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讲座
胰腺解剖变异和脂肪沉积的MRI表现
靳二虎 张洁 马大庆

靳二虎,张洁,马大庆.胰腺解剖变异和脂肪沉积的MR影像表现.磁共振成像, 2012, 3(3): 213-221. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2012.03.012.


[摘要] 胰腺实质和胰管系统是由胚胎早期的两部分组织在旋转后融合而成,在其旋转和融合的过程中可能形成各种解剖变异。胰腺生理性改变指随年龄增长,胰腺体积减小和实质组织逐渐被脂肪取代的现象。目前MRI检查在评价胰腺疾病方面的应用已很普遍。认识胰腺的解剖变异和脂肪沉积有助于在临床工作中合理解释各种MR影像所见,为准确诊断胰腺疾病奠定基础。
[Abstract] Pancreatic parenchyma and its ductal system are formed by the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds at the early stage of embryologic development following its rotation. Various anatomical variations may happen during the rotation and fusion process. Physiological change of the pancreas refers to the phenomenon that the volume decreases and the acinar tissue is replaced gradually by fatty tissue. Magnetic resonance imaging is widely applied in assessing pancreatic disorders nowadays. Recognition of anatomical variations and fatty deposit of the pancreas conduces to interpreting correctly diverse findings on MR imaging, and laying a solid foundation for diagnosing accurately the diseases in clinical work.
[关键词] 胰腺;脂肪类;变异;磁共振成像;磁共振波谱学
[Keywords] Pancreas;Fats;Variation;Magnetic resonance imaging;Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

靳二虎* 首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院放射科,北京 100050

张洁 首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院放射科,北京 100050

马大庆 首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院放射科,北京 100050

通讯作者:靳二虎,E-mail: erhujin@263.net


基金项目: 北京市自然科学基金 编号:7122048
收稿日期:2012-03-19
接受日期:2012-04-30
中图分类号:R445.2;R826.68 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2012.03.012
靳二虎,张洁,马大庆.胰腺解剖变异和脂肪沉积的MR影像表现.磁共振成像, 2012, 3(3): 213-221. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2012.03.012.

       腹部MRI检查目前已成为临床上发现和诊断胰腺疾病的常用技术[1,2]。MR胰胆管成像(MRCP)在评价正常胰管及其病变中的作用得到了消化及肝胆外科医师的一致认可,临床应用已很普遍。由于胰腺胚胎发育的复杂性,在成年人胰腺的MR图像上常见各种解剖变异[3,4,5,6]

       有些变异表现需要与病变鉴别。胰腺脂肪沉积是胰腺生理性改变的一种表现,通过MR双回波化学位移成像和1H MR波谱(MRS)检查可以对胰腺脂肪进行量化分析[7,8,9,10,11,12]

       随着我国大城市人民生活水平的提高和生活方式的改变,各种胰腺脂肪沉积越来越引起人们关注[13,14,15,16,17]。笔者介绍胰腺解剖变异和生理性改变的常见MR影像表现,为在日常工作中识别变异和避免误诊奠定基础。

1 胰腺基本形态

       正常的胰腺在横轴面MRI上可以呈现不同的形态。基本的类型有3种[1]:(1)逐渐变细型,胰腺组织在胰头部最厚,在体尾部稍变薄,胰腺轮廓自胰头到胰尾逐渐变细,胰腺外形呈蝌蚪状,多出现于较低的扫描层面。此型最常见,应注意有无局部胰腺MRI信号改变及胰管扩张,以鉴别病理性胰头肿大和体尾部胰腺萎缩。(2)体尾一致型,在同一扫描层面上胰体与胰尾的厚度基本相同,MRI信号均匀,胰尾指向脾门。此型胰腺内部和边缘的细微结构仍存在,这与自身免疫性胰腺炎所致的胰腺肿大不同。(3)胰尾膨大型,胰尾在脾门前均衡增厚,有时表现为胰尾末端球形膨大(图1);与胰尾在同一层面的胰体相对较薄,而在较低层面仍可见较厚的胰头。此型最少见,需要与病理性胰尾肿大鉴别。

