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肩关节常见病变:MRI诊断
郑卓肇 田春艳 尚瑶

郑卓肇,田春艳,尚瑶.肩关节常见病变:MRI诊断.磁共振成像, 2011, 2(6): 456-464. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2011.06.012.


[摘要] 肩关节常见病变主要为肩袖相关病变和肩关节不稳定。对于肩袖相关病变,肩关节MRI常规扫描可作为首选;对于肩关节不稳定和盂唇病变,则一般首选肩关节MRI造影进行评价。本文系统介绍肩峰下撞击综合征、肩袖变性、肩袖撕裂、肩关节前方不稳、上方盂唇前后向撕裂、肱二头肌长头腱相关病变、钙化性肌腱炎和滑囊炎、肩周炎的MRI表现。
[Abstract] Shoulder disorders mainly involve rotator cuff diseases and shoulder instability. For rotator cuff diseases, routine shoulder MR imaging as the first choice can solve most of the problems in practice. For shoulder instability and related glenoid labrum lesions, shoulder MR arthrography is the first selection for evaluation. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the MR appearances of several common shoulder abnormalities, including the sub-acromial shoulder impingement syndrome, rotator cuff degeneration, partial-thickness and full-thickness rotator cuff tears, anterior instability, superior labrum antero-posterior tears, biceps related disorders, calcific tendinitis and bursitis, and adhesive capsulitis.
[关键词] 肩袖;不稳定;肩关节;磁共振成像
[Keywords] Rotator cuff;Instability;Shoulder;Magnetic resonance imaging

郑卓肇* 北京大学第三医院放射科,北京 100191

田春艳 北京大学第三医院放射科,北京 100191

尚瑶 北京大学第三医院放射科,北京 100191

通讯作者:郑卓肇,E-mail: zzhuozhao@yahoo.com.cn


第一作者简介:
        郑卓肇(1974-),男,博士,主任医师,副教授;研究方向:骨关节系统影像诊断和磁共振技术应用。E-mail: zzhuozhao@yahoo.com.cn

收稿日期:2011-06-06
接受日期:2011-10-08
中图分类号:R445.2; R681.7 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2011.06.012
郑卓肇,田春艳,尚瑶.肩关节常见病变:MRI诊断.磁共振成像, 2011, 2(6): 456-464. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2011.06.012.

       肩关节常见的临床问题主要为肩袖相关病变和肩关节不稳定,后者主要累及关节盂唇。虽然X线平片常作为肩关节疾病的基础性影像手段,但对肩袖相关病变和肩关节不稳定的价值都不大,因此常需借助于MRI检查明确。如果主要针对肩袖及其相关病变,可首选肩关节MRI常规扫描,特定情况下再选用MRI造影;如果主要针对肩关节不稳定及盂唇病变,则一般首选肩关节MRI造影,因为MRI常规扫描通常不足以可靠评价。

1 肩袖撕裂

       肩袖是指肩胛下肌腱、冈上肌腱、冈下肌腱、小圆肌腱与肩关节囊的融合体。肩袖撕裂是中老年肩关节疼痛及活动受限的主要疾病之一[1]。在临床上,肩袖撕裂主要继发于慢性肩峰下撞击综合征(占90%),由于长期慢性卡压,肩袖首先出现变性,然后发展为部分撕裂,最后进展为全层撕裂。由于肩袖撕裂主要发生于冈上肌腱[1,2](占90%),因此冈上肌腱撕裂和肩袖撕裂在临床中常通用。

1.1 肩峰下撞击综合征

       任何原因导致喙肩弓与肱骨头之间的空间绝对或相对减小,使肩部在上举外展过程中,喙肩弓与肱骨头反复卡压其间的软组织结构(主要为肩峰下滑囊、冈上肌腱和部分冈下肌腱、肱二头肌长头腱),引起症状,称为肩峰下撞击综合征。MRI主要用于显示撞击诱发的后果,包括肩峰下滑囊炎(图1)、冈上肌腱的变性或撕裂、和肱二头肌长头腱相关病变。此外,MRI也可帮助显示撞击可能伴有的骨性改变:如斜矢状位可评价肩峰形态(Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型更易发生撞击)、斜冠状位和斜矢状位可显示肩峰前下缘的特征性骨刺(提示存在长期的慢性撞击)(图2)、斜冠状位也可评价肩锁关节的退变性骨刺。

