏的非缺血性扩张型心肌病患者,心脏磁共振特征追踪技术(CMR-FT)基于电影序列图像测量左心室时间-整体应变曲线示意图。2A:径向;2B:周向;2C:纵向。
Fig. 2  A 47-year-old female with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and frequent premature ventricular beats, diagrams of left ventricular time-global strain curves, which is measured by cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking technology (CMR-FT) based on cine sequence. 2A: radial, 2B: circumferential, 2C: longitudinal.
图3  各类型心肌延迟强化示意图。3A~3C:男,57岁,合并频发室性早搏的非缺血性扩张型心肌病患者,钆延迟强化短轴图像显示左室壁中层及心外膜下广泛异常强化;3D~3E:女,59岁,无室性心律失常的非缺血性扩张型心肌病患者,钆延迟强化短轴图像显示左室室间隔心肌中层环形线状强化;3F:女,32岁,无室性心律失常的非缺血性扩张型心肌病患者,无钆延迟强化。
Fig. 3  Diagrams of different types of late gadolinium enhancement. 3A-3C: A 57-year-old male with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and frequent ventricular premature beats. Late gadolinium enhancement short-axis images show extensive abnormal enhancement in the middle wall and subepicardium of the left ventricle. 3D-3E: A 59-year-old female with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, without ventricular arrhythmias. Late gadolinium enhancement short-axis images show annular linear enhancement in the middle wall of the left ventricular septum. 3F: A 32-year-old female with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, without ventricular arrhythmias and no late gadolinium enhancement in the left ventricle.

1.5 统计学分析

       应用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计学处理。通过Shapiro-Wilk检验进行计量资料的正态性检验,符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x¯±s)表示,两组间比较用独立样本t检验;不符合正态分布计量资料用中位数(四分位间距)表示,两组间比较用非参数Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料以频率和百分率比较,两组间比较使用χ2检验。将单因素二元logistic回归中P<0.05且无共线性的相关临床及影像指标纳入多因素二元logistic回归分析,判断NIDCM患者VA发生的风险因素。其中共线性通过方差膨胀因子(variance inflation factor, VIF)进行判断,当VIF值大于10,则认为该自变量与其他自变量间存在共线性,应进行排除。采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,计算两组NIDCM患者无终点事件生存率,并进行log-rank检验比较。通过组内相关系数(intra-class correlation efficient, ICC)比较观察者内及两位观察者对应变参数测量的一致性,ICC>0.75为一致性良好。

2 结果

2.1 一般临床资料

       根据纳入、排除标准最终共纳入NIDCM病例73例,其中男52例,女21例,年龄27~75(52.3±2.4)岁。根据动态心电图检查结果,将患者分为合并VA(VA+)组(频发室性早搏,>500次/24 h或室性心动过速)与未合并VA(VA-)组(正常或偶发室性早搏,<500次/24 h),其中VA-组39例,VA+组34例。两组患者的一般临床资料见表1,VA+组患者体表面积(body surface area, BSA)稍低(P=0.042)、血脂异常比例稍高(P=0.032)、舒张压偏低(P=0.045),其余,两组患者的年龄、性别、身高、体质量、心率、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)、B型利钠肽(BNP)、高血压史、收缩压及纽约心脏学会(New York Heart Association, NYHA)分级等方面均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表1  两组NIDCM患者一般临床资料比较
Tab. 1  Comparison of general clinical data between two groups of NIDCM patients

2.2 常规心功能参数

       本研究中两组NIDCM患者LVEF均显著降低(均<35%),且LVEF、LVEDV/BSA、LVESV/BSA、LVSV/BSA、LVCI、LVM/BSA等常规CMR参数未见显著差异(P均>0.05),详见表2

表2  两组NIDCM患者常规心功能参数比较
Tab. 2  Comparison of conventional cardiac function parameters between two groups of NIDCM patients

