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临床研究
APT成像在宫颈癌同步根治性放化疗疗效评估中的价值
史天亮 杨崇双 刘元早 罗应斌 杨昌义 旷光先 姚庆

Cite this article as: SHI T L, YANG C S, LIU Y Z, et al. The value of APT imaging in evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2024, 15(1): 132-136.本文引用格式:史天亮, 杨崇双, 刘元早, 等. APT成像在宫颈癌同步根治性放化疗疗效评估中的价值[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(1): 132-136. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.01.021.


[摘要] 目的 探讨酰胺质子转移(amide proton transfer, APT)成像在宫颈癌同步根治性放化疗(concurrent chemoradiotherapy, CCRT)疗效评估中的价值。材料和方法 回顾性分析经病理证实为宫颈癌的27例患者的临床及影像资料,根据实体瘤疗效评价标准对CCRT后的疗效进行评估,将完全缓解(complete remission, CR)和部分缓解(partial remission, PR)纳入缓解组,疾病稳定(disease stability, SD)和疾病进展(disease progression, PD)纳入非缓解组。对比分析CCRT前、后以及缓解组、非缓解组病灶区表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC)和APT值的差异,采用Pearson相关性分析方法分析ADC值、APT值与CCRT疗效之间的相关性。结果 27例宫颈癌患者CCRT后CR 3例(11.11%),PR 16例(59.26%),SD 8例(29.63%),局部控制率为100%。与CCRT前相比,CCRT后病灶的ADC值升高[(0.89±0.06)×10-3 mm2/s vs.(1.07±0.07)×10-3 mm2/s,P<0.05],APT值降低(3.30%±0.05% vs. 3.07%±0.07%,P<0.05)。CCRT前,缓解组ADC值、APT值比非缓解组均高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);CCRT后,缓解组ADC值比非缓解组高[(1.10±0.06)×10-3 mm2/s vs.(1.01±0.04)×10-3 mm2/s,P<0.05],缓解组APT值比非缓解组低(3.05%±0.06% vs. 3.12%±0.07%,P<0.05)。宫颈癌患者CCRT后ADC值与疗效具有显著的负相关性(r=-0.61,95% CI:-0.82~-0.39,P<0.01);APT值与疗效具有显著的正相关性(r=0.50,95% CI:0.20~0.76,P=0.01)。结论 宫颈癌CCRT疗效好,CCRT后APT值降低,且APT值与CCRT疗效具有明显的正相关性,APT值是反映宫颈癌CCRT疗效有效的影像标记物。
[Abstract] Objective To explore the value of amide proton transfer (APT) imaging in evaluating the efficacy of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for cervical cancer.Material and Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 27 patients with cervical cancer confirmed by pathology. The efficacy of CCRT was evaluated based on the evaluation criteria for solid tumor efficacy. Complete remission (CR) and partial remission (PR) were included in the remission group, while disease stability (SD) and disease progression (PD) were included in the non-remission group. The values of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and ATP of the lesion area were compared and analyzed before and after CCRT, as well as in the remission and non-remission groups. The correlation between ADC value, APT value, and CCRT efficacy were analyzed by using Pearson correlation analysis.Results After CCRT, there were 3 cases of CR (11.11%), 16 cases of PR (59.26%) and 8 cases of SD (29.63%) in 27 patients with cervical cancer. The local control rate was 100.00%. Compared with before CCRT, the ADC value of the lesion after CCRT increased [(0.89±0.06)×10-3 mm2/s vs. (1.07±0.07)×10-3 mm2/s, P<0.05] and the APT value decreased significantly (3.30%±0.05% vs. 3.07%±0.07%, P<0.05). Before CCRT, the values of ADC and APT in the remission group were higher than those in the non-remission group, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05); After CCRT, the ADC value of the remission group was higher than that of the non-remission group [(1.10±0.06)×10-3 mm2/s vs. (1.01±0.04)×10-3 mm2/s, P<0.05], while the APT value of the remission group was lower than that of the non-remission group (3.05%±0.06% vs. 3.12%±0.07%, P<0.05). There is a significant negative correlation between the ADC value after CCRT and the efficacy of CCRT (r=-0.61, 95% CI: -0.82--0.39, P<0.01), while there is a significant positive correlation between APT value and CCRT efficacy (r=0.50, 95% CI: 0.20-0.76, P=0.01).Conclusions CCRT for cervical cancer has a good therapeutic effect. The APT value is positively correlated with the CCRT effect and an effective imaging marker for reflecting the efficacy of CCRT in cervical cancer.
[关键词] 宫颈癌;磁共振成像;酰胺质子转移成像;表观扩散系数;放化疗;疗效评估
[Keywords] cervical cancer;magnetic resonance imaging;amide proton transfer imaging;apparent diffusion coefficient;chemoradiotherapy;efficacy evaluation