图1  肩峰下滑囊炎。常规MRI斜冠状位示肩峰下滑囊积液(箭头);1A:SE T1W;1B:TSE T2W
图2  肩峰形态。2A:肩峰形态: Ⅰ型,肩峰下表面为一平面;Ⅱ型,肩峰下表面为弧形凹面;Ⅲ型,肩峰下表面前部呈钩状突;2B:MRI造影斜矢状位示肩峰前下缘的骨刺(箭),Ⅱ型肩峰
Fig 1  Subdeltoid-subacromial bursitis. Coronal oblique MR images of the shoulder show fluid in the dilated subdeltoid-subacromial bursa (arrow head). 1A: SE T1W; 1B: TSE T2W.
Fig 2  Acromial morphology. A. Shape of the Acromion. Type I, flat; Type II, curved; Type III, hooked. B. Sagittal oblique image shows a Type II acromion and a degenerative spur at the anteroinferior edge of the acromion (arrow).

1.2 肩袖变性(肩袖肌腱炎、肩袖退变)

       肩袖变性指肩袖肌腱组织的无菌性炎性退变,但无肉眼可见的纤维撕裂,最常见于冈上肌腱。在MRI上,变性的冈上肌腱连续性完好,T1W和T2W信号均增高,但T2W信号不如关节液,可伴有肌腱的增粗或变薄(图3)。

图3  肩袖变性。常规MRI斜冠状位示冈上肌腱增粗,连续性好,T1W和T2W信号均增高(箭)
图4  肩袖全层撕裂。常规MRI斜冠状位FS T2W示冈上肌腱连续、增厚,其内部可见关节液样的高信号,累及肌腱全层(箭)
Fig 3  Tendinitis. Coronal oblique MR images of the shoulder show the supraspinatus tendon is diffuse thickening, with intrasubstance intermediate signal on T1-weighted and T2-weighted MR images(arrow).
Fig 4  Full thickness tear of the supraspinatus. Coronal oblique T2-weighted MR image shows the supraspinatus tendon becomes thicker, with abnormal high signal as intense as fluid extending from the articular surface to the subacromial bursa surface(arrow).

1.3 肩袖全层撕裂

       全层撕裂是指肌腱内的撕裂口贯穿了冈上肌腱全层,导致盂肱关节腔与肩峰下滑囊相互交通。一般原发于冈上肌腱,而且多数局限于冈上肌腱,但巨大撕裂(前后径>3cm)可向前累及肩胛下肌腱、向后累及冈下肌腱和小圆肌腱。斜冠状位T2W是诊断冈上肌腱全层撕裂的主要方位,直接征象主要有2种:①冈上肌腱连续,但增厚或变薄,其内部出现类似关节液样的高信号,累及肌腱全层(图4);②冈上肌腱连续性中断,断端有或无回缩,断裂处充填液体样高信号(图5)。在肩关节MRI造影(脂肪抑制T1W)时,全层撕裂处表现为高信号对比剂影充填,同时肩峰下滑囊有对比剂(提示盂肱关节腔与肩峰下滑囊相互交通)[3,4,5]图6)。

