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临床研究
MRI诊断儿童下丘脑错构瘤
尹春红 李玉华

尹春红,李玉华. MRI诊断儿童下丘脑错构瘤.磁共振成像, 2011, 2(1): 29-32. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2011.01.008.


[摘要] 目的 总结儿童下丘脑错构瘤的典型与非典型MRI表现,旨在提高对该病的诊断水平。方法 回顾性分析18例经临床病理证实的下丘脑错构瘤的临床及影像学表现。男12例,女6例,年龄1~15岁,平均5.6±3.8岁。14例临床表现为性早熟,7例表现为痴笑样癫痫。18例患儿均行MRI矢状面T1WI、T2WI和冠状面T1WI平扫,矢状面和冠状面T1WI增强扫描。结果 具有典型表现者8例,即肿块位于垂体柄与乳头体之间,呈圆形或椭圆形,T1WI等信号,与脑灰质信号一致,T2WI等信号或稍高信号,信号均匀,增强后无强化。不典型表现者10例,其中信号典型而发病部位不典型者有3例:1例位于鞍背后部,1例跨视交叉生长,1例位于乳头体上方;7例为发病部位典型而信号不典型,T1WI表现为低或等低混杂信号,T2WI为高或高低混杂信号。结论 对于发病部位及MRI信号特征均典型的下丘脑错构瘤,诊断不难;对发病部位典型MRI信号不典型或发病部位不典型而MRI信号典型的患者,结合其特征性临床表现即性早熟或痴笑样癫痫,可作出正确诊断。
[Abstract] Objective: To sum up the typical or atypical MR imaging features of hypothalamic hamartoma and improve the diagnostic level of this disease.Materials and Methods: Eighteen cases of hypothalamic hamartomas were conformed by pathology, 12 males and 6 females, aged 1-15 years, mean 5.6±3.8 years. The clinical and MR imaging findings were retrospective analyzed. The clinic symptoms included precocious puberty (n=14) and gelastic epilepsy (n=7). All patients were examined with sagittal T1 and T2 weighted imaging, coronal T1 weighted imaging, sagittal and coronal T1 weighted imaging enhancement.Results: Typical performance of 8 cases were round or oval mass located or between pituitary stalk and the mammillary body, 8 cases showed iso-intensity on T1 weighted imaging, similar with grey matter and slight hyper-intensity on T2 weighted imaging, On contrast MR scan, there was no enhancement in all cases. In 10 atypical cases, 3 cases were with atypical location but typical signal (1 case was behind the saddle department, 1 case grew across the optic chiasm, 1 case was above the mammillary body); 7 cases were with typical location but atypical signal, they showed hypo-intensity or mixed intensity on T1 weighted imaging and hyper-intensity or mixed intensity on T2 weighted imaging.Conclusion It is not difficult to diagnose the hypothalamic hamartoma with typical location and MRI signal characteristics, when MRI signal or the location of lesions is not typical, combined with its clinical features that precocious puberty or gelastic epilepsy, a correct diagnosis may be achieved.
[关键词] 下丘脑;错构瘤;儿童;磁共振成像
[Keywords] Hypothalamus;Hamartoma;Child;Magnetic resonance imaging

尹春红 上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院放射科,200092

李玉华 上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院放射科,200092

通讯作者:李玉华,E-mail: liyuhua10@sina.com


第一作者简介:
        尹春红(1985-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:儿童神经影像诊断。

收稿日期:2010-10-12
接受日期:2010-12-06
中图分类号:R445.2;R739.4 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2011.01.008
尹春红,李玉华. MRI诊断儿童下丘脑错构瘤.磁共振成像, 2011, 2(1): 29-32. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2011.01.008.

