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病例报告
原发性肠系膜神经内分泌肿瘤MRI表现一例
张翼飞 鲍海华 龙昌友 田鹏启

Cite this article as: ZHANG Y F, BAO H H, LONG C Y, et al. Primery neuroendocrine tumor of the mesentery: A case report[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2024, 15(2): 164-166.本文引用格式张翼飞, 鲍海华, 龙昌友, 等. 原发性肠系膜神经内分泌肿瘤MRI表现一例[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(2): 164-166. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.02.025.


[摘要] 本研究遵守《赫尔辛基宣言》,并经过青海大学附属医院医学伦理委员会批准,免除受试者知情同意,批准文号:YJ-SL-2017。
[关键词] 肠系膜;神经内分泌肿瘤;磁共振成像;扩散加权成像;病理学;鉴别诊断
[Keywords] mesentery;neuroendocrine tumor;magnetic resonance imaging;diffusion weighted imaging;pathology;differential diagnosis

张翼飞    鲍海华 *   龙昌友    田鹏启   

青海大学附属医院影像中心,西宁 810001

通信作者:鲍海华,E-mail:baohelen2@sina.com

作者贡献声明::鲍海华设计本研究的方案,对稿件重要智力内容进行了修改,获得了青海省医疗服务与保障能力提升补助资金资助;张翼飞起草和撰写稿件,获取、分析或解释本研究的数据;龙昌友、田鹏启获取、分析或解释本研究的数据,对稿件重要内容进行了修改;全体作者都同意发表最后的修改稿,同意对本研究的所有方面负责,确保本研究的准确性和诚信。


基金项目: 第二批(2017年)青海省“高端创新人才千人计划”培养领军人才项目
收稿日期:2023-05-13
接受日期:2023-10-27
中图分类号:R445.2  R735.32 
文献标识码:B
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.02.025
本文引用格式张翼飞, 鲍海华, 龙昌友, 等. 原发性肠系膜神经内分泌肿瘤MRI表现一例[J]. 磁共振成像, 2024, 15(2): 164-166. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2024.02.025.

       本研究遵守《赫尔辛基宣言》,并经过青海大学附属医院医学伦理委员会批准,免除受试者知情同意,批准文号:YJ-SL-2017。

       患者女,51岁。主诉下腹部疼痛不适3个月余。患者于3个月前开始左下腹疼痛不适,无胸骨后疼痛,无心悸、呼吸困难,无腹泻、腹胀、黑便等症状。专科检查:患者神志清,精神可。双肺呼吸音清,双肺未闻及干湿性啰音,未闻及胸膜摩擦音。心率:84次/分,律齐,各瓣膜区未闻及病理杂音类型,未闻及心包摩擦音。腹部平软,下腹部见一长约4 cm剖宫产术后疤痕,全腹无压痛、反跳痛,查体左下腹可触及约4 cm×3 cm包块,质韧,活动度差。超声(图1A)检查示:左侧髂血管旁探及67 mm×33 mm的低回声区,边界清,内部回声不均匀,内见穿支样血流信号。CT(图1B-1C)平扫+增强检查示:腹腔肠系膜近端偏左侧可见最大横断范围约5.4 cm×3.4 cm的团块状等高密度肿块,平扫CT值约50 HU,增强后呈轻中度强化,增强后CT值约76 HU,其内见结节样强化及肠系膜动脉穿行,肠系膜周围间隙多发小淋巴结显示,较大者短径约0.6 cm,肠系膜间隙模糊,肠系膜血管呈聚集改变。MRI(图1D-1K)检查示:左侧腹腔肠系膜区可见一团块状异常信号肿物影,边缘不清,最大横截面范围约51.9 mm×34.6 mm大小,信号不均,T1WI以稍低信号、T2WI以等信号为主,扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging, DWI;b值为800 s/mm2)呈高信号,实性部分表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC)图呈低信号,增强扫描呈不均匀明显强化,伴周边肠系膜淋巴结肿大及肠系膜血管聚拢;淋巴结DWI呈高信号,较大者最大横径约0.84 cm。