       慢性全层撕裂常伴有其他征象,如肩峰下撞击、冈上肌肌腹部萎缩、冈上肌肌腱-肌腹结合区明显回缩、肱骨头向上半脱位、以及其他肩袖肌腱的撕裂(图7)等。

图5  肩袖全层撕裂。MRI造影斜冠状位FS T2W示冈上肌腱连续性中断,断端回缩(箭)
Fig 5  Full thickness tear of the supraspinatus. Coronal oblique T2-weighted MR image shows the complete discontinuity and retraction of the tendon (arrow).
图6  肩袖全层撕裂。6A:MRI造影斜冠状位,示冈上肌腱连续性中断,断端(箭)回缩,同时伴有肌腱萎缩、肱骨头上移;6B :MRI造影斜矢状位,示肩袖不完整,撕裂累及冈上肌腱和冈下肌腱,肩峰下滑囊内(箭)可见高信号对比剂
Fig 6  Full thickness tear of the supraspinatus. Fig 6A: Coronal oblique T1-weighted MR arthrographic image shows the complete discontinuity and retraction of the supraspinatus tendon (arrow), atrophy of the supraspinatus, and upward displacement of the humeral head. Fig 6B: Sagittal oblique T1-weighted MR arthrographic image shows the discontinuity of the rotator cuff and the presence of high signal contrast material within the subacromial bursa (arrow).
图7  肩胛下肌腱全层撕裂。MRI造影轴位,示肩胛下肌腱连续性中断,断端回缩(箭)
图8  冈上肌腱上表面部分撕裂。常规MRI斜冠状位FS T2W示冈上肌腱止点处上表面部分撕裂,局部见液性高信号(箭),伴肩峰下滑囊积液,下表面完整
图9  冈上肌腱下表面部分撕裂。常规MRI斜冠状位FS T2W示冈上肌腱止点处下表面撕裂(箭),信号增高,但上表面完整
Fig 7  Full thickness tear of the subscapularis. Axial MR arthrographic image shows the complete discontinuity and retraction of the tendon (arrow).
Fig 8  Bursal-sided partial thickness tear of the subscapularis. Oblique coronal T2-weighted image shows partial disrupture of the bursal-sided tendon fibers (arrow). The articular-sided fibers are intact.
Fig 9  Articular-sided partial thickness tear of the subscapularis. Oblique coronal T2-weighted MR image shows partial discontinuity of the articular-sided tendon fibers (arrow).The bursal-sided fibers are intact.

1.4 肩袖部分撕裂

       部分撕裂是指肌腱部分纤维的断裂。对于冈上肌腱,可分为下表面(关节侧)部分撕裂、上表面(滑囊侧)部分撕裂及肌腱内部分撕裂[6,7,8]。斜冠状位T2W是诊断冈上肌腱部分撕裂的主要方位,撕裂处表现为类似关节液样的高信号,但未累及肌腱全层。若撕裂累及到上表面,但下表面完整,为上表面部分撕裂(图8);若撕裂累及到下表面,但上表面完整,为下表面部分撕裂(图9);若撕裂既未累及到上表面、又未累及到下表面,为肌腱内部分撕裂,此时肌腱一般增粗(图10)。

       肩关节MRI常规扫描诊断部分撕裂不如全层撕裂那么准确,因此常需要进行肩关节MRI造影。在MRI造影T1W上,下表面部分撕裂表现为关节内的对比剂进入了肩袖内、但未进入肩峰下滑囊(图11),从而显著提高诊断准确性。不过,单纯肩关节MRI造影T1W并不能诊断上表面部分撕裂和肌腱内部分撕裂,因此需要补充扫描斜冠状位T2W。

图10  冈上肌腱腱内部分撕裂。常规MRI斜冠状位FS T2W示冈上肌腱止点处腱内限局液性高信号影(箭),肌腱上下表面均完整
图11  冈上肌腱下表面部分撕裂。MRI造影斜冠状位示高信号对比剂进入冈上肌腱下表面(箭),但未进入肩峰下滑囊
Fig 10  Intratendinous partial thickness tear of the subscapularis. Oblique coronal T2-weighted MR image shows abnormal intratendinous fluid accumulation (arrows). The bursal-sided and articular-sided fibers are intact.
Fig 11  Articular-sided partial thickness tear of the subscapularis. Oblique coronal T1-weighted MR arthrographic image shows partial discontinuity of the articular-sided fibers (arrows), with contrast material leaking into the substance of the tendon, and intact bursal-sided fibers.

2 盂唇-韧带复合体及肱二头肌长头腱-上盂唇复合体的损伤

2.1 肩关节前方不稳(前下盂唇韧带复合体损伤)

       肩关节是人体活动度最大的关节,也是最易脱位的关节,其中,95%为肩关节前脱位。肩关节前脱位的不良后果是容易发展为复发性前方脱位,其原因主要是前下盂唇韧带复合体的损伤。

       前下盂唇韧带复合体包括下盂肱韧带前束、前下关节囊及前下盂唇,其一端附着于前下骨性关节盂缘,另一端附着于肱骨解剖颈和肱骨干近端。在肩前方脱位时,肱骨头常移位至关节盂的前下方,此瞬间肱骨头后外上方与关节盂前下缘常发生机械性撞击,从而导致关节盂前下缘处软组织或骨损伤,不合并骨折者一般统称为Bankart损伤,合并小骨折块者称为骨性Bankart损伤。少数情况下,前下盂唇韧带复合体损伤可以不发生在关节盂前下缘处,而是发生在肱骨附着部或复合体中部[9]