2.3 左室3D整体应变指标及LGE特征

       两组患者左室3D整体应变指标见表3,VA+组患者3个方向整体应变值均较VA-组降低,其中GLPS下降较显著(P=0.004),GRPS、GCPS在两组间差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。两组患者LGE阳性率、LGE的位置分布均无明显差异(P均>0.05),但VA+组患者LGE更易表现为肌壁间与心外膜下同时受累,而VA-组患者LGE常表现为单独肌壁间受累(P=0.001)。

表3  两组NIDCM患者左室3D整体应变指标及LGE特征比较
Tab. 3  Comparison of left ventricular 3D global strain and LGE characteristics between two groups of NIDCM patients

2.4 NIDCM合并VA的多因素二元logistic回归分析

       将单因素二元logistic回归分析中P<0.05的相关临床、影像指标纳入,进行多因素二元logistic回归分析,其中心外膜下LGE为NIDCM患者VA发生的风险因素(P=0.036)。

表4  NIDCM患者VA发生的多因素二元logistic回归分析
Tab. 4  Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the occurance of VA in NIDCM patients

2.5 Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析

       在随访过程中共有4例失访,每组各两例。至随访截止共18例患者发生终点事件,包括5例发生心源性死亡,其中VA-组2例、VA+组3例;13例发生心衰再入院,其中VA-组2例、VA+组11例。两组患者的中位生存时间估计值分别为37.51个月和41.46个月。Kaplan-Meier曲线和log-rank检验结果(图4)显示,VA-组患者的预后优于VA+组患者,两组患者的生存曲线存在显著差异(P=0.036)。

图4  两组患者的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线。NIDCM:非缺血性扩张型心肌病;VA:室性心律失常。
Fig. 4  The Kaplan-Meier survival curves of two groups of NIDCM patients. NIDCM: non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy; VA: ventricular arrhythmia.

2.6 NIDCM患者左室3D整体应变参数的一致性分析

       从73例NIDCM患者中随机抽取25例,由两位放射科医师分别独立进行应变后处理,且两周后由其中一名医师重新进行应变后处理。将其测量的数值进行观察者内及观察者间一致性分析。结果显示左心室整体3D应变参数的观察者内及观察间均具有良好的一致性,ICC值均>0.75(表5)。

表5  左室3D整体应变参数观察者内及观察者间一致性检验
Tab. 5  Intra- and inter-observer agreement of LV 3D global strain parameters

3 讨论

       目前预防NIDCM患者心律失常及SCD发生最有效的手段仍为心脏转复除颤器(implantable cardioverter defibrillator, ICD)植入,国内外指南均建议将NYHA心功能Ⅱ~Ⅲ级,LVEF<35%作为心衰患者植入ICD的一级证据[11,15],但多项研究证实这种以LVEF为主的分级方法无法准确识别ICD获益的患者[16, 17],尤其在心功能明显受损(LVEF<35%)的NIDCM亚组人群中,患者的风险分层需要对心肌病变进行更精准的评估[18]。CMR具有良好的软组织分辨率和空间分辨率,可多平面多参数成像,定量评估心脏形态、功能乃至组织特征改变。本研究中CMR-FT成像发现合并VA的NIDCM患者GLPS明显降低,CMR-LGE成像发现该组患者心肌纤维化常同时累及心外膜下及肌壁间,其中心外膜下LGE为NIDCM患者VA发生的风险因素。这表明CMR有助于NIDCM患者的VA风险分层,为患者治疗及随访提供重要的参考指标。且本研究中NIDCM合并VA的患者预后较差,CMR可为NIDCM患者的不良预后提供可靠影像学依据。

