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临床研究
不同磁共振成像序列在颈髓损伤中的应用比较
王梅云 韩艳红 戴建平 戴勇鸣 史大鹏

王梅云,韩艳红,戴建平,等.不同磁共振成像序列在颈髓损伤中的应用比较.磁共振成像, 2011, 2(3): 195-199. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2011.03.007.


[摘要] 目的 比较常规MRI序列、梯度回波T2*加权成像(T2*WI)及磁敏感加权成像(susceptibility weighted imaging, SWI)在急性颈髓损伤(SCI)中的应用价值。方法 对16例有急性颈椎外伤病史的患者,均采用3T MRI(TrioTim, Siemens Medical Solution)行常规磁共振(MRI)T1WI和T2WI、梯度回波T2*加权成像(T2*WI)及高分辨SWI检查。观察MRI各种序列的表现,将其分为四种类型:正常脊髓、脊髓水肿、脊髓挫伤和脊髓出血。在脊髓出血病例中,选择T2*WI和SWI的同一层面,分别测量脊髓出血和周围正常脊髓部位的信号强度并计算出血与正常脊髓组织的信号强度比,采用Wilcoxon符号秩检验进行比较。所有患者定期随访,评价临床状况。20名正常志愿者也做相同的MRI检查作为对照组。结果 常规MRI显示16例急性颈椎外伤患者中,2例颈髓正常;14例有颈髓损伤,其中6例为脊髓水肿,4例为脊髓挫伤,4例有脊髓出血。而SWI和T2*WI显示10例脊髓无明显异常;6例有脊髓出血,而常规MRI仅检出其中的4例有脊髓出血,另2例显示为脊髓挫伤。T2*WI和SWI上出血灶与正常脊髓组织的信号强度比均数分别为0.58和0.47,两者间有显著性差异(Z=2.33, P=0.02)。结论 常规MRI的T1WI和T2WI在显示脊髓水肿和挫伤方面很有优势,但在检出脊髓出血方面不够敏感。相对于T2*WI,SWI在检测脊髓出血方面更敏感,可用于颈髓损伤患者的常规检查中。
[Abstract] Objective: To compare conventional MRI, gradient-echo (GRE) T2*-weighted imaging (WI) and susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) in acute cervical spinal cord injury (SCI).Materials and Methods: Conventional T1WI, T2WI, GRE T2*WI and high-resolution SWI were performed on sixteen patients with a history of acute cervical spine traumaby using a 3 Tesla MRI system (TrioTim, Siemens Medical Solution). The MRI findings on each sequence was observed and classified into 4 types: normal cord, spinal cord edema, spinal cord contusion and spinal cord hemorrhage. The signal intensity in the hemorrhage and normal spinal cord were measured on the same slice of T2*WI and SWI, respectively, and the ratio of the hemorrhage to normal spinal cord were calculated and compared by using Wilcoxon signed ranks test. All patients were also evaluated with clinical follow-up. Twenty volunteers were scanned as a control group.Results: In 16 patients with acute cervical spine trauma, conventional T1WI and T2WI showed normal in 2 cases and SCI in 14 patients, in which 6 patients had spinal cord edema, 4 had contusion and 4 had hemorrhage. However, both SWI and T2*WI demonstrated normal in 10 cases and detected hemorrhage in 6 patients, in which only 4 patients were detected hemorrhage by conventional MRIs, the other 2 patients were showed spinal contusion on conventional MRIs. The mean signal ratio of hemorrhage to normal tissue was 0.58 on T2*WI and 0.47 on SWI, and a significant difference was revealed between them (Z=2.33, P=0.02).Conclusion: Conventional MRI including T1WI and T2WI is valuable in demonstrating spinal edema and contusion, but not very sensitive to spinal hemorrhage. SWI is more sensitive than T2*WI in detecting hemorrhage in acute cervical SCI and could be included in the routine evaluation of cervical SCI patients.
[关键词] 磁敏感加权成像;磁共振成像;脊髓损伤;外伤
[Keywords] Susceptibility weighted imaging;Magnetic resonance imaging;Spinal cord injuries;Trauma

王梅云 河南省人民医院放射科,郑州 450003

韩艳红 河南省人民医院放射科,郑州 450003

戴建平 首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经影像中心,北京 100050

戴勇鸣 上海西门子医学院磁共振部,上海 201318

史大鹏* 河南省人民医院放射科,郑州 450003

通讯作者:史大鹏,E-mail: cjr.shidapeng@vip.163.com


第一作者简介:
        王梅云(1972-),女,博士,副主任医师。研究方向:神经影像学。E-mail: meiyun9999 @gmail.com

收稿日期:2011-02-20
接受日期:2011-04-06
中图分类号:R445.2; R739.42 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2011.03.007
王梅云,韩艳红,戴建平,等.不同磁共振成像序列在颈髓损伤中的应用比较.磁共振成像, 2011, 2(3): 195-199. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2011.03.007.