图1  胰腺基本形态MRI表现。轴面FSPGR T1WI序列,胰腺内可见小叶结构。1A,1B:胰腺呈蝌蚪形(箭),胰头体尾逐渐变细;1C,1D:胰体与胰尾的厚度基本相同(箭);1E,1F:胰尾局部膨大(箭),胰尾厚度超过胰体厚度
图2  正常胰腺MRI表现。女,48岁。2A:FSPGR序列T1WI;2B:脂肪抑制FSE T2WI。横轴面图像显示胰腺形态饱满,边缘光滑(箭)
Fig. 1  MRI appearances of basic patterns of the pancreas on axial FSPGR T1WI. Many acinar lobules within the pancreas are seen. 1A, 1B: The pancreas (arrow) shows tapering from its head to tail. 1C, 1D: Pancreatic thickness in its body and tail is almost identical (arrow). 1E, 1F: Pancreatic tail shows bulge (arrow).
Fig. 2  MRI appearances of normal pancreas. Images are obtained from a 48 years-old woman. 2A: Axial fat-suppressed FSPGR T1WI. 2B: Fat-suppressed FSE T2WI. The margin of the pancreas is smooth (arrow).

2 胰腺形态变异

2.1 胰腺边缘与大小改变

       正常的胰腺组织有时发生1处或多处增厚,这使胰腺整体轮廓可以表现为软木塞螺旋样、N形或分叉样。胰腺组织构成还可随着年龄的变化出现生理性或退行性改变[2]。因此,不同年龄和解剖部位的胰腺形态在横轴面MRI上可有较大变异。一般情况下,年轻人的胰腺体积相对较大,外形丰满,表面平滑(图2)。大多数老年人由于胰腺退行性改变以及伴随的小叶(lobules)间脂肪浸润,往往使胰腺体积变小,表面凹凸不平,此时胰腺边缘(尤其腹侧面)在MRI可表现为锯齿状或轻微分叶状(图3)。在一些青壮年人,胰腺体尾部的边缘也可发生分叶状改变,但往往不伴有明显的胰腺体积变小(图4),这种现象可能因局部胰腺组织的折叠与堆砌而成。在诊断工作中不应将胰腺边缘的分叶状凸起解释为小肿瘤。

图3  老年人正常胰腺MRI表现。男,77岁。3A:横轴面脂肪抑制FSPGR T1WI序列,胰腺呈相对高信号,边缘凹凸不平(箭)。3B:脂肪抑制FSE T2WI,相对于肝脏信号,胰腺呈稍高信号,边界清楚(箭)
图4  正常胰腺MRI表现。4A:男,53岁。4B:女,57岁。胰腺边缘可见明显的分叶状改变(箭),胰腺内小叶结构清晰可见
图5  哑铃形胰腺MRI表现。5A,5B:在轴面FSPGR T1WI,胰腺的两端较粗大(箭),中部相对细小
图6  网膜结节MRI表现。6A:上腹部横轴面FSE FS T2WI;6B:双回波同相位T1WI致;6C:FSPGR序列动态增强扫描胰腺动脉期T1WI;6D:动态增强扫描胰腺实质期T1WI。胰体前缘显示一处局限性隆起改变(箭),其MRI信号强度与邻近的胰腺组织保持一致
图7  正常胰头MRI表现。7A:女,50岁;7B:男,38岁。正常胰头在横轴面FSPGR T1WI表现为类圆形(箭),胰头外侧结构为十二指肠
Fig. 3  MRI appearances of senile normal pancreas. Images are obtained from a 77 years-old man. 3A: Axial fat-suppressed FSPGR T1WI (arrow). 3B: Fat-suppressed FSE T2WI. The size of the pancreas becomes smaller and its margin is irregular but clear (arrow).
Fig. 4  MRI appearances of normal pancreas on axial fat-suppressed FSPGR T1WI. Images are obtained from a 53 years-old man (4A) and 57 years-old woman (4B), respectively. The margin of the pancreas is lobulated (arrow), and many lobules in the pancreas are seen.
Fig. 5  MRI appearances of dumbbell-shaped pancreas. Two ends of the pancreas are thicker (arrow) and its middle part is relatively thinner on axial fat-suppressed FSPGR T1WI.
Fig. 6  MRI appearances of the omental tuberosity. 6A: Axial fatsuppressed FSE T2WI. 6B: FSPGR in-phase T1WI. 6C: Post-contrast arterial phase T1WI. 6D: Post-contrast parenchymal phase T1WI. A prominence is seen at the anterior margin of the pancreas (arrow), its MR signal intensity is as the same as the signal intensity of surrounding pancreatic tissue.
Fig. 7  MRI appearances of normal pancreatic head. Images are obtained from a 50 years-old woman (7A) and 38 years-old man (7B), respectively. The contour of the pancreatic head is oval with smooth margin (arrow) on axial fat-suppressed FSPGR T1WI.

