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临床研究
硬皮病患者手指高分辨率MR血管成像的研究初探
张薇 许建荣 路清 叶霜 刘晓晟

张薇,许建荣,路清,等.硬皮病患者手指高分辨率MR血管成像的研究初探.磁共振成像, 2011, 2(2): 85-89. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2011.02.002.


[摘要] 目的 探讨高分辨率3D-TOF MR血管成像在硬皮病患者手指血管成像中的应用价值。方法 实验组30例硬皮病患者(平均年龄35.4±8.9岁,平均发生雷诺现象时间3.2±2.7年),7例正常对照者(平均年龄30.7±3.5岁),在3.0 T磁共振机器上进行高分辨率3D-TOF序列扫描并进行血管重建(TR/TE=19/4.4 ms,FA=15° ,层厚=1 mm),扫描时间为8分22秒。两名高年资磁共振医师对成像效果、血管显影数量和血管横断面积进行测量和评价,对实验组和对照组的各组数据进行统计学分析,评价MRA对硬皮病患者血管成像的价值,并对硬皮病患者的血管受累程度进行分级。结果 我们评价了除外大拇指以外的四根手指两侧的共8支指动脉,硬皮病(SSc)组的总的血管显示率为47.58%,第5支指动脉是最少受累的血管,总的显示率为70.97%。统计学分析显示:第1支血管(P=0.058)和第3支血管(P=0.093)的动脉直径在两组对照中无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论 MRA手指血管成像是一个行之有效的方法,可用来评价硬皮病患者手指动脉的受累程度。
[Abstract] Objective: We sought to evaluate the use of high-resolution three-dimensional time-of-flight (3D-TOF) MRA at 3.0 T in the visualization of digital arteries in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients.Materials and Methods: Thirty patients with SSc(mean±SD age 35.4 ± 8.9 years, median number of years since onset of Raynaud's phenomenon 3.2 ± 2.7 years) and 7 healthy controls (mean ± SD age 30.7 ± 3.5 years) were examed on a 3.0 T MR system. A modified high-spatial-resolution(voxel size=0.35 × 0.35 × 0.5 mm3) 3D-TOF MRA (TR/TE=19/4.4 ms, FA = 15°, slice thickness = 1 mm) were performed during a total scan time of 8 min 22 s. The source images and MIP reconstruction were studied, the digital arteries count and lumen area of the selective section of the vessel were measured independently by two experienced radiologists and compared with that of the control ones, and a four-level grading system was made according to the severity. Statistical analysis was performed with t test and P < 0.05 was used as the criterion.Reults: We detected the 8 digital arteries in the four fingers(without the thumb) of each case and got a 47.58% presentation in general in SSc group, and artery No.5 had the highest presentation rate (70.97%). Statistics showed the digital artery No.1 (P= 0.058) and No.3 (P= 0.093) had no difference in the lumen area (P>0.05).Conclusion: MR angiography of the digital arteries in the described technique is a promising method for us to judge the severity of finger vessels involved in SSc patients.
[关键词] 磁共振成像;MR微血管成像;多层面重建;3D-TOF;指固有动脉;硬皮病;雷诺氏征;血管异常
[Keywords] MR Imaging;Micro-MR angiography;MIP;Three-dimensional time-of-flight;Proper digital artery;Systemic sclerosis;Raynaud's phenomenon;Vascular abnormalities

张薇 上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院放射科,上海 200001

许建荣* 上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院放射科,上海 200001

路清 上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院放射科,上海 200001

叶霜 上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院风湿免疫科,上海 200001

刘晓晟 上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院放射科,上海 200001

通讯作者:许建荣,E-mail: xujianr@hotmail.com


第一作者简介:
        张薇(1975-),,女,博士在读,主治医师。研究方向:磁共振小血管成像。E-mail: laventer@163.com

收稿日期:2010-12-20
接受日期:2011-02-06
中图分类号:R445.2; R593.25 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2011.02.002
张薇,许建荣,路清,等.硬皮病患者手指高分辨率MR血管成像的研究初探.磁共振成像, 2011, 2(2): 85-89. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2011.02.002.