       在MRI上,Bankart损伤主要表现为前下盂唇撕裂或磨损。肩关节MRI常规扫描对前下盂唇撕裂的价值非常有限,因此一般常规进行肩关节MRI造影(图12)。MRI造影轴位T1W为诊断前下盂唇撕裂的可靠手段,敏感性可达80%~90%,特异性可达90%以上;MRI造影ABER位可进一步提高敏感性至95%左右[10,11]。在前下盂唇撕裂的基础上,撕裂可进一步扩展至前上盂唇、上盂唇、甚至后方盂唇。

       肩关节MRI造影可对Bankart损伤进行更细致的分型,最常见3种类型:①经典Bankart损伤(图13):前下盂唇撕裂并邻近骨膜的断裂,MRI显示前下盂唇四周都被对比剂包绕;②Perthes损伤(图14):前下盂唇撕裂并邻近骨膜的撕脱,但骨膜未断;③ALPSA(anterior labral periosteal sleeve avulsion)损伤(图15):前下盂唇撕裂并邻近骨膜撕脱、伴撕裂盂唇移向关节盂的内、下方[9,10,11]

       肩关节前方脱位还常伴有骨性损伤,主要包括Hill-Sachs损伤、骨性Bankart损伤和骨性关节盂缺损。Hill-Sachs损伤是指肱骨头后、外上部的凹陷性骨折(图16),一般在经喙突或更上方的横断面上观察;骨性Bankart损伤为Bankart损伤合并有前下关节盂的骨折,由于骨块一般很小,CT为最好显示手段(图17);骨性关节盂缺损一般见于前下部,可通过MR斜矢状面或CT斜矢状面评估缺损的比例。骨性损伤情况对治疗方式的选择具有较大的影响。

图12  盂唇撕裂对比。12A:常规MRI轴位示盂唇未见撕裂征象;12B:MRI造影轴位示前方盂唇撕裂(箭)
Fig 12  Different MRI techniques for labral tear. Fig 12A: An axial routine MR image shows intact anteroinferior labrum. Fig 12B: An axial MR arthrographic image demonstrates tear of the anteroinferior labrum (arrow).
图13  经典Bankart病变。13A:示意图;MRI造影(13B:轴位;13C:ABER位)示前下盂唇(箭)被对比剂包绕
Fig 13  Classical Bankart lesion. Schematic diagram (13A) shows complete detachment of the labroligamentous complex from the glenoid with a disrupted periosteum. On MR arthrographic images (13B: an axial image; 13C: an ABER position image), a classical Bankart lesion is demonstrated when the torn anteroinferior labrum is completely separated from the glenoid (arrow).
图14  Perthes病变。14A:示意图;MRI造影(14B:轴位;14C:ABER位)示前下盂唇撕脱,邻近骨膜掀起无破裂,撕裂盂唇无移位
Fig 14  Perthes lesion. Schematic diagram (14A) shows a nondisplaced tear of the anteroinferior labrum from the glenoid with an intact periosteum. On MR arthrographic images (14B: an axial image; 14C: an ABER position image), a Perthes lesion is demonstrated when the torn anteroinferior labrum has no displacement and is still attached to the intact scapular periosteum.
图15  ALPSA病变。15A:示意图;MRI造影(15B:轴位;15C:ABER位)示前下盂唇韧带复合体骨膜袖剥脱,邻近骨膜仍与肩胛骨相连,但撕裂盂唇(箭)移位于关节盂的内、下方
Fig 15  ALPSA lesion. Schematic diagram (15A) shows the avulsed inferior glenohumeral labroligamentous complex with medially displacement on the glenoid neck without rupture of the scapular periosteum. On MR arthrographic images (15B: an axial image; 15C: an ABER position image), an ALPSA lesion is demonstrated when the torn anteroinferior labrum is medially and inferiorly displaced with respect to the glenoid (arrow) and attached to the intact scapular periosteum.
图16  Hill-sachs病变。肩关节CT轴位图像示肱骨头后外上部的凹陷性骨折(箭)
图17  骨性bankart病变。肩关节轴位图像(17A:MRI造影;17B:CT)示肩关节盂前下部骨折(箭)
Fig 16  Hill-Sachs lesion. There is a concavity of the posterior part of the humeral head consistent with a Hill-Sachs lesion on this axial CT image (arrow).
Fig 17  Bony Bankart lesion. Axial images (17A: MR arthrographic image; 17B: CT image) demonstrate a Bankart lesion with a bony fragment separated from the anteroinferior glenoid (arrow).