2.2 哑铃形胰腺

       哑铃形胰腺是一种常见的形态变异,多出现在胰腺横轴面扫描的较低层面[2]。MRI表现为胰头部和胰体(尾)部较大(二者大小接近或相等),而肠系膜上静脉和动脉前方的胰颈部相对较窄,形成两头大、中间小的外观,胰腺整体轮廓似哑铃状(图5)。

2.3 网膜结节

       网膜结节为体部胰腺组织朝向前方(小网膜囊)形成的一个局限性隆起[2],高度可达1 ~3 cm。在MR或CT图像上需要与局灶性胰腺炎或肿瘤性病变区别,原则如下:(1)正常的胰腺组织存在小叶结构,这点很重要;因为有些急性胰腺炎病变仅表现为小叶结构消失,而MRI信号强度改变不明显。(2)网膜结节与邻近的正常胰腺组织在各种MR脉冲序列上信号强度一致(图6);当进行二期或三期动态增强扫描时,局限性隆起与非隆起区域内胰腺实质的强化程度在各个时相保持一致。(3)无胰管扩张。(4)胰周脂肪信号无改变。这一原则同样适用于鉴别其他的胰腺形态变异与胰腺病变。

2.4 胰头分叶

       正常胰头的前缘与外侧边界通常不越过胰十二指肠前上动脉或胃十二指肠动脉,但其边缘可稍显膨隆,故胰头在横轴面MRI通常表现为类圆形或近似直角三角形(图7)。十二指肠降段在此层面多位于胰头的外侧或后外侧。

       受胚胎期腹胰逆时针旋转进程以及其后发生的腹胰与背胰融合是否完全等影响,胰头边缘常出现各种凸起改变,形成多种类型的胰头形态变异[3,4,5]。常见的变异见于胰头的前面、后面和外侧面,MRI表现为信号强度正常的胰腺组织凸出胰腺轮廓之外。以胰十二指肠前上动脉为标志,如果凸出胰头轮廓的局部胰腺组织最大径超过1 cm,即形成胰头分叶,有人称其为假肿块。根据这些分叶的走向不同,Ross等[6]将胰头形态变异分为3种类型:(1) Ⅰ型变异,胰头部突出的分叶朝向前方;向前突出的分叶既可位于胰十二指肠前上动脉的右侧(外侧),也可位于其左侧(内侧)。(2) Ⅱ型变异,胰头部突出的分叶朝向后方。(3) Ⅲ型变异,胰头部突出的分叶向右侧(外侧)水平延伸,甚至进入十二指肠内(图8A~C)。胰头边缘有时可在2个或2个以上的方向形成多个凸起,使胰头形态更不规则(图8D),可称其为Ⅳ型变异或复杂型变异。

图8  胰头形态变异MRI表现。轴面脂肪抑制FSPGR T1WI序列。8A:胰头分叶突向前方(箭);8B:胰头分叶突向后方(箭);8C:胰头分叶向右侧水平方向突出(箭);8D:胰头分叶向右、向后突出(箭)
Fig. 8  MRI appearances of the pseudomass of the pancreatic head on axial fat-suppressed FSPGR T1WI. 8A: Pancreatic lobule protrudes anteriorly (arrow). 8B: Pancreatic lobule protrudes posteriorly (arrow). 8C: Pancreatic lobule protrudes horizontally and laterally (arrow). 8D: Pancreatic lobules protrude laterally and posteriorly (arrow).