       下丘脑错构瘤于1934年由Marquand和Russell首先报道。目前,国内外已有很多关于其影像学表现的文献报道[1,2,3,4,5],这些文献大多限于对灰结节错构瘤的典型影像的描述。典型的错构瘤诊断不难,还有很多灰结节错构瘤MRI表现具有特异性,诊断相对困难。笔者收集18例经病理证实的儿童下丘脑错构瘤患者,通过对各类灰结节错构瘤MRI和临床等资料分析,总结它们的特点,旨在提高其诊断水平。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

       本院2008年3月~2010年6月经手术病理证实的下丘脑错构瘤患儿18例,男12例,女6例,年龄1~15岁,平均5.6±3.8岁。14例表现为性早熟,7例表现为痴笑样癫痫,9例男性性早熟的患儿表现为生长迅速,体格粗壮,阴毛出现,睾丸和阴茎肥大等;5例女性患儿表现为双侧乳房发育,阴道出血,外阴发育成熟。痴笑样癫痫(男4例,女3例)表现为面部不自主抽动、爆发性痴笑或双上肢痉挛样抽搐。

1.2 仪器设备及扫描方法

       采用GE双梯度3.0T MRI扫描仪和头颅8通道相控阵线圈。常规采用头颅矢状面T1WI/T2WI及冠状面T1WI,矢状面及冠状面T1WI增强。快速自旋回波(FSE)T2WI:TR=3500 ms,TE=104 ms;T1WI:TR=2121 ms,TE=22 ms;层厚6 mm,间隔l mm,FOV:24 cm×18 cm,矩阵256×192。不能配合的患儿当日早晨6点后剥夺睡眠,检查前口服水合氯醛溶液,剂量为0.5 mg/kg,熟睡后行磁共振扫描。增强扫描使用钆喷酸葡胺为对比剂,0.2 ml/kg,扫描参数同平扫。

2 结果

2.1 典型病例(8例)

       肿块位于垂体柄与乳头体之间,形态呈圆形或椭圆形,以宽基底附着于第三脑室底部或以蒂悬挂于垂体柄后方;T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈稍高信号,与脑灰质信号一致,信号均匀,增强后无强化(图1)。

图1  一名3岁男性患儿,MRI信号和发病部位均典型。1A:下丘脑区平扫矢状面T1WI呈等信号;1B:矢状面T2WI呈稍高信号;1C:增强后矢状面未见明显强化,垂体明显强化,且饱满
Fig 1  A 3-year-old male patient, with tipical MRI signal and location. 1A: unenhanced sagittal T1WI showed equal signal of hypothalamus area; 1B: sagittal T2WI showed a slightly higher signal; 1C: no significant enhancement of enhanced sagittal T1WI, the pituitary was full and significantly enhanced.

2.2 不典型病例(10例)

       发病部位典型而信号不典型(7例):4例T1WI表现为低信号,3例T1WI表现为等低信号、信号混杂;3例T2WI表现为高信号,1例病灶T2WI似有包膜(图2),3例T2WI表现为高低混杂信号。其中1例T1WI及T2WI信号混杂者伴有灰质异位、胼胝体发育不全及微小脑回畸形。

       信号典型而发病部位不典型(3例):1例位于鞍背后方,由细蒂与乳头体相连(图3);1例以广基附着于下丘脑区,跨视交叉、凸向第三脑室;另1例位于乳头体上方(图4)。

图2  一名6岁女性患儿,发病部位典型、MRI信号不典型。2A:平扫矢状面见垂体柄与乳头体之间T1WI低信号区;2B:矢状面T2WI以高信号为主,周围似有包膜存在;2C:增强后矢状面未见强化(病灶后部信号稍高为伪影所致)
Fig 2  A 6-year-old female child, with typical location but atypical MRI signal. 2A: unenhanced sagittal T1WI showed low signal area between the pituitary stalk and the mammillary body; 2B: sagittal T2WI showed high signal mainly,and around that seems to be coated; 2C: no significant enhancement of enhanced sagittal T1WI (slightly higher signal for the rear lesions due to artifacts).
图3  一名2岁男性患儿,MRI信号典型、发病部位不典型。3A:平扫矢状面见鞍背后方、脑干前方T1WI等信号;3B:矢状面T2WI呈稍高信号;3C:增强后矢状面未见强化
Fig 3  A 2-year-old male patient, with typical MRI signal but atypical location. 3A: unenhanced sagittal T1WI showed iso-signal behind the saddle department and in front of the brain stem; 3B: sagittal T2WI showed a slightly higher signal; 3C: no significant enhancement of enhanced sagittal T1WI.
图4  一名3岁男性患儿,MRI信号典型、发病部位不典型。4A:平扫矢状面乳头体上方病灶T1WI呈等信号;4B:矢状面T2WI呈稍高信号;4C:增强后矢状面未见强化
Fig 4  A 3-year-old male patient, with typical MRI signal but atypical location. 4A: unenhanced sagittal T1WI showed iso-signal above the mammillary body; 4B: sagittal T2WI showed a slightly higher signal; 4C: no significant enhancement of enhanced sagittal T1WI.