2.2 上方盂唇前后向撕裂(肱二头肌长头腱-上盂唇复合体损伤)

       上方盂唇前后向撕裂(superior labrum antero-posterior tears, SLAP损伤)是指上方盂唇的磨损和撕裂,累及范围相当于肱二头肌长头腱附着点及其前后区域的盂唇,可同时累及肱二头肌长头腱[12,13,14]。SLAP损伤是肩关节常见病变之一,以肩关节疼痛、活动受限及肩关节不稳为主要表现,原因可能为反复的投掷运动或上臂直接牵拉伤。

       SLAP损伤最常分为四型(Snyder分型)[13,14]图18图19图20):Ⅰ型为上盂唇毛糙,MRI图像上表现为上盂唇不光滑;Ⅱ型为肱二头肌腱盂唇复合体从关节盂撕裂,MRI图像上表现为对比剂进入上方盂唇;Ⅲ型为上盂唇桶柄状撕裂,MRI图像上表现为部分上盂唇分离或轻度移位;Ⅳ型为上盂唇桶柄状撕裂并同时累及肱二头肌长头腱,MRI图像上除部分上盂唇分离外,尚可见对比剂进入肱二头肌长头腱。

图18  SLAPⅠ。MRI造影斜冠状位示上盂唇边缘毛糙(箭)
图19  SLAPⅡ。MRI造影斜冠状位示对比剂进入上盂唇(箭),形态不规则,撕裂口边缘毛糙
图20  SLAP Ⅲ。MRI造影斜冠状位示对比剂进入上盂唇(箭),上盂唇撕裂部分与肱二头肌长头腱-盂唇复合体分离,类似关节腔上部的游离体
Fig 18  SLAP Ⅰ. Oblique coronal T1-weighted MR arthrographic image shows fraying (curved arrow) of the superior labrum.
Fig 19  SLAP Ⅱ. Oblique coronal T1-weighted MR arthrographic image shows a superior labral tear with linear high signal intensity extending into the labral substance (arrow).
Fig 20  SLAP Ⅲ. Oblique coronal T1-weighted MR arthrographic image shows a bucket-handle tear of the superior labrum (arrow). The torn labrum is completely separated from the superior glenoid and the biceps tendon. The biceps anchor is intact.

3 肱二头肌长头腱相关病变

3.1 肱二头肌长头腱变性和撕裂

       肱二头肌长头腱变性和撕裂一般源自肩峰下撞击综合征,在反复慢性卡压中,肌腱关节内部分首先发生退行性病,进而发生部分撕裂和完全撕裂。

       变性主要表现为肌腱异常增粗,内部信号增高,但在T2W上无液体样高信号(图21);肩关节MRI造影时无对比剂进入。完全撕裂表现为肌腱关节内部分的连续性中断或消失,或结节间沟空虚(图22)。部分撕裂表现为肌腱连续性部分中断(局部变细并液体样长T2高信号)、或肌腱增粗并内部局限性明显长T2高信号、或肩关节MRI造影可见对比剂进入肌腱内部[15,16]图23)。

图21  肱二头肌长头腱正常及变性。21A:MRI造影斜矢状位示正常肱二头肌长头腱(箭头);21B:MRI造影斜矢状位示肱二头肌长头腱变性,异常增粗,内部信号增高(箭)
Fig 21  Normal and tendinitis of the long head of the biceps. Fig 21A: Oblique sagittal MR image shows normal long head of the biceps tendon (arrow head). Fig 21B: Oblique sagittal MR image shows the enlargement of the tendon (arrow) and abnormal internal high signal intensity.
图22  肱二头肌长头腱完全撕裂。MRI造影轴位(22A),示结节间沟内空虚(箭);MRI造影斜矢状位(22B),示关节内无肱二头肌长头腱影像(箭);MRI造影斜冠状位(22C)显示萎缩的肱二头肌长头腱残端(箭)
Fig 22  Complete tear of the long head of the biceps. Axial MR arthrographic image (22A) shows absence of biceps tendon (arrow) in the bicipital groove. Oblique sagittal MR arthrographic image (22B) also shows absence of biceps tendon (arrow). Oblique coronal MR arthrographic image (22C) shows the nub of the long head of the biceps tendon (arrow).
图23  肱二头肌长头腱部分撕裂。MRI造影斜冠状位(A),示对比剂进入肱二头肌长头腱(箭);MRI造影轴位(B),示对比剂进入肱二头肌长头腱(箭)。
Fig 23  Partial tear of the long head of the biceps. Oblique coronal and axial MR arthrographic images show the abnormal enter of the contrast material into the substance of the tendon (arrows), which represents a partial tear.