2.5 钩突形态变异

       胰腺钩突位于肠系膜上静脉和动脉的后方,下腔静脉和腹主动脉之前,在横轴面MRI表现为一个尖端指向内侧(左侧)的三角形或楔形胰腺组织结构。在多数情况下正常钩突的前内侧缘与后内侧缘表现规则而且平直,但有时可以形成轻微的局限性隆起(图9),在阅片时不应将这些隆起解释为小肿瘤。在多种MRI脉冲序列上观察钩突局部的信号强度与胰头其他部位是否一致,有助于做出正确判断。钩突尖部圆钝也是常见的变异表现。有些钩突在肠系膜上血管左侧过度生长,称为钩突过长[2]

图9  钩突形态变异MRI表现。横轴面脂肪抑制FSPGR T1WI序列。9A:正常钩突指向左侧,边缘平直(箭);9B:钩突前内侧缘隆起(箭);9C:钩突后内侧缘隆起(箭);9D:钩突尖部圆钝(箭)
图10  胰尾变异MRI表现。在同一患者的2幅FSPGR T1WI上,胰尾末端弯曲并部分地包裹肾脏(箭)
图11  胰腺退行性改变MRI表现。女,71岁。11A:同相位T1WI,胰腺体尾部散在分布的脂肪组织呈线条样高信号(箭)。11B:反相位T1WI,图像背景较暗,胰腺中脂肪表现为低信号强度(箭)
Fig. 9  MRI appearances of uncinate process variations of the pancreatic head on axial fat-suppressed FSPGR T1WI. 9A: normal uncinate process point is toward to the left side, its margin is straight (arrow). 9B: A prominence occurs at the anterior and medial edge (arrow). 9C: A prominence occurs at the posterior and medial edge (arrow). 9D: The uncinate process point is blunt (arrow).
Fig. 10  MRI appearances of variations of the pancreatic tail. Pancreatic tail bendbacks occurs and partly wraps up the left kidney (arrow) on axial fat-suppressed FSPGR T1WI from the same subject.
Fig. 11  MRI appearances of degenerative change of the pancreas. Images are obtained from a 71 years-old woman. 11A: FSPGR in-phase T1WI, small patchy and linear hyperintensities scatter throughout the pancreas (arrow). 11B: FSPGR opposed-phase T1WI, the hyperintensities from fatty tissue within the pancreas become dark (arrow).

2.6 胰头和胰尾的位置改变

       除胰腺形态变异外,胰头和胰尾的位置也可发生变异[1,2,3]。胰头通常位于第2~4腰椎水平,在老年人可以降至上部骶椎高度。胰头有时可位于主动脉的前方或左侧,尤其在患有脊柱侧弯或年龄较大(腹膜后结缔组织松弛)的妇女。在中肠旋转不良的患者,由于十二指肠蠕动乏力和排空不畅,胰头可向外、向后滑行,甚至出现于下腔静脉和右肾之间。

       在一个扫描层面上,正常胰尾通常逐渐变细,尖部靠近并指向脾门。胰尾后方为左肾上极和左肾上腺。但胰尾可能出现分叉,也可向头或足侧移位。有时见胰尾末端弯曲成角,甚至延伸至左肾外侧并部分地包裹肾脏(图10),不应将其解释为肾肿瘤。在腹膜间隙发育异常的个体,结肠脾曲可异位至胰尾的后方。在内脏转位的患者,胰头和胰尾的相对位置可发生左右颠倒。一些患者经手术摘除肾脏后,胰头或胰尾常明显后移,以占据相应的脊柱旁空间。

       影像诊断医师应熟悉正常胰腺的体层影像解剖和变异表现。以逐渐变细型胰腺为例,胰腺厚度在头、体、尾部缓慢变细。但有些健康人的胰尾可以不变细或局部膨大。当MRI显示胰腺各部分的大小比例失调时,不应把解剖变异解释为病理改变。另一方面,胰头、体、尾任何一处的体积明显增大提示病变可能性。甚至在胰头大小正常时也不能排除胰体和胰尾萎缩。掌握前述形态变异与胰腺病变的鉴别诊断原则有助于做出正确判断。

3 胰腺脂肪沉积

3.1 生理性与病理性脂肪沉积

       胰腺实质内有多个腺小叶结构。充填于腺小叶之间的纤维间隔含有动脉、静脉和脂肪组织,形成小叶间隔。胰腺小叶间隔内脂肪沉积在肥胖者和老年人较常见。根据脂肪沉积发生的程度,这些脂肪在非脂肪抑制T1WI可表现为线条样、网格状或斑片状高信号(图11)。