       颈椎外伤常合并严重的颈髓损伤(spinal cord injuries, SCI)。Kulkarni等[1]根据急性脊髓损伤在MRI上的基本表现,将其分为三类,分别是出血、挫伤和水肿,并将MRI表现与患者临床评定做了相关性分析。据一些文献报道[2,3,4,5],早期有脊髓出血的患者预后较差,而脊髓水肿的患者则预后较好。所以,早期准确评价脊髓损伤情况,检测出脊髓内有无出血,对患者的预后评价非常重要。

       磁敏感加权成像(susceptibility weighted imaging, SWI)是一种对顺磁性物质如脱氧血红蛋白和含铁血黄素等超级敏感的磁共振技术[6,7],它可以较常规的T1WI、T2WI和梯度回波T2*加权成像(T2*WI)更敏感地检测出脑部各种疾病所致的微出血灶[8,9,10,11,12]。但到目前为止,还没有SWI在检测脊髓出血方面的文献报道。本研究的目的是通过将常规MRI、T2*WI和高分辨SWI进行对比,以评价不同序列在准确评价急性颈髓损伤(SCI)情况中的价值。

1 材料与方法

1.1 临床资料

       前瞻性地研究2009年间河南省人民医院收治的16例有急性颈椎外伤史的患者(男11例,女5例;年龄15~79岁,平均年龄38岁)。致伤原因:意外坠落伤9例(56%),车祸6例(38%),工伤1例(6%)。所有患者均在外伤后15天内(1~14天,平均7天)行MRI检查并进行随访。20例正常人(男16例,女4例,年龄18~60岁,平均35岁)做为对照组也进行了同样的MRI检查。所有患者和志愿者均签署了知情同意书。

       所有患者在随访的1至4个月(平均1.8个月)中,根据美国脊髓损伤学会(American Spinal Injury Association, ASIA)的分级标准进行临床评价[13,14],分级标准如下:ASIA A为完全性损伤,在骶段无任何感觉运动功能保留;不完全性损伤有ASIA B、C、D,其中B为神经损伤平面以下,包括骶段(S4, S5)存在感觉功能,但无任何运动功能;ASIA C为损伤平面以下存在运动功能,并且大部分关键肌的肌力小于3级;ASIA D为损伤平面以下存在运动功能,并且大部分关键肌的肌力大于或等于3级;ASIA E为基本正常。

1.2 检查方法

       采用西门子3.0 T超导磁共振扫描仪(Magnetom Trio, Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany)两通道颈部线圈成像。SWI是一种三维的快速小角度梯度回波序列,成像参数如下:扫描野160×160,空间分辨率0.5 mm×0.5 mm×2 mm(矩阵320×320),TR(重复时间)/TE(回波时间)=35/15.6 ms,翻转角15° ,层厚2 mm,层数16层。扫描时间2分13秒。采用Reichenbach等[15]描述的方法,由幅值图和相位图生成SWI图。

       常规MRI是一种快速自旋回波序列。所有病例均行矢状T1WI (TR 600 ms, TE 9.5 ms,)、矢状位T2WI(TR 3370 ms,TE 108 ms)、横轴位T2WI(TR 2720 ms,TE 103 ms)扫描。GRE序列采用TR 35 ms, TE 15.6 ms,矩阵320×320。矢状位层厚3 mm,横轴位层厚2 mm,层间距是2mm。T2WI, T2*WI和SWI采用同样的中心进行扫描。

       采用双盲法,由两位经验丰富的影像诊断医师进行阅片,并根据T1WI和T2WI的信号改变,把SCI患者的MRI表现按照以下标准[16]分为四类:

       正常脊髓:虽然有神经系统损害症状,但脊髓在任何序列均无信号异常;

       脊髓水肿:T1WI呈等或稍低信号,但T2WI显示髓内有高信号病灶;

       脊髓挫伤:T1WI呈等或稍低信号,而T2WI显示髓内有异常,表现为中心小片状等信号,外周包绕较厚的高信号环,且病灶一直持续到亚急性期;

       脊髓出血:T1WI显示髓内信号不均匀,T2WI可见大片状中心低信号被较薄的高信号环包绕;或T1WI和T2WI均可显示髓内高信号。

       SWI及T2*WI上显示的脊髓内的低信号在排除骨折片可能后,就认为是髓内出血。采用核磁共振信号处理软件(signal Processing In Nmri, SPIN)测量并计算SWI和T2*WI同一层面上出血灶与正常脊髓组织的信号强度比(图1),公式如下:信号强度比=出血区信号/正常脊髓信号。

图1  T2*WI和SWI上脊髓出血灶与正常脊髓信号的测量
Fig 1  The measurement of signal intensity on T2*WI and SWI.