       硬皮病,也叫系统性硬化症(systemic sclerosis, SSc),是一种自身免疫性疾病,其特点是血管受累和结缔组织中的胶原堆积。病理上,硬皮病的特征是血管壁的破坏和弥漫的微血管损伤,导致内皮细胞损伤、管腔狭窄和微循环的纤维化[1]手指的血管异常和雷诺氏现象是其特征性表现,肺脏、心脏、肾脏和消化系统也经常受累及[2,3,4]。而手指是最先也是最常受累及的部位,手指的雷诺氏征可见于90%~95%的硬皮病患者[5,6,7],大约50%的硬皮病患者都会因手指血管受累形成指尖(的)溃疡,手指血管的异常与内脏及全身的血管受累程度密切相关。而以往鲜见手指血管的影像学成像方法的研究,本研究尝试采用磁共振3D-TOF成像序列(three-dimensional Time of Flight, 3D-TOF)在3.0 T磁共振机器上进行扫描和血管重建,来探讨MR小血管成像的应用价值。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

       硬皮病组30例硬皮病患者(均为女性,平均年龄35.4 ± 8.9岁,平均发生雷诺现象时间3.2 ± 2.7年) ,符合美国风湿病协会的硬皮病诊断标准[8],正常对照组11例(女性,平均年龄30.7 ± 3.5岁)。搜集了患者的年龄、性别、患病时间、开始发现雷诺氏征的时间、实验室检查结果、肾功能、肺动脉压、肺部高分辨CT HRCT)扫描图像及手指改变(如溃疡、指甲下皮屑、皮肤发硬及结痂等)等数据。患者均无如高血压、冠心病、肥胖及其他慢性病史,所有病例在检查前3天停止吸烟和激素类药品的摄入。

1.2 检查方法

       所有检查均在3.0 T MR机上进行(Signa Excite 3.0 Tesla, GE HealthCare, Milwaukee, USA),头部线圈,患者俯卧位,伸直双臂和双手,掌心朝下、五指伸直并拢放于线圈中,并用相应海绵固定。所有病例检查前用温水洗手以防止检查时血管痉挛。

       使用3D-TOF MR血管成像的序列进行扫描,具体参数如下表(表1),扫描范围包括除拇指外的其余四支手指(图1),指甲外1 cm处加预饱和,以消除静脉的影响,因为静脉和动脉的血流方向相反,而TOF序列就是根据血流来成像的。扫描后所得原始图像传到工作站进行MIP (maximum intensity projection, MIP)重建。

图1  1a和1b显示3D-TOF序列的扫描范围,包括了除拇指外的其余四指
Fig 1  (a) and (b) show the 3D-TOF positioning of the MRA slice package.
表1  高分辨率3D-TOF MR血管成像扫描参数
Table 1  Imaging Parameters for High-Spatial-Resolution 3D MR Angiography

1.3 图像分析及后处理

       由两位有10年以上磁共振工作经验的高年资医师对所有图像后处理及分析,从食指方向算起,将所得的手指动脉分别从1标记到8(图2),观察动脉有无显示,对每一例受检者进行血管计数;并测量每一支动脉血管的截面积(近端指间关节层面,连续三个层面测量取其平均值)(图3)。

图2  1~8分别代表从食指方向开始算起的4指手指两侧的8支指动脉血管
图3  手指动脉截面积测量在近端指间关节层面进行人工测量(a),待测图像放大到最大以减小测量误差(b)
Fig 2  Number 1-8 refer the 8 digital arteries from index to the little finger direction respectively.
Fig 3  The digital artery lumen area was measured at the location of PIP by manual work (a), (b) shows the measurement was made when picture was enlarged enough.