       脂肪沉积也可见于糖尿病及慢性萎缩性胰腺炎等病变所致的腺体萎缩患者。如果大部或全部的胰腺实质被脂肪取代,同时在肺内发现多个较大的薄壁囊性病灶,应考虑囊性纤维化疾病(cystic fibrosis)。该病晚期常出现胰腺功能不全的症状。Shwachman-Diamond综合征和长期应用类固醇药物的患者也可发生明显的胰腺脂肪沉积。所以,有些胰腺脂肪沉积属于正常变异或生理性改变,另有一些则可能属于病理性改变,鉴别诊断需要结合临床资料具体分析。通过MR双回波化学位移成像(形成同相位与反相位T1WI)和1HMRS检查(图12),可以对胰腺脂肪进行量化分析[7,8,9,10,11,12]。胰腺1HMRS检查可以在屏气状态,也可以在自由呼吸状态下进行数据采集。但以屏气状态扫描形成的1HMRS谱线信噪比较高[18]。影像科医师通过MRI和MRS检查提供有关胰腺脂肪分布及其程度的信息,有助于临床医师评估患者病情或建议患者改变生活方式[13,14]。文献报道胰腺脂肪沉积过多的患者在胰腺手术后发生胰瘘的几率较大[15,16],应当引起外科医师注意。

图12  正常胰腺1HMRS波谱图。12A:在非抑水和非抑脂条件下采集兴趣容积(箭)内数据,胰尾末端可见分叉。12B:经后处理的MRS谱线图中可见高大的水峰和较小的脂峰。横坐标(X轴)数字代表物质在静磁场下的化学位移频率(ppm),纵坐标(Y轴)数字代表每一种物质对应的MR信号强度
图13  胰腺内圆形脂肪沉积。女,70岁。体检时超声检查提示胰头高回声病灶。MRI检查,13A:屏气FSPGR T1WI;13B:呼吸门控下脂肪抑制FSE T2WI,胰头可见灶性低信号(箭);13C:轴面屏气SSFSE T2WI;13D:冠状面屏气SSFSE T2WI,胰头可见灶性高信号(箭);13E:胰腺CT平扫,胰头低密度处CT值为-100 HU (箭);13F:CT增强扫描,胰头低密度无强化表现(箭)
Fig. 12  Proton MRS appearances of normal pancreas. 12A: 1HMRS data within the volume of interest (arrow) is acquired without water and lipid signal suppression, a bifurcation in the pancreatic tail is seen also. 12B: Higher water peak and lower lipid peak appear in the post-processed MR spectrum. The numbers in X axis stand for chemical shift frequency (ppm) of the metabolites in static magnetic field, the numbers in Y axis stand for relative signal intensity of each metabolite in the spectrum.
Fig. 13  Rounded fatty deposit of the pancreas. Images are obtained from a 70 years-old woman. 13A: Axial fat-suppressed FSPGR T1WI. 13B: Fat-suppressed FSE T2WI, a focal hypointensity is seen at the pancreatic head (arrow). 13C: Axial breath-hold SSFSE T2WI. 13D: Coronal breath-hold SSFSE T2WI, a focal hyperintensity is seen at the pancreatic head (arrow). 13E: Plain CT scan, the CT value in the area of low density is-100 HU (arrow). 13F: Post-contrast CT scan, no abnormal enhancement is seen in the area of low density of the pancreas (arrow).

3.2 弥漫性与局部性脂肪沉积

       正常胰腺实质在MRI表现为均匀的信号强度。胰腺内存在脂肪沉积时,胰腺的MRI信号强度可以均匀或不均匀,胰腺边缘多伴有结节或分叶状改变。大多数胰腺脂肪沉积是弥漫性的,此时整个胰腺的MRI表现通常一致。个别完全脂肪化的胰腺因其MRI信号强度与胰周脂肪一致,胰腺轮廓往往不易辨认,但胰管结构仍存在(胰腺发育不全者无胰管结构,藉此可以鉴别二者)。有些胰腺脂肪沉积是区域性或局部性的,例如仅发生在腹胰或背胰的某处[19],此时MRI表现为胰头部或胰体尾部的信号强度相对一致。但应注意,胆总管周围的胰腺组织很少发生脂肪沉积或浸润。如不伴有腺体萎缩,受脂肪浸润的胰腺体积通常增大。胰腺内偶见圆形脂肪沉积(图13)。当在胰腺内发现非脂肪特征的局灶性MRI信号强度改变时,应考虑病变可能性。