       手术所见:于距离回盲部30 cm处可见肠系膜根部一大小约6 cm×7 cm肿物,质硬,活动度可,触之易出血,周围血供丰富。病理学检查可观察到由规则、圆形细胞核的小细胞组成细胞团块(图1L),并且肿瘤呈现出“椒盐”染色质与嗜两性细胞质,细胞团块之间可见薄的纤维血管间隔;免疫组化(图1M-1N):AE1/AE3(+)、INSM1(+)、SSTR2(+)、嗜铬粒蛋白A(chromograninA, CgA)(+)、突触素(synapsin, SYN)(+)、CD56(+)、CD3(T细胞+)、CD20(B细胞+)、CD38(浆细胞+)、MUN1(浆细胞+)、IgG4(15个/HPF)、CK7(-)、CK20(-)、S100(-)、P53(散在+)、Ki67(<2%)。病理诊断:肠系膜神经内分泌肿瘤(neuroendocrine tumor, NET),WHO NET分类为G1,侵及浆膜内脂肪组织。

       术后随访:患者术后一周,病情平稳,腹腔CT检查提示术后改变,余无异常。

图1  女,51岁,原发性肠系膜神经内分泌肿瘤。1A:超声示左侧髂血管旁探及低回声区,边界清,内部回声不均匀,内可见穿支样血流信号;1B:CT平扫示病灶为团块状呈等高密度的软组织肿块(箭);1C:CT增强扫描示病灶呈不均匀轻-中度强化(箭),其内见结节样强化及肠系膜动脉穿行;1D:T1WI示病灶以稍低信号为主(箭);1E-1F:T2WI示横断位、冠状位病灶以等信号为主(箭);1G:扩散加权成像(DWI; b=800 s/mm2)示病灶以高信号为主(箭);1H:表观扩散系数(ADC)图示病灶实性部分呈低信号(箭);1I-1J:T1WI增强动脉期横断位及冠状位示病灶呈不均匀明显强化(箭);1K:T1WI增强延迟期示病灶实性成分呈持续强化(箭);1L:镜下(HE ×200)可见包含规则、圆形细胞核的小细胞(箭),细胞团之间可见薄的纤维血管间隔;1M:免疫组化(IHC ×400)可见突触素(SYN)阳性;1N:免疫组化(IHC ×400)可见嗜铬粒蛋白A(CgA)阳性。
Fig. 1  Female, 51-year-old, primary mesentery neuroendocrine tumors. 1A: Ultrasound shows that the hypoechoic near the left iliac artery has a clear boundary with a inhomogeneous hypo-echoic mass, and internal perforator blood flow signal is visible; 1B: CT plain scan shows that the lesion a regiment massive soft-tissue like density, with contour density (arrow); 1C: Enhanced CT scan shows a heterogeneous light to moderate enhancement of the lesion (arrow), with nodular enhancement and mesenteric artery passing through it; 1D: On T1WI, the lesion mainly exhibit slightly low signal (arrow); 1E-1F: T2WI shows lesions primarily of iso-signal intensity in cross-sectional and coronal planes (arrow); 1G: Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI; b=800 s/mm2) shows high signal in lesion (arrow) on diffusion weighted imaging; 1H: Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) image shows that the focus is mainly low signal intensity (arrow); 1I-1J: There is heterogeneous and significant enhancement (arrow) in the arterial phase transverse and coronal images of T1-weighted MRI; 1K: The solid component of the lesion shows sustained enhancement (arrow) in delayed enhancement of T1WI; 1L: Small cells with circular nuclei containing rules are visible under the mirror (arrow), with thin fibrous vascular intervals visible between cell clusters (HE ×200); 1M: Immunohistochemistry (IHC ×400) shows positive staining for synapsin (SYN); 1N: Immunohistochemistry (IHC ×400) shows positive staining for chromograninA (CgA).

讨论

       NET是一种遗传多样性的恶性实体肿瘤,起源于神经内分泌系统的分泌细胞,可产生引起特征性激素综合征的肽[1]。NET可发生在许多不同的部位。最常见的是消化系统,其次是肺[2]。胃肠道NET(gastrointestinal-NET, GI-NET)相当罕见,约占所有胃肠道肿瘤的2%,占所有原发性小肠肿瘤的20%-30%[3]。在所有GI-NET中小肠NET(small intestinal NET, SINET)最常见,SINET通常体积较小,主要位于小肠远端,靠近回盲瓣,1/3为多病灶。2019年,WHO更新了NET的分类[4]:NET G1/G2/G3和神经内分泌癌(neuroendocrine carcinoma, NEC)G3(NEC 3级)。三种类型的NET之间的差异主要区分于有丝分裂指数和Ki-67指数(Ki-67 指数指有丝分裂指数与细胞增殖);而NET G3和NEC G3之间的差异与肿瘤蛋白53和蛋白视网膜母细胞瘤蛋白的突变状态有关。原发性肠系膜NET在我国少有报道,它们大多是生长缓慢、分化良好的肿瘤(NET G1/G2);很少是NET G3或低分化NEC[5],且腹痛通常是肠系膜NET患者初次就诊时最常见的症状[6]。GI-NET可大致分为功能性与非功能性肿瘤。尽管非功能性肿瘤也可以分泌降钙素、嗜铬粒蛋白等多肽,但它们并不会出现激素相关的临床综合征,其主要表现为原发性肿瘤生长或转移所产生的压迫等症状[7],例如本例患者症状仅为左下腹腹痛,且无其他典型临床症状。YAO等[8]研究发现NET患者中52%为女性,48%为男性,平均年龄为62岁。本例患者为女性,年龄52岁,与以往研究相符。