1.4 统计学处理

       应用SPSS 11.0软件包对观察数据进行统计学处理,计量资料用均值±标准差表示。对所有数据进行方差分析,以P<0.05作为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

       所有受检者者均获得清晰图像(图4图5),健康志愿者的血管显示率达100%,硬皮病组总的手指动脉显示率为47.58%,第5支动脉的显示率最高(70.97%),其次,第2支动脉和第4支动脉(均为64.52%) ,第1支动脉和第8支动脉血管的显示率最低,分别为29.03%和16.13%。硬皮病组的血管截面积及与对照组的统计学数值如下表(表2),除了第1支血管(P=0.058, P>0.05)和第3支血管(P=0.093, P>0.05)外,所有的P值均小于0.05,说明其他6支手指动脉的截面积都明显低于正常志愿者的相应指动脉截面积(图6)。

图4  28岁女性SSc患者的血管图像,仅显示4~5支动脉血管(a),可见少许静脉污染(箭);(b)图是其PIP水平横断面图像
Fig 4  A 28-year-old female in grade 2, showing only 4-5 arteries with weak signal and a little venous pollution (arrow) (a), (b) refers to the transection image.
图5  33岁女性正常志愿者(a)和28岁SSc女患者的MRA MIP图像(b)。(a)清晰显示了8支指动脉血管,边界清晰锐利,而(b)仅显示了3支血管,且血管未达远端指尖
Fig 5  MRA MIP images of a 33-year-old women volunteer (a) and a 28-year-old female SSc patient(b). The former shows all the 8 digital arteries clearly with well-defined boundaries (a), while the latter shows only 3 consecutive arteries (b).
图6  硬皮病组及对照组的指动脉比较
Fig 6  The comparison of the lumen area between the normal control group and SSc group.
表2  硬皮病组与对照组的指动脉截面积及血管计数的比较
Table 2  Comparison of the two groups in lumen area and artery number count

3 讨论

3.1 手指动脉的解剖(如图7)

       从图中我们发现,除拇指外的其余四指,其两侧指固有动脉走行相对固定且平直,而不像掌深弓和掌浅弓那样变异较多(Fig 7)[9]。且近端的指动脉粗细较均匀,易于我们分析和测量,故而我们扫描时没有将拇指包括在内。

图7  手部动脉走行图,灰色线为掌浅弓及其分支,黑色线为掌深弓及其分支,可见拇指主要由掌深弓供血,而其余四根手指主要为掌浅弓供血
Fig 7  Drawing illustrates the normal arterial anatomy of the hand. The superficial palmar arch gives rise to the proper digital arteries(gray), and the deep palmar arch(black) supplies the thumb.

3.2 磁共振手指动脉成像的研究进展

       硬皮病患者以手指小血管受累及最为常见,导致血管狭窄和闭塞,手指及指尖溃疡及瘢痕形成是硬皮病患者常见并发症[10,11,12,13,14],严重影响手指的功能,且手指动脉的受累程度与全身动脉血管的受累程度密切相关,所以,手指血管的改变可以在一定程度上反应全身微小动脉的受累状况,这也是我们进行本次研究的初衷。对于小血管成像,其他的影像学检查方法可见于多普勒超声和DSA (digital subtraction angiography, DSA)检查[15,16],前者的效果较差,显像不直观,不能在一张图像上显示出所有的手指动脉。DSA是有创检查,且需注射碘对比剂,这对本身就容易引起肾功能异常的硬皮病来讲,有加重肾脏纤维化的危险。磁共振3D-TOF成像安全易行,是一个较好的选择,然而以往的磁共振机器不能进行高分辨率扫描,且信噪比(SNR)低,这对于本身直径仅有1 mm左右的手指动脉来讲,无法成像出清晰的小血管影像[17,18,19]

       随着这些年磁共振软硬件的提高,场强的提高,成像序列的改进,是手指动脉的小血管成像成为可能[20]。本次试验中采用3T磁共振机,高分辨率扫描(矩阵0.35 × 0.35 × 0.5 microm3),1 mm层厚,不使用对比剂,达到了很好的成像效果,可以清晰显示动脉血管的走行及狭窄程度。同时我们还发现血管的管壁比较平滑光整,这和血管炎及动脉硬化的血管显示明显不同,这也与文献报道的相符[21,22],可能与硬皮病以血管内膜、中膜增厚和纤维化的病理机理有关,一般很少伴有血管周围的渗出。

       本文使用3D-TOF序列,在3.0 T磁共振机上进行高分辨率血管成像,观察了手指动脉血管的显示情况和狭窄程度,对手指血管受累程度进行评价,取得了良好的效果,有望使其成为一个常规的评价指标对风湿科硬皮病患者全身血管的受累程度进行评价和预测,从而指导硬皮病的治疗、分期及疗效判定。

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