3 讨论

       下丘脑错构瘤并非是真正的肿瘤,而是一种先天性发育畸形。男性比女性多见,本组病例男孩12例,符合文献报道。Diaz等[6]认为下丘脑错构瘤起源于乳头体或灰结节,于妊娠第35~40天形成下丘脑板时错位所致。国内外报道[7,8,9]它可单独存在或同时伴有胼胝体缺如、视隔发育不良、灰质异位、微小脑回畸形和大脑半球发育不良等。本组病例1例T1WI及T2WI信号混杂,伴有胼胝体发育不全、灰质异位及微小脑回畸形。

       灰结节错构瘤为边界清楚的圆形或卵圆形肿块,肿块由异位、类似于灰结节、分化良好、形态各异并呈不规则分布的神经元、星形胶质细胞构成,以往文献报道其信号特征与脑灰质类似[10],由于神经元的纤维间质内含有正常的星形胶质细胞和神经节细胞,它有完整的血脑屏障,故增强后无明显强化,本组病例全部无强化。

       灰结节错构瘤具有特殊的临床征象:性早熟和癫痫。特征性表现为性早熟,几乎每个患儿都有此表现,本组14例有性早熟表现。引起性早熟的原因有:①肿瘤压迫下丘脑;②肿瘤具有自主分泌功能,相当于一个"副下丘脑"[11]。性早熟出现早,发生于幼儿期,一般在2周岁以前,本组18例病例7例2岁以前发病,与文献报道有差异。癫痫发作具有一定特点,称为痴笑样癫痫,是一种以痴笑为主要表现的部分性癫痫,表现独特,发作性傻笑持续数秒或数十秒而停止,发作时无神志丧失,每日可发作数十次,无任何诱因。其发作机制尚不明确,可能为:①错构瘤对第三脑室、间脑或边缘系统的机械压迫[12];②错构瘤神经元与下丘脑及边缘系统存在病理学连接,错构瘤神经元的癫痫样放电通过此连接,导致癫痫发作[12];③错构瘤分泌一种致癫痫的神经肽而引起痫[13]。本组7例表现为痴笑样癫痫。

       下丘脑错构瘤的典型表现位于中线乳头体处的圆形或椭圆形肿块,病灶边界清楚,信号特征与脑灰质信号一致,T1WI等信号、T2WI稍高信号,内部信号均匀[10,14],增强后无强化。本组8例典型病例表现与文献报道相符。3例发病部位不典型的病例肿块分别位于鞍背后方、乳头体上方、跨视交叉凸向第三脑室,信号典型也要考虑本病;信号不典型病例,T1WI与脑灰质相似或低于脑灰质,T2WI上则表现为等或稍高信号,可能与肿瘤内轴索髓鞘形成有关[15],或是由于瘤体内细胞种类及瘤体与下丘脑连接成分的不同所致[12],本组T1WI及T2WI信号混杂3例,病理证实为神经元排列紊乱、局部数量增多及周围胶质细胞轻度增生所致,笔者推测可能与肿瘤内细胞成分及肿瘤内细胞坏死、囊变相关。

       综上所述,对具有典型发病部位及MRI典型信号特征的下丘脑错构瘤诊断不难,对发病部位典型信号不典型或信号典型而发病部位不典型患者,结合其特征性临床表现即性早熟或痴笑样癫痫,还是能够作出正确的诊断。

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