1.3 统计学方法

       利用SPSS 11.5软件的Wilcoxon符号秩检验比较两种技术的信号强度比。

2 结果

       16例急性颈椎外伤患者中,有2例常规MRI和SWI均显示脊髓正常,其余14例常规MRI提示有脊髓损伤,其中6例表现为脊髓水肿,4例为脊髓挫伤,但SWI和T2*WI发现在这4例脊髓挫伤患者中2例有脊髓内出血灶(图2);4例常规MRI提示脊髓出血,SWI和T2*WI也都显示有脊髓内出血(图3)。其余病例SWI和T2*WI均显示正常。

       20例正常志愿者中,除了7例有轻度椎间盘突出外,常规MRI和SWI均未发现颈髓有任何异常信号。

       2例在常规MRI表现正常的患者,在入院时为不完全SCI (ASIA C或D级),之后神经症状完全恢复正常,达到ASIA E级。常规MRI仅表现为颈髓挫伤而SWI上显示有出血的2例患者,一例为不完全性SCI (ASIA B级),另一例为完全性SCI (ASIA A级),随访中两例均无明显变化。另外8例MRI表现为脊髓水肿或脊髓挫伤而SWI未发现出血的患者,均为不完全性SCI (ASIA B或C级),恢复较好,最后评级为ASIA D或E级。4例常规MRI和SWI均显示有脊髓出血的患者,入院时3例为完全性SCI (ASIA A级),1例为不完全性SCI (ASIA B级),随访中3例无明显变化,1例好转,恢复到ASIA B级。

       SWI和T2*WI上出血与正常脊髓组织的信号强度比分别为0.47±0.13和0.58±0.19,两者间有显著性差异(Z=2.33, P=0.02)。

图2  53岁男性,车祸4天后行颈椎常规磁共振(图2A~2C)、T2*WI(图2D)和磁敏感加权成像(图2E~2F)检查。颈髓病变在T1WI上呈等信号(图2A),而在矢状(图2B)和轴位T2WI(图2C)上呈不均匀高信号(白箭),提示脊髓挫伤。常规MRI未发现出血灶。轴位T2*WI(图2D)、相位图(图2E)和磁敏感加权图(图2F)上均显示髓内的低信号(白箭),提示脊髓出血
Fig 2  Conventional MRI (Fig 2A-2C), T2*WI (Fig 2D) and SWI (Fig 2E-2F) obtained from a 53-year-old man who had a traffic accident 4 days prior to scanning. Isointensity on T1WI (Fig 2A) and high signal on sagittal (Fig 2B) and axial T2WI (Fig 2C) (white arrows) suggest contusion of spinal cord. No hemorrhage is demonstrated on conventional MRI. But low signal on T2*WI (Fig 2D), phase image (Fig 2E) and SWI (Fig 2F) (white arrows) indicate hemorrhage of spinal cord.
图3  79岁女性,从2米高处跌落16 h后行颈椎常规磁共振(图2A~2C)、T2*WI(图2D)和磁敏感加权成像(图2E~2F)检查。在矢状T1WI(图2A)、T2WI(图2B)和轴位T2WI(图2C)上均见颈髓内低信号影(白箭),提示脊髓出血;轴位T2*WI(图2D)、相位图(图2E)和磁敏感加权图(图2F)也显示脊髓出血,表现为髓内低信号影(白箭)。
Fig 3  Conventional MRI (Fig 2A-2C), T2*WI (Fig 2D) and SWI (Fig 2E-2F) obtained from a 79-year-old woman who fell from approximately 2 m 16 hours prior to scanning. Low signal on sagittal T1WI (Fig 2A), T2WI (Fig 2B), and axial T2WI (Fig 2C) (white arrows) indicates spinal cord injury with hemorrhage, which was also seen with T2*WI (Fig 2D), phase image (Fig 2E) and SWI (Fig 2F) with low signal in the spinal cord (white arrows).

3 讨论

       SCI的早期诊断对患者的预后评价非常重要。Frankel分级标准[17]曾经是SCI预后评价的惟一指标。无论是脊髓水肿还是出血,MRI已经成为显示颈椎外伤后脊髓改变的最好手段,而且影像学表现与神经系统症状密切相关[2,3,4,5]。据文献报道,MRI上最常见的脊髓外伤表现是脊髓出血和脊髓水肿[18,19]。脊髓水肿往往预后较好,脊髓挫伤则预后较差,而脊髓出血往往为完全性SCI,预后很差。