史天亮 1   杨崇双 1*   刘元早 1   罗应斌 1   杨昌义 1   旷光先 1   姚庆 2  

1 铜仁市人民医院放射科,铜仁 554300

2 铜仁市人民医院肿瘤科,铜仁 554300

通信作者:杨崇双,E-mail:ycshuang68@163.com

作者贡献声明::杨崇双设计本研究方案,对稿件重要内容进行了修改;史天亮起草和撰写稿件,获取、分析本研究的数据,获得了贵州省卫生健康委员会科学技术基金项目的资助;刘元早、罗应斌、杨昌义、旷光先、姚庆获取、分析及解释本研究的数据,对稿件重要内容进行了修改;全体作者都同意发表最后的修改稿,同意对本研究的所有方面负责,确保本研究的准确性和诚信。


基金项目: 贵州省卫生健康委员会科学技术基金 gzwkj2021-374
收稿日期:2023-07-05
接受日期:2024-01-04
中图分类号:R445.2  R737.33 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.01.021
本文引用格式:史天亮, 杨崇双, 刘元早, 等. APT成像在宫颈癌同步根治性放化疗疗效评估中的价值[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(1): 132-136. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.01.021.

0 引言

       宫颈癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,威胁着全世界女性的生命健康,我国2022年新增宫颈癌患者约11万例,因宫颈癌死亡的患者达6万例[1, 2]。根治性同步放化疗(concurrent chemoradiotherapy, CCRT)是局部晚期宫颈癌的主要治疗方式之一[3]。由于肿瘤异质性,宫颈癌CCRT疗效不尽相同[4, 5, 6],精准评价宫颈癌CCRT后疗效成为临床重点关注的问题。目前,基于肿瘤大小的实体肿瘤疗效评价标准是临床上最常用方法。然而,有研究显示MRI解剖肿瘤体积与代谢肿瘤体积并不匹配[7],表明解剖肿瘤体积不能准确反映治疗后的疗效。酰胺质子转移(amide proton transfer, APT)成像是一种MRI新技术,通过无创性检测组织、细胞中游离蛋白质和多肽的含量,反映肿瘤细胞密度和增殖程度[8, 9]。目前APT成像已经应用于疾病的诊断、鉴别诊断、预测肿瘤细胞的分化程度等多个方面[10, 11, 12, 13, 14],甚至有研究者将APT成像用于预测肿瘤淋巴结是否转移[15]以及肿瘤基因突变情况[16]。近期,有研究者将APT成像用于鼻咽癌放化疗疗效的评估,并取得不错的效果[17]。但APT成像在宫颈癌CCRT疗效评估方面的临床研究鲜见报道,APT成像在宫颈癌疗效评估中价值尚不清楚。因此,本研究采用APT成像对宫颈癌患者CCRT前、后进行扫描,计算APT值在CCRT前、后的变化情况,旨在探讨APT成像在评估宫颈癌CCRT疗效中的应用价值。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究对象

       本研究遵守《赫尔辛基宣言》,于2023年3月23日经铜仁市人民医院伦理委员会批准,免除受试者知情同意。

       本研究回顾性分析2021年11月至2022年11月在我院收治的宫颈癌患者病例资料。纳入标准:(1)经宫颈活检及病理确诊为宫颈癌;(2)首次MRI检查前未接受宫颈活检、手术、放疗或化疗;(3)MRI检查序列完整,包括常规平扫、扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging, DWI)序列、APT序列,且检查时间为CCRT前、CCRT 1个疗程(约2~3个月)后1周内;(4)在本院接受规范化的CCRT,有完整临床资料。排除标准:(1)病灶直径小于1 cm;(2)图像质量达不到诊断要求。