3.2 肱二头肌长头腱脱位或半脱位

       肱骨结节间沟内侧壁发育不良、肩胛下肌腱或肱横韧带撕裂时,均可能导致肱二头肌长头腱自结节间沟内脱出。脱位的肱二头肌长头腱一般均移向内侧,可位于肩胛下肌腱的前方、或肩胛下肌腱内(合并有肩胛下肌腱部分撕裂或剥离)(图24)、或关节内(多合并巨大肩袖撕裂、肩胛下肌腱完全撕裂) (图25) ,MRI轴位易于诊断。

图24  肱二头肌长头腱脱位。常规MRI轴位示肩胛下肌腱层裂(箭),肱二头肌长头腱从结节间沟内脱出,移位于肩胛下肌内(箭头);
图25  肱二头肌长头腱脱位。MRI造影轴位示肩胛下肌腱撕裂,结节间沟空虚,肱二头肌长头腱向内侧移位,位于关节内(箭)
Fig 24  Dislocation of the long head of the biceps. On this axial routine MR image, delamination-type tear of the subscapularis tendon is clearly shown (arrows). The long head of the biceps tendon (arrow head) is subluxated into the split of the subscapularis tendon.
Fig 25  Dislocation of the long head of the biceps. On this axial MR arthrographic image, the subscapularis tendon is shown disrupted, the long head of the biceps tendon (arrow) displaces medically and locates in the shoulder joint.

4 其余常见疾病

4.1 钙化性肌腱炎和钙化性滑囊炎

       钙化性肌腱炎是指羟基磷灰石晶体在肌腱内的异常沉积;钙化性滑囊炎则为羟基磷灰石晶体在滑囊内的异常沉积。本病属于自限性疾病,多可自行吸收,但部分患者症状严重而需手术处理。肩袖各肌腱(尤其冈上肌腱)及肩峰下滑囊是羟基磷灰石晶体最容易沉积的部位[17,18]。X线平片很容易诊断本病,可清晰显示肱骨大结节附近软组织内的钙化灶(图26)。钙化灶在MRI各序列上均表现为低信号,其周围软组织和滑囊常表现为明显的炎性水肿或积液(图27)。

图26  钙化性肌腱炎。X线平片示肱骨大结节上方软组织内斑块状钙化影(箭)
图27  钙化性肌腱炎。常规MRI斜冠状位FS T2W示冈上肌腱腱内斑块状钙化低信号影(箭)
Fig 26  Calcific tendinitis. X-ray plane film shows the calcium deposit in the soft tissue around the greater tuberosity of the humerus (arrow).
Fig 27  Calcific tendinitis. Oblique coronal MR image of the shoulder shows the calcium deposit as hypointense signal within the supraspinatus tendon (arrow).

4.2 肩周炎

       肩周炎为中老年常见疾病,可为特发性或继发于创伤,主要表现为肩部疼痛、活动受限。病理学上主要为关节囊异常增厚、非细菌性炎性充血改变。部分肩周炎没有任何MRI异常,部分患者在MRI上可出现两个典型征象:腋隐窝处关节囊增厚并水肿(图28)、喙肱韧带处纤维组织增生(图29)。特发性肩周炎的肩袖在MRI上一般表现正常。

图28  肩周炎。常规MRI斜冠状位FS T2W示腋隐窝处关节囊增厚并水肿(箭)
Fig 28  Adhesive capsulitis. Oblique coronal FS T2W MR image shows marked diffuse thickening and edema of the axils fossae capsule, which appears as thickened band of hyperintense signal (arrows).
图29  肩周炎。MRI造影(A:斜冠状位FS T2W,B:斜矢状位T1W)示喙肱韧带(CHL)增厚及周围纤维组织增生(箭)
Fig 29  Adhesive capsulitis. MR arthrographic images (29A: Oblique coronal FS T2W; 29B: Oblique sagittal T1W) show thickened coracohumeral ligament and abnormal hypertrophic edematous fibrous tissue.

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