3.1 NIDCM合并VA患者左室应变特征

       NIDCM患者心室舒缩功能障碍,室壁运动异常可表现为心室机械不同步[19, 20],当合并VA时将加重NIDCM患者心室内或心室间心肌收缩运动不同步,导致心脏有效作功显著降低,加快终末期心力衰竭的进程[7]。基于心脏电影序列的CMR-FT技术可精准定量评估心肌整体及节段运动,得到不同部位、不同时相的多参数心肌应变数据,反映NIDCM合并VA患者的心室运动异常。在本研究中两组患者LVEF、BNP等心功能参数未见显著差异,但合并VA组患者GLPS显著降低(P=0.004),这证实了心肌应变可较LVEF更精确地反映NIDCM患者的心肌运动不同步及舒缩障碍[21, 22]。本研究中NIDCM合并VA组患者GLPS、GRPS、GCPS均较对照组降低,这可能是因为当合并VA时,心脏电活动紊乱,异常节律点提前激活,电传导顺序发生改变,心肌收缩节律紊乱,在纵向、周向、径向方向上的整体运动失调,故3个方向整体应变值均进一步降低,且其中GLPS降低更显著(P=0.004),这进一步提示当合并VA时,NIDCM患者的纵向运动能力受损较显著,可能与替代性纤维化形成的方向相关[23]

3.2 NIDCM合并VA患者左室LGE特征

       LGE成像技术是CMR中目前最常用的表征心肌组织特征的方法,能够准确定量评估心肌瘢痕和纤维化。本研究中室间隔与游离壁同时受累为NIDCM患者LGE最常见的部位,与既往研究结果一致[6,13]。既往研究表明在NIDCM患者中合并LGE是VA及SCD发生强有力的预测因子,具有独立于LVEF的预测价值[2,22]。可能的原因是NIDCM患者的LGE区域经病理证实为局灶性纤维化[24],范围与冠状动脉支配区域无特定相关性,在其周围存活心肌与胶原纤维交叉存在,导致心肌细胞自律性异常、微折返形成,诱导心律失常的发生[25]。本研究中虽然两组患者的LGE阳性率、位置分布无明显差异,但合并VA的患者LGE更易同时肌壁间及心外膜同时受累(P=0.001),且在多因素回归分析中,心外膜下LGE为VA的风险因素(P=0.036),这与SHIN等[26]的研究结果一致,他们的研究发现心外膜下LGE为非缺血性心肌病(nonischemic cardiomyopathy, NICM)患者心律失常事件发生的独立预测因子。这提示我们当NIDCM患者出现心外膜下LGE时,应警惕VA发作的风险。此外,LGE显示的心肌瘢痕在VA射频消融治疗的靶点定位、术式选择中具有重要提示作用,有助于术前评估消融成功的可能性[27]。合并心外膜下LGE的患者进行射频消融治疗时,可能需切开心外膜,消融成功率会相应降低[28]

3.3 NIDCM合并VA患者预后

       扩张型心肌病(dilated cardiomyopathy, DCM)患者SCD的年发病率约2%~4%,占DCM死因的30%[4],其中导致血流动力学异常的VA是DCM患者发生SCD的重要原因[29, 30]。本研究通过Kaplan-Meier生存曲线证实NIDCM合并VA组患者预后较NIDCM未合并VA组患者更差(P=0.036),心衰再入院及全因死亡的发生率更高,这进一步证实VA与NIDCM患者的不良预后相关。心肌重构造成的心肌电活动不稳定[31]、心功能不全导致的交感系统及心肌兴奋性增高、利尿剂使用导致的低钾血症都是NIDCM患者合并VA的诱因,因此在临床中应重视NIDCM患者VA的发生及治疗,防止恶性心律失常及SCD的发生。本研究通过CMR探究了NIDCM合并VA患者的影像特征及VA发生的风险因素,可结合LVEF进一步完善ICD植入的适应证,更准确筛选ICD获益的NIDCM患者,预防患者SCD的发生。

3.4 本研究的局限性

       本研究存在一定局限性:(1)为单中心研究,纳入样本量较少,部分病例随访时间较短;(2)部分合并VA患者LGE图像存在少许伪影,不干扰诊断,但影响后处理阈值识别,故未进行LGE定量分析。

4 结论

       综上所述,CMR可准确评估合并VA的NIDCM患者心肌力学及组织特征改变,且心外膜下LGE为VA发生的风险因素;CMR为合并VA患者的不良预后提供可靠影像学依据。这有助于临床识别高风险NIDCM患者,对患者进行个性化、针对性治疗,减少恶性心律失常、SCD的发生,改善患者预后。

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