1.2 CCRT方案

       所有纳入患者均在我院接受统一规范化的CCRT治疗,具体治疗方案如下:参考美国肿瘤放射治疗协作组[18]指南勾勒靶区,采用高能6MVX射线等中心前后对穿照射,全盆外照射总剂量为40~50 Gy,1.8~2.0 Gy/次,5次/周,当外照射剂量达到20~30 Gy时,行腔内照射,A点剂量6~8 Gy/次,1次/周,5~7次/疗程,同时在盆腔中央挡3~4 cm铅块,行盆腔淋巴结照射,1次/周,5次/疗程。同时辅以化疗,顺铂(Cisplatin,南京制药厂有限公司,中国),40 mg/m2,每周一次,一个疗程化疗5次。

1.3 MRI检查

       所有患者均在3.0 T MRI(Ingenia CX 3.0 T, Philips Healthcare, the Netherlands)检查,检查前患者禁饮食4~6 h减轻肠道蠕动,并于检查前1 h饮水约500 mL,使膀胱处于半充盈状态。扫描序列包括轴位T1WI、轴位及矢状位T2WI、轴位DWI(b=0 s/mm2、800 s/mm2)及轴位APT序列,各序列参数详见表1

表1  MRI检查序列及扫描参数
Tab. 1  MRI examination parameters for each sequence

1.4 图像处理

       由1名工作9年的主治医师和1名工作14年的副主任医师共同判定图像质量是否合格并勾画感兴趣区(region of interest, ROI)。将合格的MRI图像传至Intelli Space Portal工作站(ISP v9.0,Philips Healthcare, the Netherlands),经后处理分析得到表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC)图及APT图像,以轴位及矢状位T2WI、轴位DWI(b=800 s/mm2)图像为参考,分别在病灶最大层面的ADC图及APT图上勾画3个面积约为50 mm2的ROI。病灶区ADC值及APT值为3个ROI的平均值;勾画ROI时尽可能保持ADC图及APT图上的ROI一致。在治疗后的随访过程中,肿瘤的测量层面尽量与治疗前测量的层面保持一致,当肿瘤治疗消失后测量的部位应取治疗前肿瘤出现的部位。

1.5 疗效评估

       根据实体肿瘤的疗效评价标准(Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, RECIST)1.1版:完全缓解(complete remission, CR)为所有靶病灶消失;部分缓解(partial remission, PR)为靶病灶直径之和比基线水平减少至少30%;疾病进展(disease progression, PD)为以整个实验研究过程中所有测量的靶病灶直径之和的最小值为参照,直径和相对增加至少20%(如果基线测量值最小就以基线值为参照);疾病稳定(stable disease, SD)为靶病灶减小的程度没达到PR,增加的程度也没达到PD水平,介于两者之间[19]。病灶的局部控制率为(CR+PR+SD)/总例数。将CR和PR的患者纳入缓解组,SD和PD的患者纳入未缓解组。

1.6 统计学分析

       使用统计学软件(SPSS 25.0, IBM, USA)进行统计学分析,符合正态分布计量资料以(x¯±s)表示,采用两样本独立t检验比较组间差异,采用配对t检验比较组内不同时间点差异,采用Pearson相关系数分析方法分析ADC值、APT值与CCRT疗效之间的相关性。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 患者一般资料

       本研究共纳入27例患者,年龄30~70(57±10)岁;根据国际妇产科联盟分期[2]:Ⅱb期4例,Ⅲa期14例,Ⅲb期6例,Ⅳa期3例;肿瘤分化程度:高分化8例,中分化16例,低分化3例;治疗前病灶最大直径为17.00~65.00(39.93±12.87)mm;治疗后病灶最大直径为0.00~52.00(21.85±13.35)mm。