       常规MRI的T2WI对脊髓病变很敏感,与T1WI结合,可以在急性期检测出脊髓水肿和出血,还可以在亚急性期评估脊髓永久性损伤的程度。一些关于脊髓损伤的影像表现与预后之间关系的研究表明,MRI对患者可能的神经恢复情况能够提供有用的信息[2,3,4,5,16,18]。脊髓出血的检出对于患者的及时治疗非常重要。由于对昏迷患者不能进行运动和感觉评估,MRI检查就显得尤为重要,而且将直接关系到患者治疗方案的选择。但是,出血在MRI上的表现多种多样,其信号表现取决于很多内在因素,如血红蛋白的氧合状态、红细胞的完整性、正铁血红蛋白或含铁血黄素的存在与否等,同时还受一些外在因素的影响,如MR的磁场强度、扫描序列、T1或T2加权像的参数等。另一方面,SWI对顺磁性物质非常敏感。大多数血液成分包括脱氧血红蛋白、正铁血红蛋白和含铁血黄素都是顺磁性物质,由于磁敏感效应而在MR图像上可以显示出血灶。自旋氢质子在不同的梯度场进动频率不同,在T2*梯度回波图像上信号降低。从快速自旋回波到常规自旋回波再到梯度回波(GRE)序列,以及从T1WI到T2WI再到T2*WI,对出血的磁敏感效应的敏感性逐渐增加[20]。在急性期和亚急性早期,磁敏感效应主要由脱氧血红蛋白和正铁血红蛋白引起。因此,采用GRE T2*WI序列来检测急性脊髓损伤患者中的脱氧血红蛋白和正铁血红蛋白很有必要性。尤其对于广泛采用的快速自旋回波序列来说,是个很重要的补充,因为快速自旋回波序列虽然可以明显降低成像时间,但对磁敏感效应的敏感性低于常规自旋回波序列和梯度回波序列[21]。文献证实,SWI在检测脑外伤、脑卒中、血管性痴呆等各种脑内疾病[11,12,13]中的微出血方面远远优于常规T2WI和T2*WI。但目前还没有SWI在检测脊髓出血方面的报道。

       本研究中,为了明确正常脊髓在SWI上的表现,我们用SWI扫描了20例正常志愿者的颈椎,结果显示脊髓内信号均未发现异常。为了评估常规T1WI、T2WI、T2*WI和SWI在SCI中的价值,对16例SCI患者均行常规MRI、T2*WI和SWI检查并进行比较,其中常规MRI采用快速自旋回波序列。结果显示,16个病例中,2例在所有序列上都显示正常;6例常规MRI为脊髓水肿,SWI和T2*WI为正常;4例常规MRI为脊髓挫伤,SWI和T2*WI却显示2例有脊髓出血,2例正常;另4例常规MRI发现有脊髓出血的病例,SWI和T2*WI上均得到了证实。而随访发现,6例SWI和T2*WI上发现有出血的患者预后均较差,而那些脊髓水肿或挫伤的患者,预后相对较好,这个结果和之前的报导一致。SWI和T2*WI上出血与正常脊髓组织的信号强度比间有显著性差异,SWI上信号比明显低于T2*WI,提示SWI比T2*WI在显示脊髓微灶出血方面更敏感。以上结果表明,SWI在检测脊髓出血方面比常规MRI和T2*WI更为敏感,能检测出常规MRI上不能发现的出血灶,或较T2*WI更清楚的显示微灶出血,这对于准确评估SCI患者的预后很重要。但SWI和T2*WI在显示脊髓水肿或挫伤方面无能为力,需要借助于T1WI和T2WI来评价。本研究中,T1WI呈等或低信号而T2WI证实脊髓水肿的病例(6例),SWI和T2*WI均显示正常;4例T1WI呈等或低信号而T2WI证实脊髓挫伤的病例中,SWI和T2*WI显示2例正常,2例有脊髓出血(图2)。上述结果说明,把SWI与常规MRI的T1WI和T2WI结合将有助于全面评估脊髓损伤情况。本研究中,SWI成像时间仅2分13秒,把该无创性序列加入到SCI患者的常规MRI检查中是方便可行的。

       不过,作为一种新技术,SWI上有时会产生与骨结构、骨折片或某些装置有关的磁敏感伪影,干扰脊髓出血的显示,但这些伪影一般和出血不难区分。伪影多位于典型的部位,有时会表现为比出血灶信号更低的边界清晰的不规则区域。结合解剖和典型的MR表现,可以把出血和伪影区分开来。

       总之,本研究表明,常规MRI的T1WI和T2WI在评价脊髓水肿和脊髓挫伤方面仍是很有价值的工具,但在检出脊髓出血方面不如SWI和T2*WI敏感。相对于T2*WI,SWI可能是目前检测SCI患者脊髓出血最敏感的工具,对SCI患者的治疗和预后判定很有价值。这项无创性技术可作为SCI患者的常规MRI检查序列之一。

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