       以往研究[9]发现肿瘤在CT上最常表现为边界清楚的圆形或类圆形软组织肿块,易发生液化、坏死,部分病灶内可见钙化。增强动脉期呈明显强化,门脉期及延迟期呈持续强化,即“快进慢出”的强化方式,部分病例还可表现为弥漫性不均匀强化。本例CT表现为等高密度肿块,增强呈不均匀中度强化,可能与肿瘤内微血管密度分布不均及不同组成成分有关。MRI对软组织的显示较CT有显著优势,且对NET的诊断具有高度的敏感性[10]。NET在MRI上可清晰显示出原发病灶的范围与转移情况,肿瘤T1WI呈低或稍低信号,T2WI以高信号为主[11],增强方式同CT。本例T2WI呈等信号,可能与肿瘤内含有少许纤维组织有关,表现与以往研究相符;肿瘤在DWI上通常以高信号为主,且DWI可以帮助预测肿瘤分级[12];ADC值与肿瘤细胞数量之间存在负相关关系,肿瘤细胞增加和细胞质体积减小会限制水分子的自由运动,导致ADC值降低,既往研究[13]发现诊断时分期较高的肿瘤表现出较低的ADC值,因此ADC值可能具有量化预后作用。影像学检查不仅可显示肿瘤的主要供血动脉,术前通过进行影像学检查可确定周围肠管与淋巴结受累情况[14],为制订手术切除方案提供重要的信息。由于NET缺乏特异性临床表现,所以主要依赖影像学检查结合病理学检测进行诊断。功能性NET可根据激素分泌过多引起的内分泌症状(类癌综合征)进行诊断[15],但由于缺乏特异性,所以病理学检测依然是诊断的金标准。在病理学检查中NET含有CgA、SYN和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(neuron specific enolase, NSE),CgA与SYN在NET的诊断中有至关重要的作用[16],其中最有利的标志物是血浆CgA,其在NET诊断中的敏感度和特异度分别约为60%和80%[17]。本例CgA(+)、SYN(+),且Ki-67指数<2%,根据2019年WHO消化系统肿瘤分类[18],符合高分化NET的特征。当临床怀疑病灶为NET时,需要注意区别为高分化NET或者低分化NET,低分化肿瘤被称为NEC[19],NEC表现为分化差的形态,主要表现为增殖率增高(Ki-67指数>20%)[20]。原发性肠系膜NET罕见且预后相对良好。HOFLAND等[21]研究表明Ⅳ期、分化良好GI-NET患者总生存率已超过了100个月。目前针对分化良好的NET,根治性手术切除是其主要治疗方法[22],对于已出现类癌综合征的患者,生长抑素类似物为控制类癌综合征症状的标准初始治疗方法[23]

       肠系膜NET应与淋巴瘤与肠系膜脂肪瘤相鉴别。(1)淋巴瘤:淋巴瘤是最常见的肠系膜肿瘤[24],淋巴瘤的信号强度在T1WI中常表现为等信号或轻微高信号,在T2WI图像中常表现为高信号[25],在DWI上通常表现为高信号[26]。据HONG等[27]的报道,淋巴瘤的平均ADC值约为(0.76±0.14)×10-3 mm2/s,低于其他恶性肿瘤。(2)肠系膜脂肪瘤:HU等[28]研究发现在CT上脂肪瘤是形态规则、边缘清晰、CT值在-106—-40 HU的肿块,增强扫描未出现明显增强。在MRI上表现出类似脂肪组织的均匀信号,包膜在T1WI及T2WI加权图像上显示低信号[29]

       综上所述,原发性肠系膜NET极其罕见,影像学表现具有一定特异性,但其诊断与分级仍主要依赖于组织病理学检查,目前的主要治疗方法按照其是否出现因激素分泌而引起的临床症状及类癌综合征,分别使用根治性手术切除或使用根治性手术切除辅以生长抑素类似物治疗。

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