4 主胰管变异

       主胰管(main pancreatic duct,MPD)在胚胎早期由背侧胰管(Santorini duct,桑托里尼管)与腹侧胰管(Wirsung duct,维尔桑管)融合而成。MPD的管径自胰尾到胰头逐渐增粗且边缘光滑,在青壮年人通常为2~3 mm,老年人可达5 mm。在常规T2WI或3D MRCP薄层原始图像,通常不能显示MPD全程。将3D原始图像进行MIP重组,或在屏气下进行厚层斜冠状面2D MRCP采集,往往可以显示完整的MPD形态。

       正常MPD在体内以尾高头低的姿态走行,但变异较大[20]。在冠状面与斜冠状面MRCP,可依据MPD行程将其分为4型:(1)下降型MPD,最常见,主胰管自胰尾到胰头缓慢下行。(2) S型MPD,胰头部主胰管呈S状弯曲走行。(3)垂直型MPD,胰头部主胰管近乎垂直下行。(4)环型MPD,胰头部主胰管弯曲成环状(图14)。下降型与垂直型主胰管的胰头段有时紧贴胆总管走行,在胆管介入操作与手术过程中应避免意外损伤胰管。

       在胰腺颈部的Santorini管与Wirsung管接合处,MPD的管腔有时呈现一处轻微的局限性狭窄(图15),其影像特点是狭窄段光滑,近侧(上游)的胰管无扩张改变。藉此可与病理性胰管狭窄区别。在绝大多数情况下,胰腺中MPD是以单一管腔形态存在的。但在少数个体,胰体部或胰头部主胰管可以发生分叉[21],形成分叉型MPD。与胰腺分裂和副胰管解剖变异不同的是,发生于胰管末端的分叉型MPD的2个管腔均通向十二指肠大乳头(图16)。

图14  主胰管行程基本形态MRCP表现。14A:下降型;14B:S型;14C:垂直型;14D:环型
图15  主胰管局限性狭窄MRCP表现。Santorini管与Wirsung管在胰颈部的连接处形成轻微的狭窄(箭)
图16  分叉型主胰管MRCP表现。胰头段主胰管垂直下行,其末端分为2支胰管(箭)
图17  胰腺分裂MRCP表现。17A:胰腺背侧的Santorini管开口于十二指肠小乳头,胆总管末端连接位置较低的十二指肠大乳头。胰腺腹侧的Wirsung管未显示;17B:Santorini管较粗大且管壁不光滑,Wirsung管较细小。后者与胆总管汇合后在较低位置开口于十二指肠大乳头
Fig. 14  MRCP appearances of the basic course patterns of the main pancreatic duct. 14A: Descending type. 14B. Sigmoid type. 14C: Vertical type. 14D: Loop type.
Fig. 15  MRCP appearance of focal stricture of the main pancreatic duct. A mild narrowing occurs at the pancreatic neck where Santorini duct and Wirsung duct fuses.
Fig. 16  MRCP appearance of bifid type of the main pancreatic duct. The main pancreatic duct in the segment of the pancreatic head descends vertically and its distal end is divided into two ducts (arrow).
Fig. 17  MRCP appearance of pancreas divisum. 17A: Santorini duct (dorsal pancreatic duct) directly connects to the minor papilla, and Wirsung duct (ventral pancreatic duct) is not visualized. 17B: Santorini duct is bigger and unsmooth, Wirsung duct is smaller and connects to the major papilla together with the common bile duct.

5 胰腺分裂

       人体胰腺实际上是在胚胎发育的第2个月由两部分组织融合而成,即由腹侧胰腺始基发育并形成胰头后下部和钩突,由背侧胰腺始基发育并形成胰头前上部、胰颈、胰体和胰尾。2个胰腺始基出现于胚胎第4周,而后,腹侧始基沿逆时针方向(向后)旋转至前肠(十二指肠)背侧并接近背侧始基。在胚胎第7周,以上2个胰腺胚芽在腹膜后合并,与此同时,两部分组织内的管道也彼此连接并融合[22,23,24]。结果是,引流背侧胰腺的Santorini管向下并入引流腹侧胰腺的Wirsung管,形成一个完整的MPD。通常情况下,MPD末端与肝外胆管末端合并,形成1个胆胰共同管,后者开口于十二指肠大乳头。如在出生后背胰管与腹胰管(Santorini管和Wirsung管)未融合(图17),称为胰腺分裂。此时,已发育成形的两部分胰腺组织(腹胰与背胰)在外观上似乎是一体的,即胰腺的整体轮廓和毗邻关系无异常表现。