2.2 宫颈癌CCRT疗效

       27例患者经CCRT后,CR 3例(11.11%),PR 16例(59.26%)(图1),SD 8例(29.63%),局部控制率为100.00%。

图1  女,53岁,病理确诊为宫颈癌,同步放化疗(CCRT)前、后影像图。1A~1D为CCRT前MRI图,矢状位T2WI(1A)示宫颈明显增厚,并形成大小约为6.5 cm×5.5 cm团块状稍高信号;轴位扩散加权成像(DWI, b=800 s/mm2)(1B)示病变区域呈高信号;表观扩散系数(ADC)图(1C)示病变区域弥散受限呈稍低信号,平均ADC值约为0.88×10-3 mm2/s;酰胺质子转移(APT)图(1D)示病变区域APT信号增高,APT值约为3.39%。1E~1H为CCRT后MRI图,矢状位T2WI(1E)示宫颈增厚程度较前明显减轻,肿块缩小,T2WI呈等低信号;轴位DWI(1F)示病变区域DWI呈稍高信号,其范围和信号强度较前减小;ADC图(1G)示病变范围较前缩小,弥散受限程度较前减低,ADC值约1.12×10-3 mm2/s;APT图(1H)示病变区APT信号较前明显减低,APT值约3.14%。
Fig. 1  Female, 53 years old, ultimately diagnosed with cervical cancer by pathology, imaging of cervical cancer before and after concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). 1A-1D show MRI images before CCRT. Sagittal T2WI (1A) shows noticeable thickening of the cervix, with the anterior wall protruding, forming a clump-shaped area of approximately 6.5 cm×5.5 cm, exhibiting slightly high signal intensity; the axis diffusion weighted imaging (DWI, b=800 s/mm2) (1B) shows that the lesion area exhibits high signal intensity; the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) image (1C) displays slightly low signal intensity with restricted diffusion in the lesion area, with an ADC value of approximately 0.88×10-3 mm2/s; the amide proton transfer (APT) image (1D) demonstrates an increase in APT signal in the lesion area, with an APT value of approximately 3.39%. 1E-1H show case MRI images after CCRT. Sagittal T2WI images (1E) indicate a significant reduction in cervical thickening compared to before, with T2WI showing uniform signal intensity, soft tissue nodules on the anterior wall are notably diminished; the axis DWI (1F) exhibits a slightly higher signal intensity in the lesion area, with a smaller range and signal intensity compared to before; the ADC image (1G) illustrates that the lesion area has decreased compared to before, and the degree of diffusion limitation has decreased compared to before, the ADC value is about 1.12×10-3 mm2/s; the APT map (1H) shows a substantial decrease in APT signal in the lesion area compared to before, with an APT value of approximately 3.14%.

2.3 CCRT前、后APT值及ADC值比较

       与CCRT前相比,宫颈癌患者CCRT后ADC值显著升高(P<0.05),APT值显著降低(P<0.05),详见表2

表2  宫颈癌患者CCRT前后APT值及ADC值的比较
Tab. 2  Comparison of APT and ADC values before and after CCRT in cervical cancer patients

2.4 缓解组与非缓解组患者ADC值和APT值CCRT前、后比较

       CCRT前,缓解组与非缓解组患者的ADC值及APT值差异均无统计学意义;CCRT后,缓解组ADC值比非缓解组显著增高,缓解组APT值比非缓解组值显著降低,差异有统计学意义,详见表3

表3  宫颈癌患者CCRT前后缓解组与非缓解组APT值及ADC值的比较
Tab. 3  Comparison of APT and ADC values between the remission and non-remission groups of cervical cancer patients before and after CCRT

2.5 CCRT后ADC值、APT值与CCRT疗效的相关性分析

       采用变量赋值[20]:CR=1,PR=2,SD=3,PD=4,宫颈癌患者CCRT后ADC值与疗效具有显著负相关性(r=-0.61,95% CI:-0.82~-0.39,P<0.01);APT值与疗效具有显著正相关性(r=0.50,95% CI:0.20~0.76,P=0.01),详见图2

图2  表观扩散系数(ADC)值、酰胺质子转移(APT)值与同步放化疗(CCRT)疗效的相关性分析。2A、2B分别为CCRT后ADC值、APT值与CCRT疗效的相关性分析(X轴上的1、2、3、4分别代表完全缓解、部分缓解、疾病稳定、疾病进展)。
Fig. 2  Correlation analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value, amide proton transfer (APT) value and concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) efficacy. 2A and 2B show the correlation between ADC values, APT values, and CCRT efficacy after CCRT, respectively (1, 2, 3, and 4 on the X-axis represent complete remission, partial remission, disease stability, and disease progression, respectively).