       胰腺分裂是一种常见的解剖变异,发生率约为10%。大多数患者无临床症状,往往被意外发现。一些患者可出现慢性腹痛和特发性胰腺炎表现[25,26]。胰腺分裂常见的影像表现包括较小的Wirsung管与胆总管末端合并,形成解剖学上的胆胰共同管,通向十二指肠大乳头;较大的Santorini管位于Wirsung管上方,单独开口于十二指肠小乳头。Santorini管引流大部分的胰腺区域(胰尾、胰体、胰颈和胰头前上部),管径相应地较为粗大,但由于小乳头结构较小,故可能在Santorini管出口处形成狭窄以及相对的梗阻,成为复发性胰腺炎的潜在病因。在临床经消化道逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)检查后发生胰腺炎者,背胰管插管后的发生率(8.2%)明显高于腹胰管(1.2%)[27]

       在常规T2WI和T1WI观察胰腺分裂,胰腺的整体大小可以正常,有些胰头的上下和前后径线可能较大。在背胰和腹胰之间有时可见一个脂肪组织层。粗大的背胰管位于胰腺的前上方,细小的腹胰管位于胰腺的后下方。以上发现可提示诊断[4]。高场和超高场强MRCP能同时显示独立的Santorini管和Wirsung管及其各自的开口,是诊断胰腺分裂的首选检查方法。在Santorini管末端有时可见一个小的囊状扩张,称为Santorini管囊肿(图18)。腹胰管的分支有时呈树枝状,可能与管道末端梗阻有关。

图18  Santorini管囊肿MRCP表现。A,B:不同角度的屏气二维MRCP。Santorini管开口于十二指肠小乳头,开口处可见一个小的囊状扩张(箭)
图19  副胰管MRCP表现。屏气二维MRCP。A:副胰管(箭)较细小,开口于十二指肠小乳头。主胰管与胆总管汇合后开口于十二指肠大乳头。B:副胰管(短箭)较粗大,开口于十二指肠小乳头。胰头段主胰管(虚箭)相对细小,与胆总管下段汇合后开口于十二指肠大乳头
Fig. 18  MRCP appearances of santorinicele. Images are obtained from the same subject in different views. A focal ductal dilatation at the end of Santorini duct is seen (arrow).
Fig. 19  MRCP appearances of the accessory pancreatic duct. A: The accessory pancreatic duct is smaller and connects to the minor papilla of the duodenum (arrow), the main pancreatic duct connects to major papilla together with the common bile duct. B: The accessory pancreatic duct is bigger (arrow), whereas the main pancreatic duct in the segment of the pancreatic head is smaller (dotted arrow).

6 副胰管

       胰腺的Santorini管和Wirsung管在胚胎早期融合后,Santorini管的近侧段(邻近胰尾的上游管道)在与Wirsung管连接后构成主胰管(MPD)的一部分,而在连接点远侧的一小段Santorini管(邻近十二指肠的下游部分)在大多数胎儿自发闭锁、消失。如果Santorini管的远侧段持续存在[28],并经小乳头开口引流少量胰液(来自胰头前上部组织)至十二指肠,此即副胰管。

       副胰管的解剖形态多样,其管径大小一般不超过主胰管(图19A)。但是,临床实践中也发现大约9%的副胰管实际上构成引流胰液的主要管道,此时,胰头段主胰管(该段由胚胎期的Wirsung管演变而来)往往发育不良,表现为管径较小(图19B)。在副胰管与主胰管之间可有交通支,也可彼此无连接而独立存在。当患者因内窥镜检查损伤主胰管时,通畅的副胰管有助于减轻主胰管内压力,从而避免发生急性胰腺炎[29]

       临床应用方面,当MRCP显示副胰管时,应注意有无合并发育性胰胆管合流异常,因为后者与胰腺疾病和胆管肿瘤的关系密切[30]。副胰管多开口于小乳头,后者通常位于十二指肠大乳头之上2 cm处。如在上腹部手术操作时不慎损伤副胰管,可能出现术后胰液外漏或局部炎性改变等并发症[31]

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