3 讨论

       MRI在宫颈癌的诊断、临床分期和疗效评估中均具有较高的应用价值[21]。然而,常规MRI仅显示肿瘤大小、形态和信号强度的变化,在宫颈癌CCRT疗效评估方面远远不能满足临床需求。功能MRI(如DWI、APT),可以通过评估肿瘤的生物学特征来预测治疗结果,从而为临床提供更准确的信息[22, 23, 24, 25]。本研究通过回顾性观察宫颈癌患者CCRT前、后肿瘤ADC值和APT值的变化情况,并分析ADC值、APT值与CCRT疗效的相关性,发现宫颈癌经CCRT后,病灶区APT值降低,ADC值升高,缓解组与非缓解组APT值及ADC值差异有统计学意义,且治疗后病灶区APT值与疗效呈正相关,ADC值与疗效呈负相关。本研究在国内首次报道APT值与宫颈癌CCTR疗效的相关性,为宫颈癌CCRT疗效评估提供了新思路。

3.1 DWI与宫颈癌疗效评估

       DWI是最早应用于临床的功能MRI技术之一,是通过观察水分子的扩散运动间接反映组织功能,且可以通过ADC来定量分析病变组织成分[26],目前已广泛应用于宫颈癌的诊断、临床分期及疗效评价等方面[27]。本研究结果与既往的多个研究结果一致[28, 29],宫颈癌CCRT后病灶ADC值较CCRT前明显升高,导致ADC值升高的原因可能是CCRT后,肿瘤内的细胞坏死,细胞密度降低,水分子自由扩散的能力增加,从而使ADC值升高。同时,我们发现CCRT后缓解组的ADC值比非缓解组高,与赵全德等[20]报道相似,但CCRT前缓解组与非缓解组ADC值差异并无统计学意义,这与赵全德等[20]报道不一致,可能与本研究病例数较少有关。此外,我们的研究进一步证实了CCRT后ADC值与CCRT疗效的相关性,这与既往多个研究结果[20, 30]一致。

3.2 APT与宫颈癌疗效评估

       APT成像是一种基于化学交换饱和转移的新型分子成像技术,可用于检测组织中内源性游离蛋白和多肽的含量,反映细胞代谢和病理生理信息[29, 31, 32]。宫颈癌CCRT后病灶的APT值较CCRT前明显降低,这可能与以下因素有关。首先,CCRT后肿瘤细胞变性坏死,细胞增殖能力及细胞密度明显减低,游离蛋白和多肽明显减少,导致APT信号减低。其次,APT对组织内酰胺质子浓度、pH值改变很敏感[31],CCRT后,肿瘤微环境往往处于缺氧状态,肿瘤组织局部pH值发生变化,从而影响酰胺质子和水分子的交换速率,进而影响APT值。

       本研究显示,CCRT前,宫颈癌缓解组与非缓解组的APT水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),不能作为预测疗效的有效指标,与QAMAR等[33]报道相似。CCRT后,缓解组的APT值比非缓解组低,差异有统计学意义。既往研究也表明[34],在接受新辅助化疗的直肠癌患者中,高反应组平均APT值明显比低反应组低。此外,我们的研究显示,CCRT后APT值与CCRT疗效呈明显的正相关,表明APT值的变化可以在一定程度上反映宫颈癌CCRT的疗效,提示临床有望根据宫颈癌患者的APT值变化评估CCRT的疗效。QAMAR等[33]和MA等[35]分别在鼻咽癌和脑胶质瘤证实了APT值水平对肿瘤治疗的预后有一定的预测价值。

3.3 本研究的局限性

       本研究存在一些不足之处:首先,样本量相对较小,可能会对统计结果产生影响;其次,对于CR患者,治疗后的APT值是在治疗前肿瘤相对应的部位进行测量,故CR患者治疗后APT值并不能完全代表病变的APT值;最后,本组病例未纳入PD病例,可能会对相关性分析的结果产生影响。尽管本研究证实宫颈癌CCRT后的APT值与疗效有明显的相关性,对宫颈癌疗效评估有一定的参考价值,但其临床价值仍有限。如能在治疗前利用APT成像预测宫颈癌的CCRT疗效,及时调整治疗方案,将极大改善宫颈癌患者的预后。因此,APT成像在宫颈癌CCRT疗效预测中的价值还需要进一步多中心、大样本研究探索。

4 结论

       综上所述,宫颈癌患者CCRT后APT值明显降低,且CCRT后APT值与疗效具有显著的相关性,APT值越低,疗效越好,临床可根据宫颈癌患者CCRT过程中的APT值变化,评估治疗的疗效,指导治疗方案的实施。

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